閱讀專題五-篇章結(jié)構(gòu)

1、 閱讀專題五一篇章結(jié)構(gòu)專題五篇章結(jié)構(gòu)（含七選五）高頻考點(diǎn)探究突破考試大綱明確要求考生“理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)”。高考對文章結(jié)構(gòu)的考查主要涉及兩個(gè)層次：一是按段落的組織方法理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，二是按寫作方法理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。把握文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)有利于理解文章的主題。其考查主要有兩種方式，一是在普通閱讀理解中，二是在閱讀理解第二節(jié)七選五題型中。一、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)（普通閱讀理解）方法一：文章的段落組織通常采用總分；分總；總分總的框架，如下圖所示：通讀全文，頤|確克屋落I特段大堂廠馬分；組織框架總分一樹a主要設(shè)題形式：Whichofthefollowing(best)showstheorganization/struc

2、tureofthepassage?Howisthepassageorganized?例1(2015北京D)Technologicalchangeiseverywhereandaffectseveryaspectoflife,mostlyforthebetter.However,socialchangesthatarebroughtaboutbynewtechnologyareoftenmistakenforachangeinattitudes.Anexampleathandistheinvolvementofparentsinthelivesoftheirchildrenwhoareatten

3、dingcollege.Surveys（調(diào)查）onthistopicsuggestthatparentstodaycontinuetobe“very”or“somewhatoverly-protectiveevenaftertheirchildrenmoveintocollegedormitories.Thesamesurveysalsoindicatethattherateofparentalinvolvementisgreatertodaythanitwasagenerationago.Thisisusuallyinterpretedasasignthattodaysparentsaret

4、ryingtomanagetheirchildrenslivespastthepointwherethisbehaviorisappropriate.However,greaterparentalinvolvementdoesnotnecessarilyindicatethatparentsarefailingtoletgooftheir“adult”children.Inthecontext（背景）ofthisdiscussion,itseemsvaluabletofirstfindoutthecauseofchangeinthecaseofparentsinvolvementwiththe

5、irgrownchildren.Ifparentsofearliergenerationshadwantedtobeintouchwiththeircollege-agechildrenfrequently,wouldthishavebeenpossible?Probablynot.Ontheotherhand,doesthepossibilityoffrequentcommunicationtodaymeanthattheurgetodosowasntpresentagenerationago?Manystudiesshowthatolderparents一todaysgrandparent

6、s一wouldhavecalledtheirchildrenmoreoftenifthemeansandcostofdoingsohadnotbeenabarrier.Furthermore,studiesshowthatfinancesarethemostfrequentsubjectofcommunicationbetweenparentsandtheircollegechildren.Thefactthatcollegestudentsarefinanciallydependentontheirparentsisnothingnew;norarerequestsformoremoneyt

7、obesentfromhome.Thisphenomenonisneithergoodnorhad;itisafactofcollegelife,todayandinthepast.Thankstotheadvancedtechnology,weliveinanageofbetteredcommunication.Thishasmanyimplicationswellbeyondtherolethatparentsseemtoplayinthelivesoftheirchildrenwhohaveleftforcollege.Butitisusefultobearinmindthatallsu

8、chchangescomefromthetechnologyandnotsomeimagineddesirebyparentstokeeptheirchildrenundertheirwings.70.Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthispassage?IntroductionP:PointSp:Sub-point（次要點(diǎn)）C：Conclusion方法二：按寫作方法理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)類型：1、時(shí)間順序2、空間順序3、舉例論證（數(shù)據(jù)、事例）4、對比或類比主要設(shè)題形式：ThepassageismainlydevelopedbyT

9、heauthordevelopsthepassagemainlybyHowdoesthewritersupporttheunderlinedstatementinParagraph2?方法突破找出文章的中心話題，找出段落的中心句。認(rèn)真分析文章或段落內(nèi)容與中心話題的關(guān)系，以及內(nèi)容安排形式所屬類別。例2（2015安徽E）Foodservesasaformofcommunicationintwofundamentalways.Sharingbreadorotherfoodsisacommonhumantraditionthatcanpromoteunityandtrust.Foodcanalsoha

10、veaspecificmeaning,andplayasignificantroleinafamilyorculturescelebrationsortraditions.Thefoodsweeat一andwhenandhowweeatthem一areoftenuniquetoaparticularcultureormayevendifferbetweenrural（農(nóng)村的）andurbanareaswithinonecountry.Sharingbread,whetherduringaspecialoccasion（時(shí)刻）oratthefamilydinnertable,isacommons

11、ymboloftogetherness.Manyculturesalsocelebratebirthdaysandmarriageswithcakesthatarecutandsharedamongtheguests.Earlyformsofcakeweresimplyakindofbread,sothistraditionhasitsrootsinthecustomofsharingbread.FoodalsoplaysanimportantroleinmanyNewYearcelebrations.InthesouthernUnitedStates,piecesofcornbreadrep

12、resentblocksofgoldforprosperity（興旺）intheNewYear.InGreece,peopleshareaspecialcakecalledvasilopitaAcoinisputintothecake,whichsignifies（預(yù)示）successintheNewYearforthepersonwhoreceivesit.Manycultureshaveceremoniestocelebratethebirthofachild,andfoodcanplayasignificantrole.InChina,whenababyisonemonthold,fam

13、iliesnameandwelcometheirchildinacelebrationthatincludesgivingred-coloredeggstoguests.Inmanycultures,roundfoodssuchasgrapes,bread,andmooncakesareeatenatwelcomecelebrationstorepresentfamilyunity.Nutritionisnecessaryforlife,soitisnotsurprisingthatfoodissuchanimportantpartofdifferentculturesaroundthewor

14、ld.74.Theauthorexplainstheroleoffoodincelebrationsby.A.usingexamplesB.makingcomparisonsC.analyzingcausesD.describingprocesses演練2（2014陜西C）WhydoAmericansstrugglewithwatchingtheirweight,whiletheFrench,whoconsumerichfood,continuetostaythin?NowaresearchbyCornellUniversitysuggestshowlifestyleanddecisionsa

15、bouteatingmayaffectweight.ResearchersconcludethattheFrenchtendtostopeatingwhentheyfeelfull.However,AmericanstendtostopwhentheirplateisemptyortheirfavouriteTVshowisover.AccordingtoDr.JosephMercola,ahealthexpert,theFrenchseeeatingasanimportantpartoftheirlifestyle.Theyenjoyfoodandthereforespendafairlyl

16、ongtimeatthetable,whileAmericansseeeatingassomethingtobesqueezedbetweentheotherdailyactivities.MercolabelievesAmericanslosetheabilitytosensewhentheyareactuallyfull.SotheykeepeatinglongaftertheFrenchwouldhavestopped.Inaddition,hepointsoutthatAmericansdrivetohugesupermarketstobuycannedandfrozenfoodsfo

17、rtheweek.TheFrench,instead,tendtoshopdaily,walkingtosmallshopsandfarmersmarketswheretheyhaveachoiceoffreshfruits,vegetables,andeggsaswellashigh-quallitymeatsforeachmeal.AfteravisittotheUnitedStates,MireilleGuiliano,authorofFrenchWomenDontGetFat,decidedtowriteabouttheimportanceofknowingwhentostoprath

18、erthansuggestinghowtoavoidfood.Todayshecontinuestostayslimandrarelygoestothegym.Inspiteofallthesedifferences,evidenceshowsthatrecentlifestylechangesmaybeaffectingFrencheatinghabits.Todaytherateofobesity一orextremeoverweight一amongadultsisonly6%.However,asAmericanfastfoodgainsacceptanceandtheyoungrejec

19、toldertraditions,theobesityrateamongFrenchchildrenhasreached17%andisgrowing.55.Thetextismainlydeveloped.bycontrastB.byspaceC.byprocessD.byclassification二、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)選五題目選項(xiàng)根據(jù)句法功能大致可分為：大小標(biāo)題類、主題句子類、承上啟下類、語篇拓展類、概括總結(jié)類。根據(jù)在句中所處位置分為：單獨(dú)成段，句首，句中和句末。解題策略1、理順文章結(jié)構(gòu)層次最近幾年常考的七選五一般來說“七選五”結(jié)構(gòu)很單一，“總f分”（總f分f總）式。2、善于捕捉語篇信息語篇信息可

20、能來自上文，也可能來自下文,還可能是上下文的綜合信息。例如2015年全國課標(biāo)卷II七選五閱讀填空題的第37題，根據(jù)該空前的語境“Whenyouhavefoundshoesthatseemright,walkinthemforafewdaystodoublecheckthefit（當(dāng)你發(fā)現(xiàn)似乎合適的鞋子時(shí)，穿著走動(dòng)幾天，再次檢查其舒適度。）”可知,E項(xiàng)中的they指的就是前面提到的shoes,屬于指代一致。另外，feelgood與thefit相對應(yīng)。3、關(guān)注過渡性詞語把握語篇中的邏輯關(guān)系，如一些表示轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞或副詞but,however,yet,though,nevertheless等；表示承接

21、關(guān)系的連詞so,副詞thus,therefore等；表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的副詞furthermore,moreover,詞組whatmore等；表示同位關(guān)系的詞組thatistosay等；另外還有一些表示并列關(guān)系的連詞（詞組）and,also,aswellas,neithernor,eitheror,notonlybut（also）,ontheonehandontheotherhand等。通過不同的連詞（詞組）或副詞（詞組）我們可以推知句子與句子之間的不同關(guān)系。4、根據(jù)位置關(guān)系而確定的解題方法單獨(dú)成段主要考查文章的大小標(biāo)題，以一些特殊符號、黑色加粗或數(shù)字等為標(biāo)志。如果選擇大標(biāo)題時(shí)，要仔細(xì)研究第一段和最

22、后一段。如果選擇小標(biāo)題時(shí)，需要把下面的整個(gè)段落讀懂。位于句首的一般是主題句或承上啟下類。要關(guān)注空格后的內(nèi)容，特別是注意第一句話。位于句中主要考查語篇拓展類（或承上啟下類），重點(diǎn)是空格前后的內(nèi)容（注意在選項(xiàng)中查找與該內(nèi)容相關(guān)的同義詞、近義詞、反義詞或表示同一類事物的詞語等）。位于句末通?？疾楦爬偨Y(jié)類，用于總結(jié)本段內(nèi)容，此時(shí)要選擇概括性強(qiáng)的選項(xiàng)。例3（2015全國卷II）Trainingforamarathonrequirescarefulpreparationandsteady,gradualincreasesinthelengthoftheruns.36,buythebest-fitting

23、,best-builtrunningshoesyoucanfind.Noonecansaywhichbrandwillworkbestforyouorfeelbestonyourfeet,soyouhavetorelyonyourexperienceandonthefeelofeachpairasyoushop.Whenyouhavefoundshoesthatseemright,walkinthemforafewdaystodouble-checkthefit.37.Asalways,youshouldstretch（伸展）atleasttenminutesbeforeeachruntopr

24、eventinjuries.Duringthefirstweek,donotthinkaboutdistance,butrunfiveminuteslongereachday.38,itiswisetotakeadayofftorest.Butduringthenextweek,setagoalofatleastamileandahalfperrun.39.Aftertwoweeks,starttimingyourself.40.Dependingonthekindofraceyouplantoenter,youcansetupatimetablefortheremainingweeksbef

25、oretherace.AftersixdaysForagoodmarathonrunnerBeforeyoubeginyourtrainingWitheachday,increasethedistancebyahalfmileIftheystillfeelgood,youcanbeginrunninginthemTimespentforpreparationraisesthequalityoftrainingGNowyouarereadytofigureoutagoalofimprovingdistanceandtime演練3（2015河北衡水中學(xué)期中考試）WhatTeenagersCanDo

26、ToEarnMoreRespectAsteenagerscontinuetogrowanddevelopintoyoungadults,thetransition（過渡）intoadulthoodhasbegun.Withsomanyphysicalandemotionalchangesgoingon,certainmannersareoftenforgottenandotheradulttraitsarenotyetacceptedasawayoflife.1Bydoingthefollowingthings,youwillearnmorerespect.Contributetothehou

27、seholdAttheveryleast,cleanupafteryourself.Asateenager,youareoldenoughtocleanupafteryourself.Whenyoumakeamess,cleanitup.2Allchoresthatyoudohelptoreducetheloadofthepersonwhodidthembefore.Nowthatyoureoldenoughandcapable,whyshouldntyoucontributetothehousehold?32.Beresponsible4Whethertheyarebasicthings,l

28、ikebrushingyourteethordoingyourhomework,ormoreinvolvedchoresthatcontributetothehousehold,simplyfulfillyourresponsibilitiesontime.Whenadultsknowthattheycanrelyonyou,theirtrustandrespectforyouwillincrease.3.SolvemoreofyourownproblemwithoutaskingforhelpInsteadoftakingtheeasyapproachandaskingforhelp,mak

29、eanefforttosolveyourproblemsonyourownfirst.The“easyway”isonlyeasyforyou,butitisanextrataskforthepersonfromwhomyouareseekinghelp.Seekhelponlyafteryouhavemadeanhonestefforttosolveyourownproblems.5Whenyoubecomeagoodproblemsolver,youincreaseyourvaluetothecommunity.Everyonehascertainresponsibilities.Bybe

30、ingawareofthesemannersandtraits,youcanmanagethemsooner.Thepeopledoingthechoresbeforewillgreatlyappreciatethehelp.Thisincludes,butisnotlimitedto,yourdishesandyourroom.Itwillmakeyourlifemorepleasant.Dependingontheproblem,15minutesofeffortisusuallyagoodguideline.Whenspeakingtoagroup,speakloudenough.新題演

31、練能力遷移AWhilemostofusarehappytotakethecreditwhenthingsgowell,fewofusarewillingtotaketheblamewhenthingsgowrong.Ratherthantryingtohideourshameorembarrassment,expertsfoundthatwearesimplylessawarewhenouractionsresultinanegativeoutcome.Theresearchmayexplainwhyweoftenfeelithardtotaketheblameforouractions.“O

32、urresultsuggeststhatpeoplemayreallyexperiencelessresponsibilityfornegativethanforpositiveoutcomes,”saidPatrickHaggard,leadingresearcherandprofessoroftheinstituteofCognitiveNeuroscienceatUniversityCollegeLondon.Inaseriesoftests,participantswereaskedtopressakey.Asoundthenfollowed,eitherdisapproving,ne

33、utralorapproving,andtheywerethenaskedtoestimatethetimebetweentheactionandwhentheyhadheardthesound.Researchersfoundthatindividualsexperienceddifferentlevelsofresponsibilitydependingontheoutcomes.Theyalsodiscoveredtheyweresignificantlyslowertorecognizeiftheiractionshadresultedinabadconsequence,compare

34、dtowhentheyhaddonewell.“Effectively,wehavefoundthatweexperienceanegativeoutcomedifferently,notjustretellitdifferently.Wemakeaweakerconnectionwhenthereisabadresult.Andrespondmuchmorestronglywhensomethinggoodhappens,”saidProfessorHaggard.Whensomethinggoesright,everyonewantstotakethecredit,andwhenthing

35、sgowrong,nobodyisinterestedinputtingtheirhandsup.Theresearcherssaidourbrainis“verymuchconcerned”withreward,asgoodresultsarekeytosurvival.Althoughourownperception（認(rèn)知）ofwhetherweareguiltyofsomethingornotischangedbytheoutcomes,thisdoesnotprovideadefenseifwehavedonesomethingwrong.“Ourexperienceofourownr

36、esponsibilitiescanbemisleadingandcanbestronglycoloredbytheoutcomesofouractions,”saidProfessorHaggard.“Wehavetotakeresponsibilityforwhatweactuallydo,notjustforhowweexperiencethings.”Q：Howisthepassagedeveloped?A.Bygivingexamples.B.Byquotingresearchfindings.CBymakingcomparison.D.Byprovidingdata.BRefore

37、stationAroundtheworldthereisanincreaseinthedemandforreforestation.Thisisbecausetheconsumptionoftheforestshasaffectednotonlytheanimalslivingintheareabutalsothepeople.Andreforestationisabouttherebuildingoftheforeststhathavebeenseverelydestroyed.Itcanofferalotofbenefitswhentherecreationissuccessful.1Th

38、isincludescollectingseedlings（幼苗）thatarenativeintheareatomakesurethatthereisanaturalreconstructionofthearea.Someadditionaltreeswhicharenotnativeintheareaalsoneedtobeplanted.2Theimportanceofhavingmultiplespeciesoftreesisconsideredtomakesurethattheneedsofotherspeciesthatwillliveandgrowintheareaaremet.

39、Destroyingaforestiseasybuyrebuildingitisreallyhard.3Theplanmustincludeaccuratespacingonplantsandtrees.Thisistoensurethattheywoncovereachotherwhiletheygrow.4.Theforestgreatlyhelpsinthereductionoftheairpollution.Treesareresponsiblefortheproductionofoxygenandabsorptionofcarbondioxide.5Itisthereforareas

40、onjustlikeeveryoneelseonthisplanet.Therecannotbeabetterwaytorestorethebalanceofnaturethantoincreasetheforestarea.Wemustrememberthattheforestisanaturalhabitatofawidevarietyofanimalsandplants.Inthismanner,thereisnosubstituteforreforestation.A.Andglobalwarmingwillspeedupthedestructionofforests.B.Keepin

41、mindthatyoucantjustplanttheseedlingsanywhere.GRecreationswontworkuntilallthesedetailshavebeenconsidered.Soagoodplanisneededtomakethereforestationasuccessfulone.Theforestalsoprotectsusfromtyphoonsandothernaturaldisasters.Therearemanythingstobedonewhenitcomestothistypeofeffort.Itisimportanttomakesurethattheyaresuitedtotheclimateandthetypeofsoil.CThisistheseaso