閱讀解析翻譯tpo-16reading1

1、Trade and the Ancient Middle East古代中東與貿(mào)易Trade was the mainstay of the urban economyhe Middle East, as caravansnegotiated the surrounding desert, restricted only by acs to water and by mountainranges. This has been so since ancient times, partly due to the geology of the area,which is mostly limeston

2、e and sandstone, with few deits of metallic ore and otheruseful materials. Ancient demands for obsidian (a black volcanic rock useful formaking mirrors and tools) led to trade wirmenia to the north, while jade forcutting tools was brought from Turkistan, and the precious stone lapis lazuli wasimport

3、ed from Afghanistan. One can trauch expeditions back to ancient Sumeria,the earst known Middle Eastern civilization. Records show merchant caravans andtradingts set up by the Sumerianshe surrounding mountains and deserts ofPersia and Arabia, where they traded grain for raw materials, such as timber

4、andstones, as well as for metals and gems.自從中東地區(qū)的商旅們成功周圍的戈壁，只有水路和山巒還是時，貿(mào)易就成為了中東地區(qū)城市經(jīng)濟的主要支柱。這種情況(貿(mào)易是主要支柱)從古至今都是如此，一部分原因是中東地區(qū)的地質(zhì)環(huán)境多為沙石和石灰?guī)r，金屬礦藏和其它有用材料很少。古代對黑曜石(一種火山巖，可以用來制作鏡子和工具)的需求了(中東地區(qū))與北方的亞美尼亞之間的貿(mào)易;用作切削工具的玉石從土耳其;而稀有貴重的琉璃青金石是從地區(qū)進口。探險活動最早可以追溯至古已知最早的中東文明。顯示商隊和貿(mào)易站由古人在周圍山區(qū)及和的沙漠地區(qū)建立。Reliance on trade ha

5、d several important consequen. Production was generallyhe hands of skilled individual artisansng piecework under the tuage of amaster who was also the shoner.hese shops differenof rwere blurredas artisans and masters labored side by sidehe same modest establishment, wereusually members of the same g

6、uild and religious sect, livedhe sameneighborhoods, and often had amed (or real) kinship relationships. The workerwas bound to the master by a mutual contractt either one could repudiate, and therelationship was conceptualized as one of partnership.過于依賴貿(mào)易造成了一些影響。生產(chǎn)工作一般在師傅也是店主的監(jiān)視下，由熟練的工匠計件完成。在這些中，差異并

7、不明顯，因為工匠和店主同在一個相對舒適的環(huán)境事，通常有著相同的信仰，而且又是街坊鄰里，彼此之間還很有可能(沒準真的)是親戚關系。工人和店主雙方具有勞務關系，任一方都終止，這是合作關系中的一種。This mode of craft production favored the growth of self-erning andideologically egalitarian craft guilds everywherehe Middle Eastern city. Thesewere essentially profesal assotionst provided for the mutua

8、l aid andprotection of their members, and allowed for the maenance of profesalstandards. The growth of independent guilds was furthered by the factwas not a result of domestic craft production but resulted primarily fromt surplusernationaltrading; theernment left working people toern themselves, muc

9、h asshepherds of tribal confederacies were left alone by their leaders.he multiplicityof small-scale local egalitarian or quasi-egalitariananizations for fellowship,worship, and productiont flourishedhis laissez-faire environment, individualscoulderact with one another within a community of harmony

10、and ideologicalequality, following their own popularly elected leaders anderning themselves byer.shared consensus while minimizing distinctions of wealnd這種生產(chǎn)模式有助于管理制度的發(fā)展，在中東城市里上秉持人人工行會比比皆是。他們實質(zhì)上是專門提供互助且保護組織成員的組織，同時注重維持行業(yè)標準。獨立行會不斷增加，是因為剩余價值的產(chǎn)生并非由于國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)，而是主要來自于國際間的貿(mào)易活動。允許勞動人民管理，這和部落首領讓牧羊者們離群索居一樣。在當?shù)兀瑘F體

11、、信仰以及生產(chǎn)方面的小型主義團體或類似主義的組織在這種放任的環(huán)境里遍地開花，和諧的團體中，成員之間相互影響，追隨著他們自己的領導人，在縮小和權力差距的同時通過意見進行自我管理。The mercantile economy was also characterized byculiar moral stancetis typical of people who live by tradean attitudet is individualistic, calculating,risk taking, anptive to circumstan. As among tribespeople,alr

12、elationships and a careful weighing of character have always been crul in amercantile economy with little regulation, where ones word is ones bond and whereinformal ties of trust cement together anernational trade network. Nor havemerchants and artisans ever had much tolerance for aristocratic profe

13、s s of moral superiority, favoring instead an egalitarian ethic of the open market, where steady hard work, the loyalty of ones fellows, and entrepreneurial skill make all thedifference. And, like the pastoralists, Middle Eastern merchants and artisans unhappywith their environment could simply pack

14、 up and leave freenasturesan actof self-assertion wholly imsibleost other civilizations throughout history.商品經(jīng)濟也通過靠貿(mào)易為生的商人所秉持的特定道德立場來。他們具有獨立、精于計算、敢于和隨遇而安的優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)。在部落成員之間，人際關系和對的仔細衡量在不嚴的商品經(jīng)濟中，商品經(jīng)濟里人們出口成契，誠信基礎上的非正式聯(lián)系形成了一個國際貿(mào)易網(wǎng)絡。從沒有商人和工匠對職業(yè)的道德優(yōu)越感如此寬容，這很好地促進了開放市場中的平等主義，人們辛勤工作，忠誠跟隨，具備企業(yè)家精神非常重要。而且，這和畜牧文明類似，中

15、東的商人和工匠們?nèi)魧ψ约核幍沫h(huán)境不滿意，簡單收拾一下就可遷移到一個更加豐茂的牧場縱觀歷史，如此隨性而為的行為在其他多數(shù)文明中是無法。Dependence onlong-distance trade also meantt the great empires of theMiddle East were built both literally and figuratively on shifting sand. The centralse, though often very rich and very populous, wasrinsically fragile, since thede

16、velopment of newernational trade routes could undermine the monetary baseand erode seer, as occurred when European seafarers circumvented MiddleEastern merchants after Vasco da Gamas voyage around fifteenth-century opened up a southern route. The ecologypermitted armed predators to prowl the surrounding barrens,Africahe lateof the region alsowhich were almostimsible for a se to control. Peripheral peoples therefore had a great advantage intheir d