語用學(xué)的知識課件

1、語言交際能力語言能力策略能力心理身體機能組織能力語用能力語法能力語用能力言外之意能力社會語言能力評價規(guī)劃實施生產(chǎn)接受口頭視覺聽覺視覺Bachman 于1989年提出的對語言交際能力的分類。Pragmaticspragmatical 實用主義的pragmatics 語用論pragmatism 實用主義 語用學(xué)理論及應(yīng)用姜望琪 編著 北京大學(xué)英語系教材系列 北京大學(xué)出版社出版美國哲學(xué)家莫里斯（C.Morris）和卡耐基（R.carnap）在1938年符號基礎(chǔ)理論一書中提出符號三分說：句法學(xué)（符號關(guān)系學(xué)）Syntactics 是研究符號與符號之間的關(guān)系；語義學(xué)semantics是研究符號與符號所指對

2、象的關(guān)系；語用學(xué)pragmatics則是研究符號與符號解釋者的關(guān)系。符號關(guān)系學(xué)語義學(xué)語用學(xué)In 1937,the American philosopher CharlesMorris introduced the word “Pragmatics” into literature.威廉莫里斯（Charles William Morris，1901？）美國哲學(xué)家，現(xiàn)代“指號學(xué)”創(chuàng)始人之一。主要著作有邏輯實證主義、實用主義和科學(xué)的經(jīng)驗主義、符號理論的基礎(chǔ)、符號、語言和行為、人類價值種種、意謂和意義等。他把實用主義和邏輯實證主義結(jié)合起來，提出“科學(xué)的經(jīng)驗主義全名：魯?shù)婪蚩柤{普（Rudolf Car

3、nap，又譯卡納普，1891年5月18日-1970年9月14日）是20世紀著名的美國分析哲學(xué)家，生于德國。 The publication of Saussure s work Course in General Linguistics in the early 20th century marked the beginning if modern linguistics and at the same time laid the key note for modern linguistics studies.The international Journal of pragmatics ca

4、me into being in 1977.The International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) has been existence since 1985.leech是否涉及說話人或聽話人是否涉及說話人的意圖或聽話人的理解是否涉及語境是否涉及通過使用語言所實施的行為 有一個滿足，則是語用學(xué)范疇Pragmatics can be usefully defined as the study of how utterance have meanings in situations. Leech Pragmatics is the branch of lin

5、guistics that deals with the meanings and effects which come from the use of language in particular situations. 網(wǎng)絡(luò)詞典wikipediaPragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is said. YuleDefinitions of pragmaticsDefinitions of pragmaticsPragmatics studies the factors that govern our choice

6、 of language in social interaction and the effects of our choice on others. Crystal 1987There is a distinction between a hearers knowledge of the world. Blakemore 1992Pragmatics =meaning semanticsAdvantages & DisadvantagesOne can talk about peoples intended meaning , their assumptions, their purpose

7、s or goals, and the kind of actions that they are performing when they speak.All these very human concepts are extremely difficult to analyze in a consistent and objective way.Syntactics: the formal relation of signs to one another.Semantics: the relations of signs to the objects to which the signs

8、are applicable.Pragmatics: the relation of signs to interpreters.Semantics & Pragmatics句法學(xué)是雙價的;語用學(xué)是三價的。雙價的：A意指B三價的：說話人通過A意指BDog 意指“一種犬科哺乳的動物”說話人通過“dog”意指“小心！有狗”Donkey 亦可稱ass“Janet！Donkeys!” Leech 1981年提出 對意義的研究沒有第一層次的研究，很難進行第二層次的研究語用意義不能脫離語言本身因有的內(nèi)在意義語義學(xué)是對語言能力(competence)的研究語用學(xué)是對語言行為(performance)的研究語

9、言行為是語言能力的具體體現(xiàn) ChomskySemantics & PragmaticsPeter bought a car.It was Peter who bought a car.It was a car that Peter bought.What peter bought was a car.句法學(xué)：說明這些句子是同一深層經(jīng)過不同轉(zhuǎn)換的結(jié)果語義學(xué)：這些句子都是同義的。語用學(xué)：這些句子都是不同的。Semantics & Pragmatics 恭喜你語音學(xué)家會分析其中每個字的發(fā)音以及整個句子的語調(diào)。句法學(xué)家會指出這是一個無主語的祈使句，有一個動詞加一個代詞組成。語義學(xué)家關(guān)心的是這句話的意思

10、：向某個人表示祝賀。語用學(xué)家則將結(jié)合具體語境，考慮說話人是誰，“你”又是誰，說話人在怎樣的情況下向“你”道喜，他是真的道喜，還是挖苦嘲諷，甚至是泄憤？Grammatical analysis & Pragmatics analysisRule & Principle right or wrong & obey to some extent and violate them to some extent He studies Linguistics. tell the truth or to be polite Products & Processes DeixisSpeech actsIndi

11、rect language Conversation PolitenessCross-cultural communication PresuppositionTopics of Pragmatics StudiesReferenceDeixisAnaphoraPresuppositionTopics of Pragmatics StudiesSpeech act theoryConversation PolitenessPresuppositionmicropragmaticsmacropragmatics新編語言學(xué)教程 劉潤清 文旭 編著 外語教學(xué)與研究出版社Reference 指稱A:

12、Where is the fresh salad sitting?B: He is sitting by the door.A: Can I look at your Shakespeare.B: Sure, its on the shelf over there.Anaphora回指A: Can I borrow your dictionary?B: Yeah, its on the table.anaphor or anaphor expression I walked into the room. The window looked out to the bay.indirect ana

13、phor or bridging reference(搭橋參照)DeixisDeixis is reference by means of an expression whose interpretation is relative to the (usually) extralinguistic context of the utterance, such as who is speaking the time or place of speaking the gestures of the speaker, or the current location in the discourse.

14、 指示的語法范疇指示詞語的語法范疇主要是人稱代詞、指示代詞、定冠詞以及一些表示時間和地點的副詞，如：there ,here, now, then 等，這些項稱為指示詞項或指示詞語（deixical items）指示詞語的用法姿勢型的用法 (gestural usage)象征型的用法 ( symbolic usage)Levinson1983年提出Fillmore 1971年使用Put the piano here, No, not here .But there.You, you, but not you, are dismissed.I was just a kid then. Levins

15、onDeixisThis one is genuine, but this one is a fake.You, you, but not you, are dismissed.This city is really beautiful.What did you say?I am working on a new book now.Youll have to bring that back tomorrow, because they arent here now.指示詞語的非指示性用法一個詞語的實體所指如果出現(xiàn)在篇章之中，那么這個詞語和它所指稱為“文內(nèi)照應(yīng)（endophoric refere

16、nce）”。否則稱為“文外照應(yīng)（exophoric reference）”。文內(nèi)照應(yīng)是屬于篇章分析范疇。一些用法既不屬于文內(nèi)照應(yīng)也不屬于文外照應(yīng)如：we ,you 泛指人的用法。Here you are . There we go.指示詞指示性非指示性象征型姿勢型文內(nèi)照應(yīng)其他作用指示的類別(types of deixis)人稱指示(person deixis)時間指示(time deixis)方位指示(place deixis)篇章指示(discourse deixis)社會指示(social deixis)人稱指示呼語 （vocative）姓名，頭銜，基于社會地位的稱呼，以及第二人稱代詞 y

17、ou等。We complemented ourselves too soon, John.Lets have a party.Lets enjoy ourselves.*lets go to see you tomorrow.How are we feeling today?(醫(yī)生問病人)人稱指示第一、第二人稱可做為文外照應(yīng)。第三人稱在大多數(shù)情況下是用于文內(nèi)照應(yīng)的，但并不意味著它們不能用于文外照應(yīng)。He is not the president .He is .He is the secretary.時間指示Time deixis is mainly performed by time adv

18、erbials like now, then, afternoon, week, month, or their names Monday, January , together with this, that, last, next .具體的年月日如：1999年8月7日。不是語用學(xué)的研究范圍。時間指示有選擇時間指示詞這一特點：(Today , now,后天,)方位指示沒有界限（相對參照物）說話人 there hereThat thisThere hereGotakeComebring方位指示有時把交際雙方看成一個整體，盡管兩人空間存在距離。Shall we go out there.We w

19、ere here last night.有時空間距離顯得不重要，this 和that 的區(qū)別就淡化了。This is the one.Thats the one. (找到東西的時候)方位詞非指示性 five kilometers from the center of the city to the east of China 指示性 Bob is the man to the left of Mark.Proximal & DistalI live here now.I lived here then.I could swim (when I was a child).I could be i

20、n Hawaii if I had a lot of money.If I had a yacht,-If I were rich,-Current time & -current time and -reality定冠詞the 的指示用法Stand by this desk.Sit in that chair.Come to the blackboard.John is behind the truck.(指示用法deictic)John is behind the tree.（非指示用法）The 的用法The 表示所屬：The horse is a useful animal.表示照應(yīng)文內(nèi)照應(yīng)文外照應(yīng)前照應(yīng)后照應(yīng)姿勢型象征型(指示世界上唯一的人或物)禮貌用法I am coming. 既不以說話人也不以聽話人所在地為參照點。而以兩人之中的任何一個人的家宅為指示參照點。但兩人都身處在這個家宅之外。（home-based）篇章指示指示代詞 this 和that在篇章中用以表示某一話語和上文之間的語義關(guān)系的一些詞語和短語：but ,therefore, to the contrary, still, well, besides, above all用于時間指示的一些詞語：last ,next, preceding, following, previousThe last sente