太陽能電池中英文對照外文翻譯文獻

1、 （文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯）中英文翻譯英文原文HistoricalReviewofSolarEnergySolargenerallyreferstothesunsradiationenergy.CarriedoutinthesolarinteriorfromHtogetherintoaheliumthenuclearreaction,keptahugereleaseofenergy,andcontinuetothespaceradiationenergy,whichissolarenergy.Thissolarnuclearfusionreactioninsidethecantomainta

2、inthehundredsofmillionsoffirsttime.Solarradiationtospacelaunch3.8x10人23kWpoweroftheradiation,ofwhich20billionthoftheEarthsatmospheretoreach.SolarenergyreachingtheEarthsatmosphere,30%oftheatmospherereflectance,23%ofatmosphericabsorption,andtheresttoreachtheEarthssurface.Itspowerof80trillionkW,thatist

3、osayasecondexposuretothesunsenergyonEarthisequivalenttofivemilliontonsofcoalcombustionheatrelease.Theaveragepersquaremeterintheatmosphereoutsidetheareaofenergyperminutetoreceiveabout1367w.Abroadsenseofthesolarenergyonearthmanysources,suchaswindenergy,chemicalenergy,potentialenergyofwaterandsoon.Then

4、arrowsenseislimitedtosolarradiationofsolarlightthermal,photovoltaicandphotochemicalconversionofthedirectly.Atthisstage,theworldssolarenergyisstillthefocusofthestudyofsolarenergypowerplant,butthediversificationoftheuseofthecondenser,andtheintroductionofflat-platecollectorandalowboilingpointworkingflu

5、id,thedevicegraduallyexpandeduptomaximumoutputpower73.64kW,ObjectiveTocomparetheclearandpractical,costremainshigh.Theconstructionofatypicaldeviceareasfollows:1901,Californiabuiltasolar-poweredpumpingdevices,theuseoftruncatedconecondenserpower:7.36kW;19021908years,builtintheUnitedStatesfivesetsofdoub

6、le-cyclesolar-poweredengines,theuseofflat-panelcollectorandalowboilingpointworkingfluid;in1913,Humanuseofsolarenergyhasalonghistory.Chinamorethan2000yearsago,backintheWarringStatesperiod,onewillfindthattheuseoffoursteelmirrortofocussunlightignition;useofsolarenergytodryagriculturalproducts.Thedevelo

7、pmentofmodern,solarenergyhasbecomeincreasinglywidespreaduse,itincludestheuseofsolarenergysolarthermal,solarphotovoltaicandsolarenergyuse,suchasthephotochemicaluse.Theuseofsolarphotochemicalreaction,apassiveuse(photo-thermalconversion)andthephotoelectricconversionintwoways.Anewsolarpowerandrenewables

8、ourcesofenergyuse.SiliconphotovoltaiccellsmainlyintheabsorptionofsolarlightenergyemittedbysiliconphotocellismainlyextractedfromthesandbythedevelopmentofBellLabs.Solarenergyistheinternalorthesurfaceofthesunsunspotcontinuousprocessofnuclearfusionreactionsproduceenergy.Earthsorbitontheaveragesolarradia

9、tionintensityforthe1367w/m2.CircumferenceoftheEarthsequatorto40000km,andthuscalculatedtheEarthsenergycanbeobtained173000TW.Atsealevelstandardforpeakintensity1kw/m2,apointontheEarthssurface24hoftheannualaverageradiationintensity0.20kw/m,whichisequivalenttohave102000TWenergyHumandependenceontheseenerg

10、ytosurvive,includingallotherformsofrenewableenergy(exceptforgeothermalenergyresources),althoughthetotalamountofsolarenergyresourcesisthehumanequivalentoftheenergyusedbytenthousandtimes,butlowenergydensityofsolarenergy,anditvaryfromplacetoplace,fromtimetotimechange,thedevelopmentandutilizationofsolar

11、energywhichisfacingamajorproblem.Thesefeatureswillmakesolarenergyintheintegratedenergysystemoftheroleofsubjecttocertainrestrictions.Theuseofsolarcells,throughthephotoelectricconversiontosolarenergyconversionisincludedinelectricity,theuseofsolarwaterheaters,theuseofsolarheathotwaterandusewaterforpowe

12、rgeneration,usingsolarenergyfordesalination.Now,theuseofsolarenergyisnotverypopular,theuseofsolarpowercostsarehighthere,theproblemoflowconversionefficiency,butforsatellitesolarcellstoprovideenergyhasbeenapplied.AlthoughtheEarthsatmospheresolarradiationtothetotalenergyonly22billionthsofaradiationener

13、gy,ithasbeenashighas173,000TW,thatistosayasecondexposuretothesunsenergyonEarthisequivalenttofivemilliontonsofcoal.Earthwindenergy,hydropower,oceanthermalenergy,waveenergyandtidalenergyaswellassomecomesfromthesun;eveninthefaceoftheearthsfossilfuels(suchascoal,oil,naturalgas,etc.)thatisfundamentallySi

14、nceancienttimesthestorageofsolarenergydown,sobyincludingabroadrangeofsolarenergyisverylarge,henarrowsenseislimitedtosolarradiationofsolarlightthermal,photovoltaicandphotochemicalconversionofthedirectly.Solarenergyisthefirsttime,butalsorenewableenergy.Itisrichinresources,canusefreeofcharge,andwithout

15、transportation,withoutanypollutiontotheenvironment.Formankindtocreateanewlife,sothatsocialandhumanenergyintoaeraofreducingpollution.Solarcellshavetorespondtoalightandconvertsolarenergytopowerthedevice.Photovoltaiceffectcanproducemanykindsofmaterials,suchas:singlecrystalsilicon,polycrystallinesilicon

16、,amorphoussilicon,galliumarsenide,copperindiumselenium.Theyarebasicallythesameprincipleofpowergenerationisnowcrystalasanexampletodescribetheprocessoflightgeneration.P-typecrystallinesiliconavailableafterphosphorus-dopedN-typesilicon,theformationofP-Njunction.Whenthesurfaceofsolarlight,thesiliconmate

17、rialtobepartofphotonabsorption;photonenergytransfertothesiliconatom,electronictransitionshavetakenplace,asafree-electronconcentrationinthePNjunctionformedonbothsidesofthepotentialdifference,whentheexternalcircuitconnectedwhentheeffectsofthevoltage,therewillbeacurrentflowingthroughtheexternalcircuith

18、aveacertainamountofoutputpower.Thesubstanceofthisprocessare:photonenergyintoelectricalenergyconversionprocess.Siisourplanetsabundanceofstoragematerials.Sincethe19thcentury,scientistsdiscoveredthepropertiesofcrystallinesiliconsemiconductor,italmostchangedeverything,evenhumanthought,endofthe20thcentur

19、y.Ourlivescanbeseeneverywhere,siliconfigureandroleofcrystallinesiliconsolarcellsistheformationofthepast15yearsthefastestgrowingindustry.Productionprocesscanbedividedintofivesteps:a,purificationprocessb,theprocessofpullingrodc,slicingtheprocessofd,theprocessofsystembatterye,thecoursepackage.Solarphot

20、ovoltaicIsacomponentofphotovoltaicpanelsinthesunexposurewillgeneratedirectcurrentpowergenerationdevices,fromvirtuallyallsemiconductormaterials(egsilicon)aremadeofthinphotovoltaiccellscomposedofsolid.Becausethereisnopartofactivity,andwouldthusbealongtimeoperationwouldnotleadtoanyloss.Simplephotovolta

21、iccellsforwatchesandcomputerstoprovideenergy,andmorecomplexPVsystemstoprovidelightingforthehousingandpowersupply.Photovoltaicpanelscanbemadeintocomponentsofdifferentshapes,andcomponentscanbeconnectedtogeneratemorepower.Inrecentyears,thesurfaceoftheroofandbuildingwillbetheuseofphotovoltaicpanelscompo

22、nents,Evenbeusedaswindows,skylightsorshelteredpartofdevices,whichareoftencalledphotovoltaicfacilitieswithPVsystemsinbuildings.SolarthermalModerntechnologysolarthermalpolymerizationsunlightanduseitsenergyproducedhotwater,steamandelectricity.Inadditiontotheuseofappropriatetechnologytocollectsolarenerg

23、y,thebuildingcanalsomakeuseofthesunslightandheatenergyisaddedinthedesignofappropriateequipment,suchaslargewindowsoruseofthesouthcanabsorbandslowlyreleasethesunheatthebuildingmaterials.Accordingtorecords,humanuseofsolarenergyhasmorethan3,000yearsofhistory.Tosolarenergyasanenergyandpoweruse,only300yea

24、rsofhistory.Therealsolarasthenearfuturetoaddmuch-neededenergy,thebasisofthefutureenergymixisthelatestthing.Sincethe20thcentury,70s,solartechnologyhasmaderapidadvances,solarenergyusewitheachpassingday.SolarenergyutilizationinmodernhistoryfromtheFrenchengineersin1615intheSolomonandGermanyCoxinventedth

25、eworldsfirstsolar-poweredenginesrun.Theinventionisauseofsolarenergyheatingtheairtotheexpansionandpumpingmachinesacting.In16151900,betweenthedevelopedworldandmorethanonesolarpowerplantandanumberofothersolarenergydevices.Almostallofthesepowerplantscollectthesunmeanstheuseofcondenser,enginepowerisnot,t

26、heworkingfluidiswatervapor,whichisveryexpensive,notpracticalvalue,themajorityofindividualstudiesformanufacturingsolarenthusiasts.100yearsofthe20thcentury,thehistoryofthedevelopmentofsolarenergytechnologyingeneralcanbedividedintosevenstages.TheFirstStage(19001920)Inthisstage,theresearchfocusofsolaren

27、ergyintheworldwerestillonthesolar-powereddevicewhichvariablephotospotmethodwereappliedandflatplateheatcollectorandlowboilingpointactuatingmediumwerestartedtouse;thecapacityofthedevicewasgraduallyexpandedwiththemax.outputpowerof73.46kW;devicewasutilizedwiththedefiniteend-useandinhighercost.Thetypical

28、builtdeviceincluded:onesetofsolarenergypumpingdeviceconstructedinCaliforniaofU.Sin1901whichemployedtruncationtaperphotospotwiththepowerof7.36kW;5setsoftwin-circulatedsolar-poweredenginebuiltinU.Sin1902to1908whichemployedtheflatplateheatcollectorandlowboilingpointactuatingmedium;1setofsolarenergypump

29、comprisedof5parabolicmirrorinalengthof62.5m,widthof4mbuiltinCairoofEgyptinwhichthetotallightcollectingareacouldreach1250m2.TheSecondStage(1920-1965)Forthese20years,theresearchofsolarenergywasimplementingonthepoorstage,whichthemandatetoparticipateinthedevelopmentandtheresearchprojectshadbeenwidelydec

30、linedduetothemassutilizationoffossilfuelsandthesecondworldwar(19351945)whilethesolarenergycouldntsatisfytheurgentdemandupontheenergy.Therefore,theresearchanddevelopmentofsolarenergywasduetobegraduallydeserted.TheThirdStage(1945-1965)Forthese20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWar,someforesightpersonhasnoticed

31、thatthepetroleumandnaturalgasresourceshadbeenrapidlydecreasedandcalledforattentionontheseissuesinordertograduallypromotetherecoveryanddevelopmentofthesolarenergyresearch.Solarenergyinstitutesweresetupandacademicexchangesandexhibitionswereheldwhichraisedtheresearchupsurgeagainonsolarenergy.Inthisperi

32、od,greatprogresswasachievedintheresearchofsolarenergy,inparticular:thefoundationtheoryofselectivepaintsproposedintheFirstInternationalSolarThermalAcademicConferencein1955,whichblacknickelhadbeendevelopedasthepracticalselectivepaints,contributingtodevelopmentofhigh-effectiveheatcollector;thepractical

33、siliconsolarcellsdevelopedbyBellLabinU.Sin1954whichlaidthefoundationforlargescaleutilizationofphotovoltaicgeneration.Furthermore,therewerestillothersignificantresults,including:Onesetof50kWsolarstovewasbuiltbyFrenchNationalResearchCenterin1952;Theworldwideprototypeammonia-waterabsorbingairconditioni

34、ngsystemheatedbyflatplateheatcollectorwiththecapacityof5tonswasbuiltinFloridaofU.Sin1960;Anengineequippedwithsiliconwindowwasinventedin1961.Inthisstage,researchonfoundationtheoryandfoundationmaterialofsolarenergywasreinforcedandacademicbreakthrough,i.e.selectivepaintsandsiliconsolarcellswereachieved

35、.Theflatplatehadbeenwelldevelopedandripeintechnologies.Progresshadbeenachievedintheresearchofsolarenergyabsorbingairconditionersandabatchofpilotsolarroomwasestablished.Preliminaryresearchwasconductedontheengineandtowertypesolar-poweredgenerationtechnologies.TheFourthStage(19651973)Inthestage,therese

36、archworkonsolarenergywasstandstillduetothereasonthattheutilizationtechnologiesofsolarenergyhadenteredintothegrowingstagewhichwasnoripeinprocess,heavyininvestmentandlowerineffect.Thusitcannotcompetewithconventionalenergy,whichresultedintheabsenceofattentionandsupportfromthepublic,enterpriseandgovernm

37、ent.TheFifthStage(19731980)Afterpetroleumplayedaleadingroleintheworldwideenergystructure,ithasbeenakeyfactortocontroltheeconomicanddeterminethefatal,developmentanddecliningofacountry.AftertheexplosionofMiddleEastWaratOc.,1973,OPECemployedthemethodofdecliningtheproductionandincreasingthepricetosuppor

38、tthestruggleandsafeguardthenationalbenefitswhichresultedinheavyeconomicattackforthosecountriesthatreliedonimportinglargeamountofinexpensivepetroleumfromtheregionofMiddleEast.Thus,somepeopleinthewesterncountrieswerefrightenedtocallthattheenergyorpetroleumcrisishadbeenlaunchedintheworld.Thiscrisismade

39、peoplerealizedthattheexistingenergystructureshouldbecompletelychangedandtransitiontothefutureenergystructureshouldbespeedup.Fromthaton,manycountries,especiallytheindustrializedcountriesturnedtheirattentiontowardsthesupportontheresearchanddevelopmentofsolarenergyandotherrenewableenergytechnologies.Th

40、eupsurgeofdevelopingandutilizingsolarenergyhadbeenraisedagainintheworld.In1973,U.Sdrewupagovernmentscalesunlightpowergenerationprogramwhichtheresearchbudgetforsolarenergywereincreasedinalargeamount,andsolarenergydevelopmentbankwastoestablishedtofacilitatethesolarenergyproductstobecommercialized.In19

41、74,Japanpublishedthesunlightprogrammadebythegovernment,amongwhichthesolarenergydevelopmentprojectsincludedsolarroom,industrial-usesolarenergysystem,solarthermalgeneration,solarcellsproductionsystem,scatteredandlargescalephotovoltaicgenerationsystem.Inordertoimplementthisprogram,thegovernmentofJapani

42、nputlargeamountofmanpower,materialresourcesandfinancialresources.Theupsurgeontheutilizationofsolarenergyraisedin1970sintheworldalsoimpactedonChina.Someforesighttechniciansstartedtodevotetothesolarenergyindustryoneafteranotherandpositivelyproposedtotherelativedepartmentofthegovernmentandpublishedbook

43、sandperiodicalstointroducetheinternationaltrendsontheutilizationofsolarenergy.Solarstovewaspopularizedandutilizedincountryside;solarwaterheaterwaslaunchedinthecity;solarcellsusedinspacehavestartedtobeappliedintheground.In1975,thefirstnationalsolarenergyutilizationworkingexchangesconferenceheldinAnya

44、ng,HenanProvincefurtherpromotedthedevelopmentofsolarenergyindustryinChina.Afterthismeeting,thesolarenergyresearchandpromotionhadbeenbroughtintothegovernmentprogramandawardedsupportofspecializedfundandmaterial.Insomeuniversitiesandinstitutes,solarenergytaskteamandresearchdepartmentswereestablishedone

45、afteranother.Solarenergyresearchinstituteswerealsolaunchedinsomeplaces.Atthattime,anupsurgeonutilizationofsolarenergywasemerginginChina.Duringthisperiod,researchanddevelopmentofsolarenergyenteredintoanunprecedentedwell-developedstagewiththefollowingcharacteristics:Eachcountryenhancedplanningonsolare

46、nergyresearch.Manycountriesworkedoutshorttermandlong-termsunlightprogram.Theutilizationofsolarenergyhadbeenagovernmentalactionwithintensivesupport.Theinternationalcooperationwasveryactivewhichsomedevelopingcountrieshadstartedtoparticipateintheutilizationofsolarenergy.Theresearchfieldwasexpanding;res

47、earchworkwasdevelopeddaybydayandsignificantresultsachieved,forexample,CPC,vacuumheatcollectingpipe,non-crystalsiliconsolarcells,water-photolyzedhydrogenproductionandsolarenergythermalpowergeneration.Thesolarenergydevelopmentprogramworkedoutbyeachcountryexistedtheproblemsthattherequirementwastoohigha

48、ndurgentandinsufficientexpectationondifficultyinimplementation.Theyhavethoughttoreplacethemineralenergyintheshorttimeandtoutilizethesolarenergyinlargescale.Forexample,U.Shasoncescheduledtobuildasmallsizesolarenergydemonstrationsatellitepowerstationin1985andonesetof5millionkWspacesolarenergypowerstat

49、ionin1995.Infact,thisprogramhasbeenadjustedinlater,andthespacesolarenergypowerstationhasnotyetbeenrealized.Productssuchassolarwaterheaterandsolarcellswerestartedtocommercialize.Thesolarenergysectorhasbeenpreliminarilyestablishedwithasmallscaleandineffectiveeconomiceffects.TheSixthStage(1980-1992)The

50、upsurgeonutilizationofsolarenergyemergedin1970swasfallenintoastageofbeingdevelopedinalowandslowstepin1980s.Manycountriesintheworlddeclinedtheresearchbudgetforsolarenergyinsuccessiveinalargeamount,inparticulartheU.S.Themainreasonsresultedinthissituationwerethattheinternationaloilpricewascorrectedinal

51、argerangewhilesolarenergyproductcostwasstillremainingasbeforewhichmaybeofnocompetitivecapability;noanysignificantbreakthroughonsolarenergytechnologiestoincreasetheefficiencyandreducethecostwhichledtobreakdownpeoplesconfidencetodevelopsolarenergy;increaseddevelopmentonnuclearpowerwhichmayrestrainonac

52、ertaindegreeonthedevelopmentofsolarenergy.Influencedontheturndownofsolarenergyintheworldwidein1980s,researchworkinChinaalsodeclinedinacertaindegree.Duetothereasonthattheutilizationofsolarenergywasheavyininvestment,ineffectiveinresults,difficultinenergystorageandlargeinlandcovering,solarenergyshouldb

53、econsideredasthefutureenergy.Somepersonevenproposedthatthetechnologycouldbeintroducedafteritwouldbedevelopedsuccessfully.Onlyfewpeoplesupportedsuchviewpoint,butitwasveryharmfulwhichwillresultinunfavorableinfluenceonthedevelopmentofsolarenergyindustry.Duringthisperiod,althoughtheresearchbudgethasbeen

54、mitigatedinalargeamount,theresearchworkremaineduninterruptedly,amongwhichsomeprojectsachievedprogresswhichfacilitatedpeopletoinvestigateseriouslyontheprogramandgoadsworkedoutbeforeandtoadjusttheresearchfocussothattostriveforgreatachievementbylessinput.TheSeventhStage(1992UntilNow)Excessiveburningoff

55、ossilfuelledtoworldwideenvironmentalpollutionandecologicaldestruction,whichhasbeenthreatenedthesubstanceanddevelopmentofhumanbeings.Undersuchcircumstance,UNheldtheinternationalenvironmentanddevelopmentconferenceinBrazilin1992.Onthismeeting,aseriesofimportantdocumentwerepublishedincludingtheEnvironme

56、ntandDevelopmentManifesto,Agendaof21stcenturyandUNFrameworkPactonClimateChanginginwhichtheenvironmentanddevelopmentwerebroughtintotheintegratedframework,andsustainablemodelwasestablished.Afterthisconference,eachcountryenhancedthedevelopmentofcleanenergytechnologies,anddevelopedthesolarenergyinlinewi

57、ththeenvironmentalprotectionsoastomaketheutilizationofsolarenergybewelldeveloped.Afterthisconference,Chinesegovernmentalsoturnedtheirattentiontowardstheenvironmentanddevelopmentandpointedout10piecesoftacticandmeasuredefinitelytodevelopandpopularizethecleanenergyincludingsolarenergy,windenergy,therma

58、lenergy,tidalenergyandbiomassenergyinaccordancewiththereality;workedoutAgendaof21stcenturyinChinaandfurtherfocusedthesolarenergyprojects.In1995,theStatePlanning,theStateEconomicandTradeCommission,theStateMinistryofScienceandTechnologyworkedouttheOutlineforDevelopmentofNewandRenewableEnergyfrom1996to

59、2010,whichdefinitelypointedoutthegoads,objectivesandrelativetacticandmeasuretowardsthedevelopmentofnewandrenewableenergyfrom1996to2010inChina.ThepublishingandimplementationofthedocumentfurtherpromotedthedevelopmentofsolarenergyindustryinChina.In1996,UNheldtheworldwidesolarenergysummitconferenceinZim

60、babwe.TheSolarEnergyandSustainableDevelopmentManifestowaspublishedafterthemeeting.Importantdocument,i.e.WorldwideSolarEnergy10-YearActionandProgram(19962005),InternationalSolarEnergyPact,WorldwideSolarEnergyStrategicPlanningwerediscussedduringthemeeting.Thismeetingfurthershowedeachcountryscommitment