大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試1.寫作

1、第一講Writing 1Brief Self-introductionEducation Background:Foreign English Department of East China Normal University Working Experiences:Four Years of College English Teaching Certificates:TEM-4, TEM-8, (both oral and written)Teachers Certificate for Higher EducationCourses Shouldered for This TermNew

2、 College English 4 &College English (New Edition) 22作文: 15%作文： 為短文寫作題型，寫作的體裁包括議論文、說(shuō)明文、應(yīng)用文等?？忌谝?guī)定的30分鐘的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成整個(gè)文章的寫作過(guò)程，而且必須遵守不少于120字和依據(jù)所給中文提綱的要求保質(zhì)保量的完成。3寫作中存在的主要問(wèn)題 ？1.內(nèi)容太籠統(tǒng),概括,不夠具體,缺乏細(xì)節(jié)。2.缺乏邏輯性,想到哪寫到哪兒,容易跑題。3.缺乏舉例。4.寫不出內(nèi)容,缺乏進(jìn)一步論述,觀點(diǎn)不夠全面。5.句子結(jié)構(gòu)較單一,用詞常用一些簡(jiǎn)單詞匯。4如何提高學(xué)生的四、六級(jí)英語(yǔ)寫作水平？以 2007年12月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試題中寫作部分為

3、例：Part 1 WritingDirections: For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled What Electives to Choose. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below.1. 各大學(xué)為學(xué)生開(kāi)設(shè)了多種多樣的選修課2. 學(xué)生出于各種原因選擇不同的選修課3. 以我自己為例5一、審題 審題的環(huán)節(jié)主要是為了謀篇布局，確定短文的主要段落，即可以展開(kāi)論述的主題部分（Body）；以及確定文

4、章的另外兩個(gè)次要的段落（Introduction and Conclusion). 對(duì)于題目給出的三點(diǎn)提綱：1.各大學(xué)為學(xué)生開(kāi)設(shè)了多種多樣的選修課 我們可以列舉不同的選修課的名稱，比如說(shuō)：Tennis；Artistic Gymnastics； Selective Reading of Chinese Classic Literature; Business Administration 等等。當(dāng)然也可以對(duì)不同選修課給學(xué)生帶來(lái)的好處進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的論述，但是，首先對(duì)于選修課的名稱翻譯可能就是一大難題。62.學(xué)生出于各種原因選擇不同的選修課 提綱中明顯給出“出于各種原因”， 所以很容易會(huì)想出大多數(shù)學(xué)生是

5、出于個(gè)人的興趣愛(ài)好，會(huì)去選音樂(lè)方面的或體育方面的；還可能為以后就業(yè)或深造打基礎(chǔ)，選外語(yǔ)或與專業(yè)相關(guān)的選修課； 或出于獲取學(xué)分同時(shí)休閑娛樂(lè)的，選一些影視欣賞的課程。3.以我自己為例 一般會(huì)考慮成為簡(jiǎn)單的總結(jié)陳述，自己的選擇以及原因或所獲取的益處。7二、列簡(jiǎn)單提綱 每段只需寫出幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞即可,這樣順著這些詞寫就就不會(huì)想到哪兒寫到哪兒,避免跑題,而且寫得內(nèi)容比較全面。1.陳述目前大學(xué)開(kāi)設(shè)選修課的現(xiàn)狀。 a wide variety of selectives/ in universities2. 原因： interest; preparation for the future job or furt

6、ehr study; earn credits.3. As for me, movie appreciation/ earn credits / a form of entertainment81.造成污染的原因因:factories give off smoke and dust;throw paper, plastic bags carelessly; spit on ground2.污染的危害:a.air pollution:ozonosphere(臭氧層)being destroyed, breathing disease b.water pollution: rivers, vari

7、ous diseases: low intelligence, health affectedc.peoples mood is greatly affected93.怎樣防止污染:shut down some factories;improve peoples consciousness; adopt some measures10 列提綱的過(guò)程也是一個(gè)挖掘思想的過(guò)程,根據(jù)各段的的主題句,將腦子里出現(xiàn)的想法用最簡(jiǎn)單的方式寫出來(lái),然后再進(jìn)行篩選,挑出最主要的,去掉次要的。這樣能防止寫作文時(shí)跑題。一個(gè)好處是寫得內(nèi)容比較全全面。如果邊想邊寫,很容易寫了一大段,結(jié)果只寫了一個(gè)方面,將重要內(nèi)容拉掉或走

8、題。所以平時(shí)練習(xí)時(shí)就應(yīng)該養(yǎng)成列提綱的習(xí)慣。11三、分類法 分類法是寫作中常用到的一種方法。與一些過(guò)渡詞連用可使文章條里清楚,層次分明。例:Why is marking up a book indispensable to reading? First, itkeeps you awake. In the second place, reading, if it is active, is thinking, and thinking tends to express itself in words, spoken or written. The marked book is usually t

9、he thought-through book. Finally, writing helps you remember the thoughts you had, or the thoughts the author expressed.分類法常用的過(guò)渡詞有:firstly, secondly, thirdly; furthermore, moreover, besides, in addition; in the first place, in the second place; on one hand; on the other hand; last but not least(最后但并

10、不是最不重要的)等。12四、舉例法 舉例法是通過(guò)提供實(shí)例來(lái)擴(kuò)展段落的一種方法。用實(shí)例進(jìn)一步闡述,支持主題句中的觀點(diǎn),從而使其得到更為充分和完整的表達(dá)。在議論文和說(shuō)明文中如果缺乏必要的例子,就不能使讀者信服。學(xué)生寫作中的通病就是缺少舉例。在論述某一問(wèn)題時(shí),只是泛泛提幾點(diǎn)而不給例子,這樣內(nèi)容就顯得很空洞。因此,在能舉例的地方盡量給出兩三個(gè)甚至更多個(gè)具有代表性的例子。注意舉例一定要簡(jiǎn)短,否則,文章就成了記敘文。舉例后要用一句話來(lái)概括此段內(nèi)容。13例 1:The most remarkable thing about daydreaming maybe its usefulness in shapin

11、g our future lives as we want them to be. Industrialist HenryJ.Kaiser believes that much of his success was due to the positive use of daydreaming. He maintained that“you can imagine your future.” Florence Nightingale dreamed of becoming a nurse.The young Thomas Edison pictured himself as an invento

12、r. For these not able achievers, it appears that their Daydreams came true.舉例使文中論點(diǎn)很有說(shuō)服力。 14例2: The professional entertainerswork is not always easy. Every night in the theatre, actors and actresses have to remember thousands of words. Every night in concert hall and night clubs, musicians try hard t

13、o make no mistakes when they play their music. Singers worry about singing the right notes. Magicians are nervous about mak-ingistakes, worrying that one day a magic trick or a cardtrick will not work. Perhaps circus clowns and night club comedians, however, have the hardest job of all. They have to

14、 make people laugh everyday with well-told jokes and funny acts. No, being an entertainer is not such an easy way to make a living.15五、因果分析法 因果分析通常用以解釋與論證某一觀點(diǎn)或現(xiàn)象, 用以討論和分析某事發(fā)生的原因和各種原因?qū)е碌慕Y(jié)果等。有的作文已給出結(jié)果讓分析原因。如圖表作文多數(shù)已給出數(shù)據(jù)和結(jié)果,讓分析造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因;而有的則給出原因讓分析結(jié)果。 一個(gè)結(jié)果往往是由不同的原因所造成的,一個(gè)原因也會(huì)導(dǎo)致不同的結(jié)果。許多學(xué)生只從一個(gè)或兩個(gè)方面來(lái)分析,所以顯

15、得內(nèi)容空洞。 因此,在分析原因或結(jié)果時(shí)應(yīng)避免只從一個(gè)角度來(lái)分析,而應(yīng)從不同的角度進(jìn)行分析。16 Long-distance running everyday can significantly change a runners life-style. Firstly, if one insists on running for sometime, hell find he has more energy and can do more things. The days will grow longer because of less sleep needed. Secondly, the bo

16、dy will become thinner,smoother,firmer.Thirdly, running also produces a Healthful feeling of pleasant,excitement,which comes from adherence to a strict routine and the improved physical condition. So, running makes one feel good, about himself and about the world. 此段從精力、身體和心情三個(gè)方面分析了堅(jiān)持長(zhǎng)跑所帶來(lái)的良好結(jié)果。17六、

17、比較與對(duì)照 比較和對(duì)照也是常見(jiàn)的一種寫作方法。比較是對(duì)人或事物之間的相同進(jìn)行分析;對(duì)比是對(duì)人或事物之間的不同點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較。不過(guò),這兩種方法也不能截然分開(kāi)。比較和對(duì)照有兩種寫作方法:如果內(nèi)容較少,可將比較或?qū)φ盏氖挛锓珠_(kāi)描述,先寫一方的全部細(xì)節(jié),再寫另一方;如果內(nèi)容多,則可逐點(diǎn)進(jìn)行。比較與對(duì)比常用的過(guò)渡詞有:similarly, likewise, in the same way, on the contrary, while,whereas,on the one hand;on the other hand,in contrast等。18七、定義法 定義法是對(duì)一種事物的含義、本質(zhì)、特征和范疇做確

18、切而簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明的方法。它可使讀者對(duì)事物的特點(diǎn)有更深的了解。如: As to the definition of “winning”, a lot of things come to my mind:to win the first prize in a contestis“win-ning”;to successfully defeat enemies is“winning”; to make great achievements after painstaking efforts can also be called“winning”. Generally speaking, “winning

19、”maybe defined as attaining a personal goal or arriving at a prede-termined destination.在展開(kāi)段落時(shí),人們還常用以上提到的兩種和兩種以上結(jié)合的方式,如分類和舉例相結(jié)合,分類和因果分析相結(jié)合的方式。19八、 句式 在寫作中,另一個(gè)很重要的方面是句式的變化。許多學(xué)生只會(huì)用簡(jiǎn)單句和從句,而不會(huì)用現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)、過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)等。而這些句式會(huì)給作文增添光彩。如:(1)As for the Flat Earth theory, I believe I could refute it.(介詞短語(yǔ))(2

20、)Against the Oval Earth man, the first card I can play is the analogy of the sun and moon.(介詞短語(yǔ))(3)To save his“honor”, he had to do the things that he did not want to.(不定式短語(yǔ))(4)Bettie held him, tears streaming down her face.(現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ))(5)When cast on the moon during eclipse, it appears to be the shadow

21、 of a round object.(過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ))(6) She was something more, a person like me, capable of fear and hurt and failure.(形容詞短語(yǔ))(7)It was along, slow journey that almost ended in disaster.(It強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)20 在這兩段中,有賓語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句、主語(yǔ)從句、介詞短語(yǔ)及過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)等結(jié)構(gòu),各種句型的結(jié)合使文章簡(jiǎn)潔、生動(dòng)。英語(yǔ)課本是寫作的基礎(chǔ)。在大學(xué)英語(yǔ)精讀和泛讀課本中,只要詳細(xì)閱讀就可找到很多好的地道的表達(dá)法和結(jié)構(gòu),如果能將這些句型記住

22、并掌握其用法,并能模仿篇章的組織結(jié)構(gòu),用詞時(shí),盡量用在大學(xué)學(xué)過(guò)的詞匯來(lái)代替中學(xué)時(shí)學(xué)過(guò)的簡(jiǎn)單詞匯,我相信學(xué)生的寫作就會(huì)有較大的長(zhǎng)進(jìn)。21四級(jí)作文預(yù)測(cè)1、論說(shuō)文例1：Buying or Borrowing Books?（1）有些人認(rèn)為書應(yīng)該借來(lái)看（2）有些人認(rèn)為書應(yīng)該買來(lái)看（3）你的選擇？22 Books can arm us with knowledge and information we need to make success of life. There are generally two ways in which we can have access to books: borrow

23、ing or buying. While millions are borrowing books, I still think buying them best suits me and gives me the greatest pleasure. 23 Many people choose to borrow books. For one thing, borrowing books can save us huge amounts of money. For another, if we borrow books from the library or friends, we norm

24、ally have deadline to finish them. And consequently we can read more books in a limited time, just as a famous Chinese saying goes, “books can not be read unless borrowed.”24 I believe that advantages for buying books are more obvious and compelling. Firstly, we can keep the books as long as we wish

25、. Secondly, we can take whatever notes on the margin of the pages of the books. Finally, the process of selecting and keeping books can be a great fun.25例2：論電話與寫信 Will Phones Kill Letter Writing? 1許多人都認(rèn)為人電話將取代寫信，你認(rèn)為呢？2請(qǐng)列舉能支持你觀點(diǎn)的論據(jù)3給一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的結(jié)論Will Phones Kill Letter Writing?26 Today, more than ever befo

26、re, we depend on the expediency brought about by such modern devices as phones. As a result, when we feel the need to communicate with friends, instead of picking up the pen to set down to serious writing, we pick up the phone. Indeed, we speak so much and write so little that some people begin to s

27、uspect that phones will kill letter writing. However widely used it is today, the phone will not take the place of letter, for both phone and letter writing have respective functions to perform. 27 There are at least two reasons, as far as I am concerned, why this will not happen. For one thing, alt

28、hough phones admittedly have already taken over many roles traditionally played by the letter, there are certain areas such as commercial transactions and legal correspondence, in which black and white sincerity and confirmation is still a must. For another, in no way can a quick phone conversation

29、convey and accomplish as much as a deliberate, well worded letter does. For instance, there seems to be no better device than letter writing to express deep, heart-felt, profound love, a fact underlined by the enormous love letters of great men and women. As we know, in the 1960s, there had been so

30、much talk that TV would kill newspapers. And it has never happened. Today we are in a similar situation. We can be certain, for the reasons discussed above, that letter writing is irreplaceable.2829 A staying at homeB travelingC doing social investigationD other ways From the two charts, we can see

31、that in the past ten years the students who go traveling and do social investigations during vacations have increased greatly while those who stay at home have decreaseda lot.30 There are several reasons for the changes. Firstly, with the development of economy, many people have become better off. S

32、tudents can get financial support from their parents for traveling. Secondly, tourism has greatly developed over the past ten years. Many new scenic spots have been built and exploited. In addition, the students today are expected and encouraged to participate in facing the real world. In this way t

33、hey can obtain the necessary experiences required when they go job-hunting upon graduation.From the changes in the charts, we can predict that more and more college students will make their vacations interesting and worthwhile by going to the outside world instead of staying at home. 31Directions: F

34、or this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter. Suppose you are Jill. Write a letter to your friend Li Fang. You should write at least 120 words according to the situation given below in Chinese:假設(shè)你的好朋友李芳是大學(xué)四年級(jí)學(xué)生，正在考慮是考研究生繼續(xù)深造還是大學(xué)畢業(yè)后就踏上工作崗位。請(qǐng)給她寫封信表明你的態(tài)度。 32Dear Fang, I understand that yo

35、u are in a dilemma. Although so many graduates are eager to set feet on their work-life road, there are still some who prefer to start their new life after gaining another degree to make better preparation for entering society. In my opinion, the latter are more admirable. You are good at all your c

36、ourse these years, so if you do like to spend another two or three years on campus, you should stick to it. In todays society, the achievement and status you can get and the devotion you can make are no doubt in proportion to your educational background and degrees, coupled with the efforts you put

37、in them. If you want to stride to your destinations more smoothly and easily, why not head for the further study courageously? Whichever you choose, I firmly believe your industry will ensure your success. After all, it is you who have the finally say on the final choice. Best wishes, Yours sincerel

38、y ， *33Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: My View on the post-graduate Craze. You should write at least 120 words and base yourcomposition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1 目前考研究生形成熱潮。2 我認(rèn)為這股熱潮的原因是. 34My View on the Post-graduate Craze

39、Every year, million of college students will sit in for the post-graduate entrance examination. More and more students have regarded the pursuing of a master degree as an indispensable part of their education. What is to account for their enthusiasm for a post-graduate diploma? First, it is the dema

40、nd of the time. In an age of knowledge updating and information explosion, what you have learned in college can hardly meet the demand of society. Talents of high quality who are equipped with the latest knowledge and skill will be needed more than ever. That is why many students will further their

41、studies.35 Second, we all recognize that the more education you have, the more likely you are to succeed. Compared with those without a master degree, masters will enjoy more preferential treatment, for example, better salaries, more opportunities for promotion and training. A post-graduate degree c

42、an guarantee a more promising career.Last but not least, with the graduation of a large number of college students, competition for jobs becomes more and more fierce.One way to gain some advantage over others is to have a higher degree.No wonder millions of students will consider pursuing a post-gra

43、duate degree.36Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Fascinating China. You should write at least 120 words according to the situation given below in Chinese:一位外國(guó)朋友第一次來(lái)中國(guó)，他想讓你介紹兩三樣極具中國(guó)特色的事物（可以是風(fēng)俗文化等）， 你會(huì)向他介紹什么？如何介紹？ 37Fascination in China China, o

44、ne of the cradles of human civilization, possesses so many treasures with Chinese characteristics that numerous foreign friends come to visit her.The first place to go to is, the Great Wall, which is the symbol of China and one of the seven wonders in the world. Whats more, it is said to be the only

45、 construction that can be seen from the outer space. In the imperial periods, it was used in defense of the dynasties. Since liberation, it has become a place of interest. There is a famous saying: He who does not reach the Great Wall isnt a true man. 38 China is home to Panda, an animal with only t

46、wo colors, white and black, but very cute. Its our national treasure, often functioning as a friendly diplomat. Terracotta-clay warriors unearthed in Xian, a famous ancient city-were sculptured in Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of China. When former U.S. President Clinton came to China, he visited t

47、erracottas first. The above mentioned are just a wave of the sea. If you want to know more about this ancient nation, come and be our guest. 39四六級(jí)作文模板401. 對(duì)比選擇型熱點(diǎn)追蹤2. 問(wèn)題解決型3. 觀點(diǎn)論證型4. 圖表說(shuō)明型5. 應(yīng)用文 6.萬(wàn)能模版41一. 對(duì)比選擇型熱點(diǎn)追蹤 There is no consensus of opinions among people as to whether students should study a

48、broad or not. Some people are of the view that the youths should go overseas for further study if possible, while others take an opposite stand, firmly believing that it is of no necessity for students to study in a foreign country.Those people who maintain that it is good for students to go abroad

49、for further study believe that diverse culture background can broaden students horizon. They also claim that overseas study can shape students personality because they are forced to deal with all kinds of difficulties bythemselves.42 Nevertheless, the other people who contend that domestic education

50、 is good enough for students argue that our educational quality has been greatly improved during the past decade. They also point out that domestic education is convenient and economical. As far as I am concerned, the former opinion holds more weight. For one thing, it can strengthen the learners ab

51、ilities to understand and communicate with people from other cultures. For another, the developed countries still have a lot advanced knowledge which is worth our study. When all the factors are examined, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that studying abroad if possible is advisable. 43二. 問(wèn)題

52、解決型 實(shí)例How to Succeed in a Job Interview? 面試在求職過(guò)程中的作用、面試成功的因素儀表、舉止談吐、能力、專業(yè)知識(shí)、自信、實(shí)事求是How I Finance My College Education?、My View on Fake Commodities 模板With the development/improvement of (鋪墊), (某一問(wèn)題). It is necessary that (關(guān)注解決引出的問(wèn)題很必要). On the one hand, (理由一). On the other hand, (理由二).Therefore, how

53、to (承上啟下句要解決的問(wèn)題) is worth paying attention. Firstly, (辦法一). Secondly, (辦法二). For example, (舉例解釋解決辦法二). Thirdly, (辦法三). In other words, (闡明解決辦法三).In fact, the ways to (解決問(wèn)題的辦法多種多樣) are countless. Its time that (強(qiáng)調(diào)解決問(wèn)題時(shí)不可待).44真題演練 How to Succeed in a Job Interview? With the development of job market,

54、job interview plays an important role in job-hunting. It is necessary that we should learn some tricks to perform better in a job interview. On the one hand, a job interview offers interviewees and interviewers respectively a chance to know each other within a very short time. On the other hand, exc

55、ellent performance in an interview will enable the interviewees to exert a good impression on the interviewer and finally win the job.45 Therefore, how to succeed in job interview is worth paying attention. Firstly, interviewees should dress neatly and properly. Secondly, interviewees should be conf

56、ident. For example, when asked about professional questions, interviewees should give a clear and definite answer. Thirdly, interviewees should have some knowledge about the company and the position they apply for. In other words, interviewees should prepare themselves something about the interview

57、in advance so as to show that they attach vital importance to the job. In fact, the ways to succeed in a job interview are countless. Its time that we laid stress on interview because its the first step of our work experience. 46熱點(diǎn)追蹤The Damage of Public Facilities1、公共設(shè)施破壞嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題亟待解決2、解決辦法有哪些3、你的看法。 Th

58、e Damage of Public Facilities With the improvement of living standard, more and more public facilities, such as public telephone booths and ATMs have been installed in the streets. It is necessary that we have to pay attention to the damage of these public facilities. On the one hand, some people us

59、e them without care, which leads to inconvenience to others. On the other hand, the damaged public facilities stain the beauty of the city.47 Therefore, how to prevent public facilities from being damaged is worth paying attention. Firstly, public facilities should be made of hard materials so as to

60、 be more durable. Secondly, some devices should be adopted to protect them from being damaged. For example, like cars, we can install alarm devices in public facilities. Thirdly, from my point of view, it is essential that we civilize our citizens to behave morally. In other words, we should tell th