虛擬語氣 學生版

1、英語語法講解虛擬語氣語氣的定義和種類（1）語氣的定義語氣是動詞的一種形式，它表示說話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。（2）語氣的種類A.陳述語氣表示動作或狀態(tài)是現(xiàn)實的、確定的或符合事實的，用于陳述句、疑問句和某些感嘆句。We are not ready. Did it rain all day yesterday?What a fine day today!B.祈使語氣表使說話人的建議、請求、邀請、命令等。Be careful.Don5t forget to close the window. Open the door, please.C.虛擬語氣表使動作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實，而是說話人

2、的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測等。第一講虛擬語氣If引導的條件句英語中的條件句有兩種：真實條件句和非真實條件句。一、真實條件句即表示條件是真的或有可能實現(xiàn)的，采用陳述語氣。（時態(tài)：主將從現(xiàn)）If I dont understand the problem, I will ask him.If it doesnt rain tomorrow, I will go for a picnic. 假假設(shè)明天不下雨,我就去野餐。Oil will floats if you pour it on water.你如把油倒在水里，油就浮起來。二、非真實條件句（也稱之為虛擬條件句） 即所表示的假設(shè)是不可能發(fā)生或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的，

3、從句和主句皆是用虛擬語氣。（時態(tài)：“退步法”）He suggested that we should leave early.他建議我們早點動身。The judge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded.法官命令被告還押。ExerciseThe teacher insisted that every student every other line.A. writes B. writeC. would write D. wroteJacks father insists in this hotel.A. not stayingB not to

4、 stay C. that he not stay D. staying notThey insisted that you them a quick answer.A. should give B. gave C. must give D. would giveThe guard at the gate insisted that everybody the rules.A. obeys B. obeyC. w川 obeyD. would obey注：1) suggest表“建議去做；命令.丁從句用should + do ;suggest表說明，暗示，從句用過去時或過去完成時。The doc

5、tor suggested that I should take the medicine three times a day.The doctor suggested that my grandmother had caught a bad cold.The expression on her face suggests that she knew the secret.They suggested that these books at once.A. should take away B. would be taken away C. be taken away D. take away

6、I suggested a meeting to discuss the matter.A. w川 be heldB. would be heldC. should holdD. be heldHis silence at the meeting suggested to your plan.A. didnt agreeB. hadnt agreedC. wouldnt agreeD. shouldn,t agreeioinsist“堅持要去做，堅持應(yīng)該去做，從句用should + doinsist為“堅持說明，堅持說/解釋”，從句用過去時或過去完成時。She insisted that sh

7、e ill of him behind him, but he didnt believe.A. hadnt spokenB. shouldnt speak C. wouldnl speakD. not speakHe insisted that we the boy to hospital.A. take B. tookC. would take D. w川 takeHe insisted that he our car.A. should stealB. would steal C. hadnt stolenD. stealThe teacher commanded that all hi

8、s students their homework after class.A. would hand inB. should hand in C. handed inD. might hand inThe workers requested that their working conditions.A. must be improvedB. be improved C. would be improved D. were improvedThey required that the crops harvested at once.A. should beB. be C. areD. mus

9、t be3)wish的賓語的從句，表示愿望，常省去連詞that。從句的謂語動詞可用過去式，表示現(xiàn)在的愿望(與現(xiàn)在事實相反)，雖實現(xiàn)的可能性不大，但仍有 實現(xiàn)的可能。I wish it were true.我但愿這是真的。從句的謂語動詞還可用“could (would, might) +動詞原形”用來表示將來的愿望I wish you would stay a little longer.我希望你再待一會兒。11表示無能為力的過去愿望（與過去事實相反），可用“had +過去分詞”或（ould （would, might） +have+過去分詞”I wish you had called yest

10、erday.我希望你昨天來過 。We wish you had come to our New Years party.我們真希望你來參加了我們的新年聯(lián)歡會。I wish I you yesterday.A. saw B. did see C. had seen D. were to seeHave you visited the Science Museum? No, but I really wish I.A. w川B. haveC. didD. hadI wish that the rain stop.A. w川B. wouldC mayD. canwould rather, would

11、 sooner等表示愿望，其賓語從句常用虛擬過去式。表示與現(xiàn)在和將來含義事實相反的虛擬語氣要用動詞的過去式用過去完成式（had +過去分詞）表示過去事實相反的含義I would rather you came tomorrow.我寧愿你明 天來。Id sooner she left the heavy end of the work to some one else.我寧愿4也才巴重活留給另人。5）有些動詞，如think, expect, believe,其否認式的賓語從句亦可用should+動詞原形。I never thought he should refuse.我萬 沒有想到他會拒絕。S

12、he did not expect that you should come.她沒有預料你會來。.虛擬語氣在表語從句中的應(yīng)用12名詞suggestion, proposal, order, advice, demand 等作主語,其后的表語從句 中的謂 語動詞一般使用虛擬語氣,用should +動詞原形或省略should。My suggestion is that we (should) send a few soldiers to help them.我的建議是我們應(yīng)派幾個戰(zhàn)士去增援他們。My advice is that you (should) treat her well.我的忠告是你

13、應(yīng)該善待她。His demand that she (should) leave the place at once.他的要求是，她立刻離開這個地方。My suggestion is that we should tell him.我的建議是我們應(yīng)該告訴他。Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible.我們唯一的請求就是盡快解決這個問題。注意：虛擬語氣也可以用于同位語從句。There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.有

14、一建議是布朗應(yīng)該離隊。.虛擬語氣在定語從句中的應(yīng)用常用在It is time (that)句型中，定語從句常用虛擬過去式It is time the children went to bed. 孩子們早該上床睡覺了。(表示催促)Its high time that he began to think how to deal with money.他早該開始考慮如何與錢打交道。It is time we left.我們該走 了。It is time we went to bed.我們該去睡覺 了。.虛擬式動詞原形亦常用在獨立句中，表愿望Long live the Communist Party

15、of China!中國共產(chǎn)黨萬歲！13God bless you!上帝保佑你。God damn it!該死的！The devil take you!見鬼去吧!So be it then.就那樣吧。6,虛擬時態(tài)與謂語動詞時態(tài)的關(guān)系：從句中的虛擬時態(tài)往往不受全句謂語時態(tài)的影響。1）用于主語從句。試比擬：It is important that he should know about this.他必須知道此事。It was important that he should know about this.他必須知道此事。2）用于賓語從句。試比擬:I suggest that we should g

16、o tomorrow.我建議我們明天走。I suggested that we should go the next day.我建議我們第二天走。She said, uIf I were a boy I would join the army.”她說，“我如是男孩，就參軍?！盨he said that if she were a boy, she would join the army.她說她如是男孩就參軍。注：但強調(diào)現(xiàn)在時刻的虛擬式在間接引語中需要遵守時態(tài)一致的原那么。試比擬:“If I knew how it worked, I could tell you what to do J he

17、 said.“假如我知道它是如何運行的話，我就會告訴你該怎么辦，”他說道。He said that if he had known how it worked he could have told me what to do.他說假如他知道它是如何運行的話，他就會告訴我該怎么力、。If I knew the answer to all your questions Id be a genius J he said.“我如知道你所有問題的答案，我就是天才了?！彼f道。He said that if he knew the answer to all my questions, hed be a

18、genius.他說他如知道我所有問題的答案，他就是天才了。14注：但如果全句謂語是虛擬語氣，其后從句的時態(tài)那么多受其影響，現(xiàn)在時態(tài)應(yīng)變?yōu)檫^去時 態(tài)。I would think he was wrong.我看他是錯了。（須用 was,試比擬：I think he is wrong）It would seem that she was right.她傷（乎是對的。（須用 was,試比擬：It seems that she is right）專項訓練enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I the book from which it was made.A. hav

19、e readB. had read C. should have read D. are reading2.You are late. If you a few minutes earlier, you him.A. come; would meetB. had come; would have metC. come; will meetD. had come; would meet3.The two students talked as if they friends for years.A. should beB. would be C. have beenD. had beent is

20、important that I with Mr. W川iams immediately.A. speakB. spoke C. will speakD. to speak5.He looked as if he ill for a long time.A. wasB. Were C. has been D. had beenf the doctor had come earlier, the poor child would not.A. have laid there for two hoursB. have been lied there for two hoursC. have lie

21、d there for two hoursD. have lain there for two hourswish that I with you last night.15A. wentB. could go C. have gone D. could have gone8.Lets say you could go there again, how feel?A. will youB. should you C. would youD. do youcant stand him. He always talks as though he everything.A. knewB. knows

22、C. has knownD. had known10.the fog, we should have reached our school.A. Because of B. In spite of C. In case ofD. But forf you had told me in advance, I him at the airport.A. would meet B. would had met C. would have met D. would have meet12.Mike can take his car apart and put it back together agai

23、n. I certainly wish he me how.A. teachesB. will teach C. has taughtD. would teachwould have told him the answer, had it been possible, but I so busy then.A. had beenB. were C. wasD. would be14.Hes working hard for fear that he.A. should fall behind B. fell behind C. may fall behind D. would fallen b

24、ehindf it another ten minutes, the game would have been called off.A. had rainedB. would have rained C. have seenD. rained.He suggested that they use a trick instead of fighting.A. shouldB. would C. doD. had.My father did not go to New York; the doctor suggested that he there.A. not wentB wont go C.

25、 not goD. not to gowould have gone to the meeting if I time.A. had hadB. have had C. hadD. would have had16.Would you rather I buying a new bike?A. decided against B. will decide against C. have decided D. shall decide against.You look so tired tonight. It is time you.A. go to sleep B. went to sleep

26、 C. go to bedD. went to bed.Why didnt you buy a new car?I would have bought one if I enough money.A. hadB. have hadC. would haveD. had hadf she could sew,.A. she make a dressB. she would have made a shirtC. she will make a shirt D. she would had made a coat.today, he would get there by Friday.A. Wou

27、ld he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves.His doctor suggested that he a short trip abroad.A. w川 takeB. would take C. takeD. took.The Bakers arrived last night. If theyd only let us know earlier,at the station.A. wed meet them B. well meet them C. wed have met them D. weve me

28、t themIf I you, I more attention to English idioms and phrases.A. was; shall pay B. am; will pay C. would be; would pay D. were; would pay.We might have failed if you us a helping hand.A. have not given B. would not give C. had not givenD. did not give.The law requires that everyone his car checked

29、at least once a year.A. hasB. had C. haveD. w川 havet is strange that he so.A. would sayB. would speak C. should sayD. will speak17.Had I known her name,A. or does she know mine?B. and where does she live?C. she would be beautiful.D. I would have invited her to lunch.He has just arrived, but he talks

30、 as if he all about that.A. knowB. knows C. knownD. knewIf I the money, I would have bought a much bigger car.A. possessedB. owned C. hadD. had had.He was very busy yesterday; otherwise, he to the meeting.A. would comeB. came C. would have comeD. w川 come.The librarian insists that John no more books

31、 from the library before he returns all the books hehas borrowed.A. will takeB. took C. takeD. takesleft very early last night, but I wish I so early.A. didnt leave B. hadn,t left C. havent left D. couldn,t leavedo not have a job. I would find one but I no time.A. hadB. didnt have C. had hadD. have1

32、 wish that you _ such a bad headache because Im sure that you would have enjoyed the concert.A. hadntB. didnt have had C. hadnt had D. hadnt have.He insisted that we all in his office at one oclock.A. beB. to be C. would beD. shall be.Helen couldn,t go to France after all. Thafs too bad. Tm sure she

33、 would have enjoyed it if.A. shes goneB. shell go C. she5d goneD. she5d go18（一）If非真實條件句的三種情況if從句（謂語）主句（謂語）謂語與現(xiàn)在事實相違背 （事實相反句）過去式（動詞是be用were）should / would/could/might + 動詞原形與過去事實相違背 （事實相反句）had +過去分詞should / would/could/might + have + 過去分詞與未來事實相違背 （假設(shè)條件句）should +動詞原形were +動詞不定式3）過去式（動詞是Be也可以用were）shou

34、ld / would/could/might + 動詞原形,與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬條件句條件從句的謂語用動詞的過去式（be的過去式用were）,主句的謂語用should /would,/might/ could）+動詞原形。.If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky.如果我是一只鳥，我就能在天上飛在虛擬語氣中，be動詞的過去式只能用were.If I were a boy, I would drink beer with friends.如果我是個男生，我會跟朋友們一起喝啤酒If it were not raining, we should go for

35、a picnic.如果現(xiàn)在不下雨的話，我們就出去野餐了事實是：天在下雨，我們不能出去野餐。表示愿望。If he came here, he might be able to help you.如果他來這，他就能夠幫助你了。事實是：他沒來這，他不可能幫助你。表示對他的良好印象。.與過去事實相反的虛擬條件句條件從句的謂語用 條d+過去分詞,主句的謂語用should /would,/might/ could） + have +過去分詞。If I had known you at that time, I would have asked for your help.如果我那時認識你，我會尋求你的幫助

36、。She would have gone to the party if she had been invited.要是當初她被邀請的話，她就會去參加這次聚會了。事實是：當時沒有人邀請她，因此，她沒有來參加聚會。表示后悔。If she hadnt called me, I would have overslept this morning.今天早上，她要是不叫我的話，我就會睡過頭了。事實是：她今天早上叫我了，我沒有睡過頭。表示感激。.與將來事實可能相反的虛擬條件句條件從句的謂語用動詞的過去式（be的過去式用 were）; should +動詞原形;were to+動詞原形;主句用 should

37、 （would, might, could） + 動詞原形。If I won/were to win /should win the lottery, I would buy a new car.我要是中彩票的話，就買一輛新車。If I were to be twenty years old next year, I would take the course of French.明年我要是二十歲，我就會學法語。事實是：我現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)老了，明年我學不了法語了。If it should fail, I would try again.要是失敗了，我會再試一次。事實是：有可能失敗，可我會再試。表示未知

38、。.注：虛擬過去式有時并不表示不大可能實現(xiàn)的假設(shè)”，而是表示一種希望或不希望發(fā)生的動作。If we caught the early train, wed get there by lunch time.假如我們趕上早班火車，到午飯時間我們就會到達那里了。（表希望）If we missed the train, we should have to wait an hour at the station.假如我們趕不上這班火車，我們就得在車站等一小時。（表不希望）.連詞if的省略（倒裝）如果虛擬條件句 的謂語局部有 were, had和should時,可省略if,把 were, had和shou

39、ld放到從句主語前面去，多見于書面語。Had you not helped me, I should have failed.要是沒有你的幫助，我就失敗了。Were you in my position, you would do the same.假如你處在我的地位，你也會這樣干的。Should they attack us, well wipe them out completely.假如他們進攻我們，我們就把他們徹底消滅干凈。Exercise.he would have succeeded in the examination.A. Had he worked hard B. If he

40、 worked hard C. If he works hard D. If he has worked hardt rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.A. Should B. Be C. WereD. W川he would teach us how to solve the problem.A. Were he here B. Was he here C. If he isD. Is he herewe should be glad.A. Were they to arrive tomorrow B. They were to arrive tomor

41、rowC. They would arrive tomorrow D. They arrive tomorrow5.the clouds, you would find the airplane in the sky easily.A .Were it not for B. If it had not been for C. If it were not D. Had it not been for三、混合型的條件句有時主句和從句所知的時間不一致，即：主句和從句的動作不是發(fā)生在同一時間，其動詞形式要根據(jù)具體情況而定，這叫做混合時間條件句。較多見的混合型條件句是從句用過去完成時（指過去行為），而

42、主句用一般時（指目前狀態(tài)）。If I had studied science, not literature then, I would be able to give you more help now.如果那時我學的是科學，而不是文學，那我現(xiàn)在就能給你提供更多幫助了。If I had spoken to him yesterday, I should know what to do now.假如昨天我對他說了，現(xiàn)在我就知道該怎么辦了。You would be much better now if you had taken my advice.假如你接受了我的意見，你現(xiàn)在就會好得多。如條件

43、從句用if I were，主句那么可用表任何時間的虛擬形式。4口： If I were not busy, I would have come.假如我不忙，我就會去了。（were表過去）If I were you, I would go.假如我是你，我會去的。（were表現(xiàn)在）四、含蓄條件句虛擬條件句中的條件從句有時不表出來，只暗含在上下文中,這種句子叫做含蓄條件句。含蓄 條件句大體有三種情況。1）條件暗含在短語中。But for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment.如果沒有你的幫助，我們的實驗是不會成功的。（暗含在分詞短

44、詞but for your help）What would I have done without you?如沒有你，我會怎么辦呢？（條件暗含在介詞短語without you中）It would be easier to do it this way.這樣做會比擬容易。（條件暗含在不定式短語to do it this way中）This same thing, happening in wartime, amount to disaster.同樣的事，如發(fā)生在戰(zhàn)時，就會釀成大禍。（條件暗含在分詞短語happening in wartime中）He must have the strength

45、of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast.他一定是力大如河馬，否那么他絕不會擊敗那只龐大的野獸。（暗含條件是連詞or）Alone, he would have been terrified.如是單獨一人，他是會感到害怕的。（暗含條件是alone）2）條件暗含在上下文中。You might stay here forever.你可以永遠待在這兒。（可能暗含if you wanted to）We would have succeeded.我們本來是會成功的。（可能暗含if we had kept tr

46、ying）Your reputation would be ruined.你的名譽會敗壞的。（可能暗含if you should accept it）3）在不少情況下，虛擬式已變成習慣說法，很難找出其暗含的條件。You wouldnt know.你不會知道。I would like to come. 我愿意來。五.不用if引導的條件從句虛擬條件句中的條件從句除用if引外,還可用when, unless, lest, suppose, as if, for fear, in case,on condition 等 詞語來 引導。The peasants prepared to feed the

47、city when it should be freed.農(nóng)民已準備在這座城市解放后供給糧食。Lest you should not have heard all, I shall begin at the beginning.我怕你沒有聽全，所以我再從頭開始講一遍。Unless I were well, I wouldnt be at school.除非我好了，否那么我不會上學。Suppose you were given a chance to study in America , would you accept?假如給你一個到美國學習的機會，你會接受嗎？ (suppose或suppos

48、ing =what if)Supposing it were so? (=Supposing it were so, what would happen?)要是這樣的話，會怎么樣呢？He can use the bicycle on condition that he should return it tomorrow.如果明天能還回來，他就可以借用這輛自行車。In case I forget, please remind me of my promise如果我忘了，請?zhí)嵝盐业闹Z言。Susan is walking slowly, as if she were tired.蘇珊走得很慢，就像是

49、累了似的。(與if 一樣，上述詞語所引導的條件從句亦可用直陳語氣，表可能實現(xiàn)或發(fā)生的事。)六、退一個時態(tài)(簡易圖解)不虛擬過去完成had done所謂動詞的“退一個時態(tài)”指的是：.假如一句話要表達通常性、規(guī)律性、習慣性的狀態(tài)或者動作，那么其謂語動詞使用一般現(xiàn)在時(do) o這種時態(tài)下假設(shè)使用虛擬語氣，動詞要退一個時態(tài)使用過去時(did)。.同理，對一般過去時句子的虛擬也是退一個時態(tài)，使用過去完成時。謂語動詞由本來的(did)改為haddoneQ.對一般將來時(w川do)虛擬時自然就使用過去將來時(would do)o注意：假如謂語動詞是be動詞的場合，相應(yīng)的退成were, had been, would beo在虛擬語氣中，不習慣使用was,而習慣使用wereo虛擬語氣第二講虛擬語氣除主要用于條件句(也就是狀語從句)夕卜，還可用于主語從句、賓語從句、表語 從句、定語從句等。.虛擬語氣在主語從句中的應(yīng)用“常用在ltis(was)+形容詞