課程學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)讀寫(xiě)conclusion

1、How to Write a Conclusionp. 128 What is a ConclusionA conclusion is an answer created from the hypothesis(命題，論題，論文), and sums up the hypothesis. Conclusions always are put at the end of a writing piece. They state what has been proven and what has been learned. Information Elements in Conclusion ori

2、ginal question or hypothesis(復(fù)述研究目的或假設(shè)） review of major findings（評(píng)述主要的研究成果,如成果與原假設(shè)是否相符,與他人研究成果之間的異同等） explanation for findings （解釋研究成果） limitations （說(shuō)明研究的局限性） implications （探析研究成果的普遍意義和啟示） further research applications （對(duì)進(jìn)一步開(kāi)展深入研究的建議）Starter Activities Each of the following statements comes from a d

3、ifferent research paper. Determine the information element each sentence represents, and indicate it in the space before each statement. (1) Despite a huge body of literature about e-mail use, our study shows that e-mail users are constantly developing innovative practices around this medium. (2) Th

4、e present study offers clear evidence that “hands-on experience” is not sufficient for the productive learning of computer programming by college students. (3) Generally speaking, in making inferences readers would first use the context of situation and intratextual clues. If those cannot suffice th

5、em to understand the function, then they would resort to the intertextual knowledge and the context of culture. findingsimplicationexplanation (4) This study represents just the first step in testing internet-specific strategies adopted in joint venture companies. As such, it has a number of limitat

6、ions. (5) The findings of this research raise three general issues for future consideration.limitationpractical application Verb Tense in Conclusion Language Focus Sentence Construction in Conclusion Restating purpose, hypothesis, findings: Past Explaining or limiting findings: past; present; modal

7、auxiliaries General statements about the study: present; modal auxiliaries; tentative verbs Main clause (researchers position) + that + Noun clause (information element)Restating purpose, hypothesis, findings: Past 2. We originally assumed that older workers in speed jobs would have poorer performan

8、ce and more accidents compared with other workers. (Hypothesis) 1. This study attempted to determine how long advertising affects the sales of a particular product. (Purpose) 3. Satisfaction with supervision increased after implementation of the MBO program, and there was directional support that wo

9、rk satisfaction improved. (Findings) Explaining or limiting findings: past; present; modal auxiliariesIt is possible that many specialist words in the text caused comprehension breakdown. （Restricted to study: past）3. The competence and experience of the older workers in these specific jobs may have

10、 compensated for their reduced stamina.（Speculation: modal auxiliaries）2. It is possible that many specialist words in the text cause comprehension breakdown. （General condition: present） Explaining or limiting findings: past; present; modal auxiliaries4. A control group was not available and only t

11、wo measures were taken in assessing changes in satisfaction. （Limitation: past） 6. These results are consistent with previous research (Yates, 2000; Lee, et al., 2002). （Comparing findings: present）5. It is possible that many specialist words in the text cause comprehension breakdown. （General condi

12、tion: present） Purposes of a Conclusionwrap things up and end your essay,evaluates the significance of the paper, reemphasizes the main points, predicts an e, offers a solution, or suggests a further study.A Conclusion should include A restatement of your subject, your thesis, hypothesis, or what ca

13、n be called the central mission of your study. A presentation of your findings, a summary. Be careful to avoid making a chapter by chapter list of the contents of your main text. It should sound like a discussion. A conclusion should include3. Discuss and interpret findings. Give answers. Draw infer

14、ences from your study and discuss the relevance of your data. 4. Point to areas of further research. No doubt while you were researching your topic, in some areas, you found more questions than answers. A conclusion should include5. Graceful exit. Make sure your ending has an ending. The final two o

15、r three paragraphs are as important as any others. You could talk about the overall significance of the study, of the subject in general, and how it is important to know about it. Make the reader feel that it has been worth his or her time to read this paper and that the world will be a better place

16、 with you in it as an academic. The ConclusionRemind your reader why you have been writing this essay! Its been a long while since your Topic Sentence! So, rephrase your Topic Sentence.Finally: broaden your focus!Move away from examples, quotes and analysis and make some general conclusions:Discuss

17、what you think was the authors purposeDescribe your personal reactions or thoughtsConnect it to life in the 21st centuryYour conclusion should NOT include:New ideas or facts.Any footnotes. Announcement of what you have done (i.e. In this paper I have explained.)Sample Conclusion: Macbeth started off

18、 as a hero and ended up a hated tyrant. Such power-hungry people are still around today and continue to cause great instability in society. That is why we continue to have political unrest and wars and we hear about them daily in the news. Sadly, Shakespeare has shown us that selfish, naked ambition

19、 is one of humanitys timeless vices.Suggestions1. Answer the question So What? Show your readers why this paper was important. Show them that your paper was meaningful and useful.Suggestions2. Synthesize, dont summarize Dont simply repeat things that were in your paper. They have read it. Show them

20、how the points you made and the support and examples you used were not random, but fit together. Suggestions3. Redirect your readers Give your reader something to think about, perhaps a way to use your paper in the real world. If your introduction went from general to specific, make your conclusion

21、go from specific to general. Think globally. Suggestions4. Echoing the introduction: Echoing your introduction can be a good strategy if it is meant to bring the reader full-circle. Suggestions5. Looking to the future: Looking to the future can emphasize the importance of your paper or redirect the

22、readers thought process. It may help them apply the new information to their lives or see things more globally. Other SuggestionsKeep in mind the balance of your assignment. The conclusion should be clear and relatively brief. There is no need to go over everything again that you have already mentio

23、ned this would be unnecessarily boring and tedious. Make sure that the conclusion is based on what you have said before it is often tempting to go off at a tangent and to say things that are completely unrelated to the topic. Be wary of this. IntroductoryParagraphMain Paragraph 1Main Paragraph 2ConclusionOther suggestionsTry not to make