2022托福閱讀infer題技巧

1、第 PAGE21 頁 共 NUMPAGES21 頁2022托福閱讀infer題技巧,希望可以幫助到大家，快來學(xué)習(xí)一下吧。托福閱讀infer題“infer”意為推斷推理，題干中有出現(xiàn)infer,imply,indicate或suggest這四個(gè)單詞，我們就斷定這個(gè)題目為托福閱讀infer題(推斷題or推理題)。托福閱讀infer題顧名思義就是考察考生對(duì)文章沒有明說觀點(diǎn)或想法的推理才能，你可以理解為是考察隱藏的事實(shí)信息。假如讓所有考生投票選擇托福閱讀中最難的題型，大概莫過于推斷題和文章【摘要】：p 題了，而文章【摘要】：p 題我們尚且可以依賴文章構(gòu)造框架把握，托福閱讀infer題那么是真正讓很多同

2、學(xué)感到頭痛。其實(shí)，任何題型的考察都是圍繞著托福閱讀文章本身來的，我們只要理清了托福閱讀文章的“套路”和邏輯，完全可以根據(jù)作者的思路和風(fēng)格去采取正向和逆向雙重思維解決推斷題。OG上將推斷題定義為檢查考生對(duì)文章中強(qiáng)烈建議但絕不明說觀點(diǎn)(strongly implied but not explicitly stated in the text)的理解程度，屬于理解性題目。一般來說，托福閱讀infer題主要有以下三個(gè)解題步驟：1.判斷題型。我們拿到題目，看到上面四個(gè)單詞中的任何一個(gè)，心中就想著這是推斷題，推斷題的做題宗旨是文章強(qiáng)烈暗示，要通過文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)展合理推斷。2.審清題干，原文定位。仔細(xì)閱讀題干

3、，弄清題干內(nèi)容，推斷方向，帶著題干核心信息到文章中準(zhǔn)確定位。3.推測(cè)+判斷。根據(jù)相關(guān)句進(jìn)展正向或逆向的推理，最后擇優(yōu)而選，確定答案。托福文章有很明晰的邏輯構(gòu)造，每個(gè)自然段往往是按照TS(Topic Sentence)+SD (Supporting details)展開的，而文章多半是按Introduction + Aspects+Attitudes展開的。只有明白了文章的寫作思路才能更好更快的做對(duì)題目，作者必定是按照一定的行文順序編排段落的，假如畫一個(gè)程度軸作為事件開展的順序，推斷題是讓你從這個(gè)軸上的某一個(gè)點(diǎn)去推測(cè)，無非就兩個(gè)方向，順著軸開展的方向或者逆著軸開展的方向。詳細(xì)來看，正向推斷和事實(shí)

4、信息題的做題方法一樣，答案就是定位的句子的同義改寫;逆向推斷略微復(fù)雜一點(diǎn)，大致分為時(shí)間和事物比照這兩類。1)兩類事物比照，往往文中會(huì)出現(xiàn)表示比照的關(guān)系詞：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas, on the contrary, in parison to, distinct from, different from等詞。例如官方真題Official 2中的The Origins of Cetaceans的第2題，讓考生推測(cè)關(guān)于early sea otters的，回到原文中定位，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵句中存在著一個(gè)unlike,說不像sea otters,想象一下早期鯨類比

5、擬困難(not easy = difficult)，那我們逆推一下，不就是說想象早期sea otters長(zhǎng)什么樣比擬容易，正確答案中出現(xiàn)了not difficult,所以這道題很簡(jiǎn)單。當(dāng)然ETS不會(huì)一直都出這么簡(jiǎn)單的推斷題，這里只是給大家一個(gè)答題的方向。Paragraph 4: These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced “beaches” shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind

6、as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded. But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing what

7、ever to do with Martian water. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2022 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers-layers containing pounds of carbon and oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean. Their absence supports

8、the picture of a cold, dry Mars that never experienced the extended mild period required to form lakes and oceans. However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the pla did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.10. According to par

9、agraph 4, what do the 2022 Global Surveyor data suggest about Mars?Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars surface for long periods of t

10、ime.The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.解析：根據(jù)【關(guān)鍵詞】：p 我們定位到文段的中間局部：Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2022 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers-layers containing pounds of carbon and oxygen-that should have

11、 been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean.這道題可以當(dāng)做事實(shí)信息題去做，但注意不是原文的簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)，suggest是原文中indicate的同義轉(zhuǎn)換，我們只要找到what就好了，原文that后面是重點(diǎn)，出現(xiàn)了too few, should have,情感態(tài)度推測(cè)一下，持否認(rèn)態(tài)度，也就說說形成 an ancient ocean不太可能，我們看選項(xiàng)，A中說Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.主客體與原文矛盾，排除;B選項(xiàng)The climate of Mars ma

12、y not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.說不合適形成大量的水，持否認(rèn)態(tài)度，符合原文，保存;C選項(xiàng)Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars surface for long periods of time.相關(guān)句中未提及，排除;D選項(xiàng)The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.說的是ancient oceans沒有，而

13、不是原來有后來干涸了，與原文不符，排除，所以正確答案為B。2)題干中出現(xiàn)表示時(shí)間的信息，比方：after 1932,since early years of the 19th century.例如官方真題Official 20 Passage 1 Western Migration Q1:Paragraph 1: The story of the westward movement of population in the US is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture of the developm

14、ent of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815, improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when modity prices were high, th

15、e rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.They were able to sell their produce at high pricesThey had not been successful in raising cattle.T

16、hey did not operate in a national market economy.題干中出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)信息，一個(gè)是western farmers,一個(gè)是prior to 1815,帶著兩條信息去文中定位，定位在第一段第四行，但是文章中沒有提到18_年之前，只有18_年之后，答案其實(shí)很簡(jiǎn)單，只要把18_年之后的內(nèi)容看懂了，并且在這個(gè)內(nèi)容前面加not即可。舉個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子，“從如今起Jessica是個(gè)姑娘”，“請(qǐng)問你能推斷出昨天Jessica怎么了么?”可能很多人想到“是不是Jessica做了變性手術(shù)?”，其實(shí)這就算過分推斷了，答案就是Jessica昨天不是個(gè)姑娘。言歸正題，文中說到，改

17、善的交通使得越來越多的西部農(nóng)民擺脫了自給自足的生活，并且進(jìn)入了國(guó)家性的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)，那個(gè)時(shí)候貨物的價(jià)格很多，所以向西遷移的速率也大幅增長(zhǎng)。面對(duì)托福閱讀infer題，我們要把握住文章的整體邏輯構(gòu)造，根據(jù)詳細(xì)情況去綜合利用正向思維和逆向思維進(jìn)展合理推斷，同時(shí)注意千萬不要過度推理。托福閱讀infer題和其他任何托福題型的備考策略相似，不能光看攻略不做題，要通過有針對(duì)性的真題練習(xí)把這些技巧方法都融入到實(shí)際做題中，獲得托福閱讀才能與分?jǐn)?shù)的同步進(jìn)步。托福閱讀：閱讀詳細(xì)的句型構(gòu)造一、英語句子構(gòu)造的原那么1、謂動(dòng)單一性原那么 在一個(gè)句子里，有且只有一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞。2、主句單一性原那么 在一個(gè)句子中，有且只有一個(gè)主句

18、。(從句可以有假設(shè)干個(gè))二、三大從句1、名詞性從句 主語從句 賓語從句 同位語從句引導(dǎo)詞 (what/how/that/why/whether)構(gòu)造 主語從句what+VO=n. for eg.what+SV=n. What you said is right.形式賓語 Make it possible for sb.to dothat/how/why/whether+SVO=n.That the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs is known.It is known that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs.(形式

19、主語居多).形式主語和強(qiáng)調(diào)句的區(qū)別形式主語 It + v + (that +SVO)=n.n.=it強(qiáng)調(diào)句 It is/was + A + that + BSVO=A+B而且通常情況下 It is/was是強(qiáng)調(diào)句同位語從句同位語的本質(zhì) n1,n2n1=n2S,n,VO.=S,引+svo,VO前面的成分不應(yīng)當(dāng)在后面充當(dāng)成分。The fact, that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs, is known.可接同位語的名詞多為抽象名詞，例如：view/idea/suggestion/fact/reason/conclusion同位語和定語從句的區(qū)別同位語的

20、句子中，前面的成分不應(yīng)當(dāng)在后面充當(dāng)成分。The fact, that the sun is round.定語從句中，引導(dǎo)詞充當(dāng)成分。The book, that you bought for me. “that”充當(dāng)賓語。ExleIt is generally accepted that the single super continent known as Pangaea indeed existed, that Pangaea subsequently broke apart into two giant pieces, Gondwanaland in the south and Laur

21、asia in the north, and that the continents attached to the various crustal plates separated and drifted in various directions.人們普遍承受，Pangaea 以一個(gè)特別大的陸地形式存在，后來他被分為兩個(gè)大塊，在南邊的Gondwanaland 和在北邊的Laurasia，他和那些在不同地殼上的大陸分開了并且向不同方向上漂移。.如何找出復(fù)雜句中的謂語?先找引導(dǎo)詞，然后去掉隨后的動(dòng)詞，還有動(dòng)詞的話，這個(gè)動(dòng)詞就是謂語。2、形容詞性從句=定語從句引導(dǎo)詞 (1)that/which/

22、who(whom)(代詞性)(2)whose/when/where(非代詞性)構(gòu)造 (1)that/which/who(whom)=S+VO=a.This is pig that/which is very fat.(1)that/which/who(whom)=O+SV=a.因?yàn)榇~性的引導(dǎo)詞可以充當(dāng)主語或賓語This is the pig that/which I ate.(作賓語可省略引)This is the pig from which I make fun.引導(dǎo)詞前的介詞取決于后面的動(dòng)詞This is the pig,which is very fastThis is the pi

23、g, (which)I ate.This is the pig, from which I make fun.(2)whose/when/where(非代詞性)+SVO=a.The book, whose cover is red, is quite interesting.This is the place where(=in which 定語從句) I grew up. When 用在后面也可能是狀從,也有可能是定從。.詳細(xì)分析p 舉例In his hypothesis that he developed based on it看上去該句的based 是一個(gè)n-ed的形式，但是她又是修飾誰

24、呢?In his hypothesis he developed that based on it.因此可以看出，based 修飾that，而在此句中，that指代 hypothesis.形容詞性從句的省略當(dāng)that/which在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語時(shí)，可將其省略。This is the pig that/which I ate.This is the pig I ate.當(dāng)that/which在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語時(shí)，且從句的謂語動(dòng)詞為be動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可將其同時(shí)省略。The house, which was built in 1919,was destroyed.The house, built i

25、n 1919,was destroyed.個(gè)別情況下，which/as在引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，也指代前面整個(gè)一句話。As the plates drifted, they may have diverged, which(指代前面一句話) was associated with the spread of the seafloor, or they may have converged, which(指代前面一句話) resulted in collision, subduction, and mountain building.系表倒裝主系表構(gòu)造 變成 表系主 構(gòu)造成為系表倒裝只限于介詞詞組在句首

26、時(shí)1、My hometown lies in Jilin province.In Jilin province lies my hometown.2、A,B,C.are among the species of seabirds.Among the species of seabird are A,B,C.3、副詞性從句 =狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞 when/though/while/although構(gòu)造 when+s+v+adj/v-ing/v-ed,SVO.When he was young, Jack was always beaten by his father.省略的條件 s=S v=be省略

27、 When young, Jack was always beaten by his father.省略 Other(聯(lián)絡(luò)同一類的名詞，也就是說前面提到了chemical defenses) possible chemical defenses, while (they are 省略) not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For exle, glycolproteins in plant cell

28、 walls may inactivate enzymes the degrade cell walls.托福閱讀技巧：巧用【關(guān)鍵詞】：p 托福考試閱讀局部一篇文章一般較長(zhǎng)，所以一般是以段落為單位的。有時(shí)候可能會(huì)有學(xué)生說我做題的時(shí)候并不會(huì)去看整段啊，或者有學(xué)生說我看懂了哎，但題目就是沒做對(duì)啊!其實(shí)我們?cè)陂喿x一個(gè)段落時(shí)要學(xué)會(huì)使用方法，是什么方法可以幫助我們快速閱讀呢?要讀懂一個(gè)段落我們只需要抓住幾個(gè)【關(guān)鍵詞】：p 而已。那么【關(guān)鍵詞】：p 怎么抓呢?一是看邏輯信號(hào)詞;二是讀句子的時(shí)候一定牢記只看主干!下面我們就以托福TPO25中的文章The Decline of Veian Shipping為例

29、，說說如何巧抓【關(guān)鍵詞】：p 。TPO25-2 The Decline of Veian Shipping：Paragraph 2 This decline can be seen clearly in the changes that affected Veian shipping and trade. First， Venics intermediary functions in the Adriatic Sea， where it had dominated the business of shipping for other parties， were lost to direct t

30、rading. In the fifteenth century there was little problem recruiting sailors to row the galleys (large ships propelled by oars)： guilds (business associations) were required to provide rowers， and through a draft system free citizens served pulsorily when called for. In the early sixteenth century t

31、he shortage of rowers was not serious because the demand for galleys was limited by a move to round ships (round-hulled ships with more cargo space)， with required fewer rowers. But the shortage of crews proved to be a greater and greater problem， despite continuous appeal to Venics tradition of mar

32、itime greatness. Even though sailors wages doubled among the northern Italian cities from 1550 to 1590， this did not elicit an increased supply.以上算得上是托福閱讀中較長(zhǎng)的段落了，在快速閱讀這個(gè)段落的時(shí)候我們要找的【關(guān)鍵詞】：p 是：邏輯信號(hào)詞如段落中所標(biāo)示的first， but， this 我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)這些信號(hào)詞所在的句子根本都是解題的信息點(diǎn)。那么在做題定位時(shí)不妨多加留意。當(dāng)然，抓住這些【關(guān)鍵詞】：p 并不難，難在理解。接下來我們就來看看理解這些句子

33、時(shí)的【關(guān)鍵詞】：p 。每段話的首句是必定要讀的。This decline can be seen clearly in the changes that affected Veian shipping and trade。這是包含了一個(gè)定語從句的復(fù)雜句。先看到核心詞changes，再看到Veian shipping and trade。這篇文章接下來詳細(xì)要寫的內(nèi)容就展露無遺，也就是威尼斯船業(yè)和貿(mào)易的變遷。First，這當(dāng)然是開場(chǎng)寫shipping的標(biāo)志了。Venices intermediary functions in the Adriatic Sea， where it had domin

34、ated the business of shipping for other parties， were lost to direct trading. 我們一直強(qiáng)調(diào)句子要讀主干，那么簡(jiǎn)單地看這個(gè)句子就是Venices functions were lost， 核心詞很顯然是lost，也對(duì)應(yīng)了整篇文章的主題 decline. 接下來兩句寫到了15和16世紀(jì)遇到的船員難招的問題。there was little problem recruiting sailors to row the galleys (large ships propelled by oars)： guilds (busin

35、ess associations) were required to provide rowers， and through a draft system free citizens served pulsorily when called for. 這句話中有冒號(hào)的出現(xiàn)，閱讀冒號(hào)之前的內(nèi)容there was little problem;到下一句：the shortage of rowers was not serious because the demand for galleys was limited by a move to round ships (round-hulled shi

36、ps with more cargo space)， with required fewer rowers. 這句中要看到的核心是not serious;再往后看到But.to be a greater and greater problem. 到這里意思應(yīng)該已經(jīng)一目了然了，就是講威尼斯船業(yè)在招聘船員方面所遭遇的變遷：little problemnot serious greater problem.剛剛我們講了文章閱讀局部要抓【關(guān)鍵詞】：p ，其實(shí)我們?cè)陂喿x題目和選項(xiàng)時(shí)也是需要尋找【關(guān)鍵詞】：p 的。有些題目的選項(xiàng)是比擬長(zhǎng)的，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)看上去也差不多一段話了，所以一定要抓住【關(guān)鍵詞】：p 判斷才行，如否認(rèn)詞、比擬詞和并列詞。這些是快速閱讀選項(xiàng)的第一步。再次也要看到題干和每個(gè)選項(xiàng)中能讓我們快速定位到原文的【關(guān)鍵詞】：p 。我們還是以托福TPO25為例：TPO25-1 The Surface of MarsP