【筆譯】lecture09主語確定

1、Determining the Subject a Sentence主語的選擇Lecture 91.錢你不用還了。2.這鍋飯能吃十個(gè)人。3.這匹馬騎著兩個(gè)人。4.被人纏上是件討厭的事兒。5.老子打兒子, 天經(jīng)地義。6.上面坐著主席團(tuán)。7.從她那兒能找到解決問題的辦法。8.說的是古代的一個(gè)老頭，名叫愚公I(xiàn)ntroductionYou dont have to pay it back/repay the money.The meal is big enough for ten people to eat.On the horse were riding two people.It is a dis

2、gusting thing to be pestered/troubled.It is perfectly justified for a father to beat his own son. Also see:On the platform sat the presidium.We can get a solution from her.The story is about an old man named Yugong in ancient times. 給國家納稅是天經(jīng)地義的事。It is only right and proper that we should pay taxes t

3、o the state.11漢英主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的差別“（主謂）這種句子(即使把被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作也算進(jìn)去,把是也算進(jìn)去)的比例是不大的,也許比50%大不了多少。因此,在漢語里,把主語、謂語當(dāng)作話題和說明來看待,比較合適?！? 趙元任漢語口語語法主題VS.主語漢語是“注重主題的語言”(topic-prominent language) 英語是“注重主語的語言”(subject-prominent language ).七大主要英語的主語(1)施動(dòng)主語(agentive subject)： Susan is growing flowers (2)受動(dòng)主語(affected subject)： Her books

4、 translate well (3)工具主語(instrumental subject)： A stone broke the glass(4)地點(diǎn)主語(locative subject): The jar contains honey. (5)時(shí)間主語(temporal subject)：Yesterday was Monday. (6)事件主語(eventive subject)：The dispute over the problem lasted a decade(7) it作主語，表時(shí)間、氣候或距離：It is very late Its very hot in summer he

5、re. It 作形式主語： It is impossible to finish the paper in ten minutes.12主語的選擇在無主句的翻譯中，一般認(rèn)為，確定主語時(shí)，應(yīng)遵循以下原則：1 無主句必須添加必要的主語2必須是句中應(yīng)該突出的信息；3必須符合英美人的思維視角；4必須符合英語的邏輯搭配習(xí)慣；5必須符合行文連貫的需要。1. 2. 1 在無主句的翻譯中，必須添加必要的主語1)下雨了。It is raining. 2) 改革開放膽子要大一些，要敢于試驗(yàn)。 We must be courageous enough to venture on experiments as far

6、 as reforms are concerned3) 北靜王笑道：名不虛傳，果然如“寶”似“玉”。 (紅樓夢 “You live up to your name，”remarked the prince “You are really 1ike precious jade”4) 只可惜宮粉涂不平臉上的皺紋，看起來好像驢糞蛋上下了霜。*Unfortunately powder could not smooth over her wrinkled face; it looked 1ike a frosted donkey turd. Unfortunately powder could not

7、smooth over her wrinkled face. It only made it look like a frosted donkey turd 5) 得第一名獲金牌，第四名什么也拿不到。Whoever comes first wins a gold medal but anyone who comes fourth gets nothing. 1. 2. 2主語必須是句中應(yīng)該突出的信息1）這次國家調(diào)動(dòng)了160萬軍隊(duì)去幫助守護(hù)大堤，將被洪水淹沒地區(qū)的百姓遷走。1.6 million troops have been mobilized to help protect the dik

8、es and to move people out of areas being flooded 2)人們已把李白的詩集譯成了多種外國文字。The collection of Li Bais poems has been translated into many foreign languages3）到去年年底，上海已與好幾個(gè)國家簽訂了建造拉索橋的合同或協(xié)議。By the end of last year，contracts or agreements were signed with some countries for the construction of chain bridges i

9、n Shanghai4)上海采取了一系列的優(yōu)惠政策來吸引外資。A series of preferential policies have been adopted in Shanghai to attract foreign capital Also see:漢語中用地名、時(shí)間、工具作主語很普遍。例如：昨晚抓住了三個(gè)小偷。Three thieves were caught last night.一把菜刀鬧革命。Revolution was made with a kitchen knife.校園東頭蓋了一棟房。 A house has been built on the east of th

10、e campus.5) 大多數(shù)高校已將權(quán)利下放給系主任。In most colleges and universities，the decision-making rights have been given to department heads6) 明年將出版更多的兒童讀物。More books for children will be published next year7)熱烈歡迎世界各地客商來此建立和發(fā)展貿(mào)易關(guān)系。Customers all over the world are warmly welcomed to establish and develop business co

11、ntacts with us1. 2. 3主語必須符合英美人的思維視角中國人在表達(dá)思想時(shí)十分注意主體意識(shí)，常以有生命的、具體的名詞或代詞作主語，多用主動(dòng)語態(tài)和無主句。有時(shí)主語雖省略，主體意識(shí)仍然強(qiáng)烈，讀者容易體會(huì)到。如：找工作處處碰壁，搞得我心亂如麻。 英美人則較強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀，注重客觀事物對(duì)人的影響和作用，因此無生命、抽象的名詞作主語遠(yuǎn)比漢語中多。英語這類非人稱主語句采用“無靈主語” (inanimate subject)，表示抽象概念、心理感覺、事物名稱或時(shí)間地點(diǎn)等，但謂語卻常常使用“有靈動(dòng)詞” (animate verb)，表示人或社會(huì)團(tuán)體的動(dòng)作和行為，如see，find，bring，give

12、，escape，surround，kill，deprive，seize，send，know，tell，permit，invite，take，drive，prevent. . . from等。 1)這時(shí)我激動(dòng)得說不出話來。Words failed me here. More examples: 我昨天收到你的信。Your letter reached me yesterday. 我一時(shí)記不起他的名字。His name escaped me. 2) 不同的人對(duì)退休持不同的態(tài)度。 Attitudes towards retirement vary from person to person3) 她從

13、來沒想到他是個(gè)不誠實(shí)的人。 It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man. 4)我害怕起來了，而且越來越害怕。 Then fear set in and commenced to build up5)他突然發(fā)現(xiàn)地毯上有個(gè)深色斑點(diǎn)。 A dark stain on the carpet caught his eyes/suddenly attracted his attention. 6)他兩天就抽完了一包煙。A pack of cigarettes lasts him only two days. A. 原文中表示條件、原因等意思的詞

14、語可在翻譯中用來作主語。如：7)走廊的地毯厚厚的，我走在上面，一點(diǎn)腳步聲也沒有。The thick carpet on the corridor killed the sound of my footsteps8)沒有幾天的工夫，由于搶購，商店里的貨就買光了。Within days, panic buying emptied store shelves9)由于計(jì)劃不周，他不僅浪費(fèi)了時(shí)間，而且浪費(fèi)了所有錢。Poor planning wasted all his money as well as his time. B. 原文中表示時(shí)間的詞語可在翻譯中用來作主語，同時(shí)謂語改為 see, witn

15、ess, find 等。10) 2001年中國成功加入世貿(mào)。The year 2001 saw Chinas entry into WTO. 11) 1998年召開了九屆一次全國代表大會(huì)。The year 1998 witnessed the convocation of the 1st Session of the 9th National Peoples Congress. C. 可以采用 “there be” 句型取代原文的主語12）他今天的舉止有些反常There is something strange about his behavior today. 13) 這個(gè)事件不象看上去的那

16、樣簡單。There is more to the incident than meets the eye. 14) 新工作不見得比原先的工作強(qiáng)。There is no guarantee that the new job will be better than the old one. 1. 2. 4 主語必須符合英語的邏輯搭配習(xí)慣從語法角度看，漢語的主謂搭配習(xí)慣和英語的主謂搭配習(xí)慣不盡相同。漢語中的主語有時(shí)在英語的句子里不適合作英語的主語。因此這時(shí)要調(diào)整。如“他的英語講的很好”，譯為His English speaks good. 就不符合邏輯，而改下主語：He speaks good En

17、glish. 就是地道的英語。這種擬人法現(xiàn)象在漢語中常見，而在英語中，多數(shù)情況下，是視為修辭上的一種毛病。因此在漢英翻譯中要注意這個(gè)區(qū)別，避免受漢語影響而出問題。 1)我們的事業(yè)從勝利走向新的勝利。 A series of victories have been won for our cause2)我國的社會(huì)主義建設(shè)事業(yè)需要盡可能多的知識(shí)分子為它服務(wù)。China needs the service of as many intellectuals as possible in building socialism3)任何新生事物的成長都是要經(jīng)過艱難曲折的。Any emerging thing

18、 is bound to experience difficulties and setbacks before it reaches maturity4)讀書可以增長知識(shí)。Through reading one can acquire knowledge5)宗教不得干預(yù)政治。It is impermissible to interfere with politics in the name of religion6)漢字在歷史上有過不可磨滅的功績。The system of Chinese characters has played an invaluable role in our his

19、tory.1. 2. 5主語必須符合行文連貫的需要作為句子“龍頭”的主語在連詞成句、連句成篇、承上啟下的過程中起著舉足輕重的作用。因此選擇譯文的主語，還有考慮一個(gè)連貫一致的因素。英語中有一個(gè)修辭的原則，即平行一致原則 (parallelism)。也就是說，相鄰的幾個(gè)句子在結(jié)構(gòu)上要保持一致。為了保持連貫，英語往往通過避免重復(fù)原詞，更多地使用照應(yīng)和替代的方式來銜接上下文。漢語當(dāng)中沒有這樣的要求，相鄰幾句的主語可以不一樣，大量的流水句的存在便是這種特點(diǎn)的體現(xiàn)。 學(xué)習(xí)篇章的漢譯英，還需牢記英語和漢語的這一差異，根據(jù)上下文確定主語。否則，篇章只不過是缺乏邏輯的句群的堆砌或者“句不達(dá)意”。 1)一天，父親來封快信，上面說：“頃得汝岳丈電報(bào)”O(jiān)ne day an express letter came from his father It read as follows： “I have just received a telegram from your father-in-1aw.”2)語言這東西不是隨便可以學(xué)好的，非下苦功不t可。The mastery of 1anguage is not easy and req