高中英語非謂語動(dòng)詞講解教案,高中英語非謂語動(dòng)詞知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

1、非 謂 語 動(dòng) 詞非謂語動(dòng)詞就是不能充當(dāng)句子謂語成分的動(dòng)詞形式，包括動(dòng)詞不定式（to do）、分詞（過去分詞V-p.p.、現(xiàn)在分詞V-ing）、動(dòng)名詞V-ing三種形式。動(dòng)詞不定式基本形式：to do (有時(shí)to可以省略，稱為不帶to的不定式)特點(diǎn)：沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，也不受謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)變化的干擾 eg: I(You/He/She/We/You/They) want(wants/wanted) fdfddd dddd to buy a car.動(dòng)詞不定式可充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞肿髦髡Zeg: To study hard is our duty. 常使用it作為形式主語，不定式作真正主語放后面 It is

2、 not easy to master a foreign language. 亦可在不定式前面加上for sb.指出不定式的邏輯主語 It is not easy for us to master a foreign language. 但某些表示人的品行的形容詞，如：kind/good/nice/right/wrong/wise/unwise/polite/impolite/rude/silly/stupid/foolish /careless/clever/thoughtful等作表語時(shí)改用of sb. It is kind of you to help me with my study

3、.作賓語eg: I want to borrow your dictionary. 能直接跟不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞有want/like/hope/wish/prefer/hate/decide/expect/desire/try/manage/start/begin/remember/forget/ask/offer/continue/agree/choose/pro-mise/mean/pretend等 常使用it作為形式賓語，不定式作真正主語放后面 I find it interesting to study English.作表語也就是放在連系動(dòng)詞（主要有be動(dòng)詞am/ is/ are、感官

4、動(dòng)詞look/ hear/ smell/ taste/ feel、表示保持和變化的動(dòng)詞stay/ keep/ remain/ become/ turn/ grow/ get以及seem等）的后面。eg: Her wish is to become a doctor. She doesnt seem to like the idea.作定語 動(dòng)賓關(guān)系eg: Here are some books (for you to read). She has a sick baby (to take care of). Have you got anything to say? Vt.或短語動(dòng)詞（Vi.+

5、介詞） The nurse has five children to look after. She was the first person to think of the idea.作狀語作目的狀語eg: To catch the first bus, I have to get up early. He went home to see his parents. She uses a computer to write an article.另外不定式作目的狀語常用so as to(只能放句中) / in order to She checked the names carefully

6、so as to / in order to avoid mistakes. In order to(不能用so as to ) arrive before dark, we started early.作結(jié)果狀語eg: What have I said to make you unhappy? 另外不定式作結(jié)果狀語常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)：so + adj. + as to / such ( + n. ) + as to He is so angry as to be unable to speak. We are not such fools as to believe him. Her illnes

7、s is not such as to cause anxiety. 她的病還沒有嚴(yán)重到令人擔(dān)憂的地步。 enough (for sb.) to The ice is thick enough to walk on.too to 表示否定的結(jié)果 He is too young to join the army.only to 表示出乎意料的結(jié)果 I went to see him only to find him out.作原因狀語eg: I am glad to hear the news.作插入語不定式有時(shí)可看作插入語，用來說明說話人的態(tài)度，對(duì)整個(gè)句子進(jìn)行說明。eg: To tell yo

8、u the truth(說實(shí)話), I forgot all about it. To be frank(坦率地說), I didnt agree with you.作賓語補(bǔ)足語 不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語與前面的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。 eg: Mother told me to come back before 10 oclock.We adviced him to have a good rest.動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式：在不定式符號(hào)to前加 noteg: He decided not to go home.“疑問詞+不定式” 結(jié)構(gòu) 疑問詞who/which/what/when/where/

9、how/whether等后接不定式短語，在句中作主語、賓語、表語等。eg: I dont know what to do.動(dòng)詞不定式省略to的幾種情況在使役動(dòng)詞make/ let/ have及感官動(dòng)詞see/ watch/ look at/ hear/ listen to/ feel/ notice等后面，但在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中 to 要恢復(fù)。eg: The teacher make the students listen attentively. The students are made to listen attentively.but/ except/ besides/ than/ about

10、等前面有do的某種形式存在時(shí)，to省略，否則不省略。eg: She could do nothing but cry. I have no choice but to go.兩個(gè)或多個(gè)不定式并列在一起時(shí)，第一個(gè)不定式帶to，后面的不定式往往省略to，但如果表示對(duì)比關(guān)系時(shí)則每個(gè)不定式前都要帶toeg: She told me to stay there and wait till she came back. Its better to laught than to cry. He hasnt decded whether to go home or to stay at school.不定式的

11、時(shí)態(tài)不定式的一般式to do所表示的動(dòng)作，通常與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，或是在它之后發(fā)生。eg: I want to buy a car.不定式的進(jìn)行式to be doing所表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行eg: I am very glad to be working with you. He pretended to be listening attentively.不定式的完成式to have done所表示的動(dòng)作，通常發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前。eg: He is said to have written the book.不定式的完成進(jìn)行式to have been doing表示在

12、謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)開始，并一直進(jìn)行著，到說話時(shí)，這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能已經(jīng)停止，也可能還在繼續(xù)。eg: I am sorry to have been interrupting you.對(duì)不起，打擾你了。 He was said to have been living in NewYork for twenty years.不定式的語態(tài) 當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語是這個(gè)不定式所表示動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式一般要用被動(dòng)語態(tài) eg: He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 不定式在以下情況中使用主動(dòng)語態(tài)表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式邏輯上構(gòu)成主

13、謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式往往用主動(dòng)形式eg: Have you got a key to unlock the door. (A key unlock the door.)不定式和它前面所修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，又和該句的主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式往往用主動(dòng)形式 eg: I have got a letter to write. (I write a letter.) He needs a room to live in. (He lives in a room.)分詞分 過去分詞V-ed 但也有不規(guī)則形式 兼有動(dòng)詞、形容詞、詞 現(xiàn)在分詞V-ing即動(dòng)詞原形加-ing 以及副詞的

14、特征。每本英語課本后面都附有不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞表Irregular Verbs其基本形如下： 動(dòng)詞原形V-原 動(dòng)詞過去式V-ed 動(dòng)詞過去分詞V-p.p.AAA型 cut cut cutAAB型 beat beat beatenABB型 make made madeABA型 come came comeABC型 take took taken關(guān)鍵記?。哼^去 被動(dòng)：oppressed people被壓迫的人民 boiled water分詞 完成：retired workers、fallen leaves 開水現(xiàn)在 主動(dòng)：working people 勞動(dòng)人民 developing country分詞 進(jìn)

15、行：boiling water正在沸騰的水 發(fā)展中國家I found them painting the windows.我發(fā)現(xiàn)他們正在給窗戶上油漆。(They were painting the windows.)I found the windows painted.我發(fā)現(xiàn)窗戶已經(jīng)被上了油漆。 (The windows have been painted.)分詞可充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞?分詞在句子中可作定語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、狀語作定語：?jiǎn)蝹€(gè)前置，短語后置eg: spoken English running water a book writen by a peasant the boy stan

16、ding under the tree作表語:放在連系動(dòng)詞后面 過去分詞作表語,多表示主語所處的狀態(tài)eg: I was pleased at the news. The door remained locked. He looked very excited. 過去分詞作表語用，相當(dāng)于形容詞，最常見的有：delighted/disappointed/discouraged/drunk/amused/astonished/tired/interested/satisfied/pleased/surprised/worried/excited/puzzled等。 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語, 多表示主語所具有

17、的特征eg: The story sounds interesting. The news was disappointing. 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語用，常見的有：exciting/ interesting/ disappointing/ discouraging/ encouraging/ puzzl-ing/ surprising/ confusing/ amusing/ charming/ annoying/ astonishing/ shocking/ inviting等。作賓語補(bǔ)足語分詞可以放在see/watch/hear/feel/get/keep/find/notice/have等動(dòng)詞

18、后與名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語 eg: I found the door closed.我發(fā)現(xiàn)門是關(guān)著的。I must get my bike repaired.我必須請(qǐng)人修理自行車。He was trying to make himself understood.他努力想讓人聽懂他的話。He saw people coming and going .他看見人們來來往往。We heard him singing in his room.我們聽見他在房間里唱歌。作狀語分詞單個(gè)或短語可作原因、時(shí)間、方式/伴隨、結(jié)果、條件或讓步狀語，其位置可前、可中、可后，其邏輯主語一般即為主句的主語，形式由分詞與其邏

19、輯主語之間的關(guān)系來確定。 狀態(tài)：原因狀語eg: Being ill(As she was ill), she didnt go to school today. 被動(dòng)：時(shí)間狀語 Heated(When it is heated), water changes into steam.水加熱時(shí)，變成水蒸氣。 狀態(tài)：方式/伴隨狀語She turned away, disappointed(She was disappointed.).她走了，心里很失望。主動(dòng)：方式/伴隨狀語Talking and laughing, they went into the room. 被動(dòng)：方式/伴隨狀語The wom

20、en scientist entered the lab, followed by her assistants.主動(dòng)：結(jié)果狀語Her mother died, leaving her with four younger brothers and sisters ( Her mother leaved her with four younger brothers and sisters) .被動(dòng)：條件狀語Given more time(If we are given more time), we could do it betrter. 主動(dòng)：條件狀語Working hard(If you w

21、ork hard), you will succeed.被動(dòng)：讓步狀語Beaten by the opposite team(=Though they were beaten by the opposite team), the players were not disappointed and practised even harder.雖然被對(duì)方打敗，但隊(duì)員們沒有泄氣，反而更加刻苦訓(xùn)練。如果分詞表示的動(dòng)作與謂語表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，常在分詞前面加上when或whileWhen going to school, I met Mary.Be careful when crossing the r

22、oad.如果分詞表示的動(dòng)作完成后，謂語表示的動(dòng)作才發(fā)生，即有明顯的先后順序，則分詞用完成式having done.Having finished the work(After he finished his work), Henry went home.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：有時(shí)分詞也可以有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯主語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。eg: He cried, tears rolling down his cheeks. Weather permitting, we will go there on foot.懸垂分詞：有時(shí)可以用一個(gè)分詞或分詞短語來修飾整個(gè)句子冊(cè)，這個(gè)分詞或分詞稱為懸垂分詞。eg:

23、 Generally speaking, the book is not very interesting. Judging from appearance, she seems to be a teacher. Having suffered such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clear up the river. Walking or sleeping, the subject was always in my mind.現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式（被動(dòng)+進(jìn)行）eg: The building being built is

24、 our dormitory.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式（主動(dòng)+完成）eg: Having finished his work, Henry went home.Have + 賓語 + V-p.p. 中，have 有三種不同的含義：表示“使”、“讓”（事情由別人來完成）eg: We had the machine repaired.表示“遭受”、“經(jīng)歷”eg: He had his left leg broken the day before yesterday.表示“有” eg: I have no money left.動(dòng)名詞V-ing：具有動(dòng)詞和名詞的特征。動(dòng)名詞可充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞肿髦髡Zeg: Pl

25、aying with fire is dangerous. Its no use arguing with him.(it 作形式主語)作表語eg: My job is teaching English.作賓語動(dòng)賓eg: I enjoy listening to music. I consider it useless arguing with him.( it作形式賓語) 此類動(dòng)詞如：admire/ appreciate/ avoid/ like/ dislike/ finish/ mind/ consider/ postpone/ deny/ advise/ practise/ escap

26、e/ miss/ imagine/delay等。介賓eg: He insisted on watching the football game.此類短語動(dòng)詞如：think of/ dream of/ hear of/ give up/ preventfrom/ stopfrom/ keepfrom/ look forward to/ set about/ feel like/ depend on/ be engaged in/ be used to/ be tired of/ succeed in/ be proud of/ be interested in/ be good at/ be a

27、fraid of/ preferto/ spend(in)/devoteto/ insist on/ persist in(堅(jiān)持)/ stick to等。作定語eg: His father works in a painting factory. There is a swimming pool in our school.動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：由形容詞性物主代詞或人稱代詞賓格、名 詞所有格或普通格加 詞所有格或普通格加動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成。（說明：動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語通常是一致的，但也有不一致的情況。如果動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致，則要在動(dòng)名詞的前加一個(gè)物主代詞或名詞所有格，構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)

28、合結(jié)構(gòu)。在句子開關(guān)必須使用形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格）eg: His coming made me very happy. Marys crying annoyed him. She didnt mind Toms/his/him/Tom smoking.動(dòng)名詞的否定式：由“not + V-ing” 構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞常用于簡(jiǎn)短的禁令中eg: No smoking. No parking. No spitting.不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞之間的比較不定式與動(dòng)名詞之間的比較有些動(dòng)詞只能接不定式作賓語eg: decide agree manage promise有些動(dòng)詞只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語eg: enjoy

29、suggest practise mind imagine有些動(dòng)詞既可接不定式作賓語也可接動(dòng)名詞作賓語意義相差不大 eg: begin start continue含義不同 eg: like/love/prefer/hate + to do表示某一次具體的或?qū)淼男袨?like/love/prefer/hate + doing表示習(xí)慣性的或一般性的行為 I like playing chess, but I dont like to play it now.意義有所區(qū)別eg: remember/ forget/ regret/ try/ mean/ stop/ go on等用法上有差別eg:

30、allow/ advise/ permit/ forbid + sb. to do / V-ing We dont allow people to smoke here. We dont allow smoking here.固定句型eg: It takes sb. some time to do sth. It costs sb. some money to do sth. sb. spend some time/money (in) doing sth. There is no + doing = Its impossible to do sth. There is no holding

31、back the wheel of history. Its impossible to hold back the wheel of history.現(xiàn)在分詞與動(dòng)名詞之間的比較分 詞：具有動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞的特征，可作表語、定語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、狀語 動(dòng)名詞：具有動(dòng)詞、名詞的特征，可作表語、定語、主語、賓語作表語時(shí)的比較I am a student(名詞)/ clever(形容詞)/ at school(介詞短語). Her wish is to be a doctor(不定式短語).分詞作表語 表示主語的性質(zhì)、特征，連系動(dòng)詞可以換成其它詞The story is(sounds) interes

32、ting.進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)：be+V-ing 表示主語的正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作H e is swimming. 動(dòng)名詞作表語 表示主語本身，主語和賓語可以互換位置My favourite sport is swimming. =Swimming is my favourite sport.作定語時(shí)的比較We study English. I go to school by bike. 主 謂動(dòng)(Vt.) 賓 主 謂 賓 方式狀語主謂關(guān)系 動(dòng)賓關(guān)系 短語動(dòng)詞：Vi. + 介詞Yesterday afternon, they played football on the playground.時(shí)間狀語 主 謂動(dòng)

33、賓語 地點(diǎn)狀語 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時(shí)，與被修飾語之間存在主謂關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于定語從句，表示被修飾名詞（人或事物）的動(dòng)作或特征。動(dòng)名詞作定語時(shí)，與被修飾語之間沒有存在主謂關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)for phrase, 表示被修飾名詞（人或事物）的作用、用途、目的等，作“供用的”解釋。flying fish：fish can fly. 飛魚flying suit：suit for flying飛行衣a sleeping child：a child is sleeping酣睡的孩子a sleeping car：a car for sleeping 一輛臥車分詞作定語、賓語補(bǔ)足語與作狀語的區(qū)分及其形式的選定 分詞作狀

34、語時(shí)，常與主句用逗號(hào)隔開，如果沒有逗號(hào)且放在某一名詞或代詞的前后，則為定語或賓語補(bǔ)足語。定 boiled water a book written by a peasant語 developing country the boy standing under the tree賓 I found them painting the windows.補(bǔ) I found the windows painted.狀 Working hard, you will succeed.語 Given more time, we could do it better.其形式的選定,就由分詞與被修飾名詞或邏輯主語

35、即主句主語之間的關(guān)系來確定。 被動(dòng)關(guān)系Heated, the water changes into steam.主動(dòng)關(guān)系Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy.主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)的幾種情況want/need/deserve/require表示“需要”時(shí)be worth doing=be worthy of being done/ to be done不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式往往用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義。eg: Have you got a key to unlock the door. (A key unlock the d

36、oor.)不定式和它前面所修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，又和該句的主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式往往用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義。eg: I have got a letter to write. (I write a letter.) He needs a room to live in. (He lives in a room.)不定式作狀語時(shí)，與句中的主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。(可簡(jiǎn)單記為形容詞后面的不定式一般使用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義be+adj.+to do = to be done)。eg: He is hard to talk to. The book is difficul

37、t to understand.to let(出租)、to blame(責(zé)備)、to seek(尋找)、to pay(支付)等往往用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義。eg: The house is to let.（to be let） She is to blame for this. （to be blamed） The reason is not difficult to seek. Whats to pay? 要付多少錢？tooto或enough(for sb.) to eg: The box is too heavy (for him) to carry. The chair is light

38、enough (for him) to lift.非 謂 語 動(dòng) 詞非謂語動(dòng)詞就是不能充當(dāng)句子謂語成分的動(dòng)詞形式，包括動(dòng)詞不定式（to do）、分詞（過去分詞V-p.p.、現(xiàn)在分詞V-ing）、動(dòng)名詞V-ing三種形式。動(dòng)詞不定式基本形式：to do (有時(shí)to可以省略，稱為不帶to的不定式)特點(diǎn)：沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，也不受謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)變化的干擾 eg: I(You/He/She/We/You/They) want(wants/wanted) fdfddd dddd to buy a car.動(dòng)詞不定式可充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞肿髦髡Zeg: To study hard is our duty. 常使用i

39、t作為形式主語，不定式作真正主語放后面 It is not easy to master a foreign language. 亦可在不定式前面加上for sb.指出不定式的邏輯主語 It is not easy for us to master a foreign language. 但某些表示人的品行的形容詞，如：kind/good/nice/right/wrong/wise/unwise/polite/impolite/rude/silly/stupid/foolish /careless/clever/thoughtful等作表語時(shí)改用of sb. It is kind of you

40、 to help me with my study.作賓語eg: I want to borrow your dictionary. 能直接跟不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞有want/like/hope/wish/prefer/hate/decide/expect/desire/try/manage/start/begin/remember/forget/ask/offer/continue/agree/choose/pro-mise/mean/pretend等 常使用it作為形式賓語，不定式作真正主語放后面 I find it interesting to study English.作表語也就是放在連

41、系動(dòng)詞（主要有be動(dòng)詞am/ is/ are、感官動(dòng)詞look/ hear/ smell/ taste/ feel、表示保持和變化的動(dòng)詞stay/ keep/ remain/ become/ turn/ grow/ get以及seem等）的后面。eg: Her wish is to become a doctor. She doesnt seem to like the idea.作定語 動(dòng)賓關(guān)系eg: Here are some books (for you to read). She has a sick baby (to take care of). Have you got anyth

42、ing to say? Vt.或短語動(dòng)詞（Vi.+介詞） The nurse has five children to look after. She was the first person to think of the idea.作狀語作目的狀語eg: To catch the first bus, I have to get up early. He went home to see his parents. She uses a computer to write an article.另外不定式作目的狀語常用so as to(只能放句中) / in order to She che

43、cked the names carefully so as to / in order to avoid mistakes. In order to(不能用so as to ) arrive before dark, we started early.作結(jié)果狀語eg: What have I said to make you unhappy? 另外不定式作結(jié)果狀語常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)：so + adj. + as to / such ( + n. ) + as to He is so angry as to be unable to speak. We are not such fools as t

44、o believe him. Her illness is not such as to cause anxiety. 她的病還沒有嚴(yán)重到令人擔(dān)憂的地步。 enough (for sb.) to The ice is thick enough to walk on.too to 表示否定的結(jié)果 He is too young to join the army.only to 表示出乎意料的結(jié)果 I went to see him only to find him out.作原因狀語eg: I am glad to hear the news.作插入語不定式有時(shí)可看作插入語，用來說明說話人的態(tài)度

45、，對(duì)整個(gè)句子進(jìn)行說明。eg: To tell you the truth(說實(shí)話), I forgot all about it. To be frank(坦率地說), I didnt agree with you.作賓語補(bǔ)足語 不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語與前面的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。 eg: Mother told me to come back before 10 oclock.We adviced him to have a good rest.動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式：在不定式符號(hào)to前加 noteg: He decided not to go home.“疑問詞+不定式” 結(jié)構(gòu) 疑問詞w

46、ho/which/what/when/where/how/whether等后接不定式短語，在句中作主語、賓語、表語等。eg: I dont know what to do.動(dòng)詞不定式省略to的幾種情況在使役動(dòng)詞make/ let/ have及感官動(dòng)詞see/ watch/ look at/ hear/ listen to/ feel/ notice等后面，但在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中 to 要恢復(fù)。eg: The teacher make the students listen attentively. The students are made to listen attentively.but/ exc

47、ept/ besides/ than/ about等前面有do的某種形式存在時(shí)，to省略，否則不省略。eg: She could do nothing but cry. I have no choice but to go.兩個(gè)或多個(gè)不定式并列在一起時(shí)，第一個(gè)不定式帶to，后面的不定式往往省略to，但如果表示對(duì)比關(guān)系時(shí)則每個(gè)不定式前都要帶toeg: She told me to stay there and wait till she came back. Its better to laught than to cry. He hasnt decded whether to go home

48、or to stay at school.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)不定式的一般式to do所表示的動(dòng)作，通常與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，或是在它之后發(fā)生。eg: I want to buy a car.不定式的進(jìn)行式to be doing所表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行eg: I am very glad to be working with you. He pretended to be listening attentively.不定式的完成式to have done所表示的動(dòng)作，通常發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前。eg: He is said to have written the book.不定式的完

49、成進(jìn)行式to have been doing表示在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)開始，并一直進(jìn)行著，到說話時(shí)，這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能已經(jīng)停止，也可能還在繼續(xù)。eg: I am sorry to have been interrupting you.對(duì)不起，打擾你了。 He was said to have been living in NewYork for twenty years.不定式的語態(tài) 當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語是這個(gè)不定式所表示動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式一般要用被動(dòng)語態(tài) eg: He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 不定式在以下情況中使用主動(dòng)語態(tài)表達(dá)被

50、動(dòng)含義不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式往往用主動(dòng)形式eg: Have you got a key to unlock the door. (A key unlock the door.)不定式和它前面所修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，又和該句的主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式往往用主動(dòng)形式 eg: I have got a letter to write. (I write a letter.) He needs a room to live in. (He lives in a room.)分詞分 過去分詞V-ed 但也有不規(guī)則形式 兼有動(dòng)詞、形容詞、詞

51、現(xiàn)在分詞V-ing即動(dòng)詞原形加-ing 以及副詞的特征。每本英語課本后面都附有不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞表Irregular Verbs其基本形如下： 動(dòng)詞原形V-原 動(dòng)詞過去式V-ed 動(dòng)詞過去分詞V-p.p.AAA型 cut cut cutAAB型 beat beat beatenABB型 make made madeABA型 come came comeABC型 take took taken關(guān)鍵記住：過去 被動(dòng)：oppressed people被壓迫的人民 boiled water分詞 完成：retired workers、fallen leaves 開水現(xiàn)在 主動(dòng)：working people 勞動(dòng)

52、人民 developing country分詞 進(jìn)行：boiling water正在沸騰的水 發(fā)展中國家I found them painting the windows.我發(fā)現(xiàn)他們正在給窗戶上油漆。(They were painting the windows.)I found the windows painted.我發(fā)現(xiàn)窗戶已經(jīng)被上了油漆。 (The windows have been painted.)分詞可充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞?分詞在句子中可作定語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、狀語作定語：?jiǎn)蝹€(gè)前置，短語后置eg: spoken English running water a book writen

53、by a peasant the boy standing under the tree作表語:放在連系動(dòng)詞后面 過去分詞作表語,多表示主語所處的狀態(tài)eg: I was pleased at the news. The door remained locked. He looked very excited. 過去分詞作表語用，相當(dāng)于形容詞，最常見的有：delighted/disappointed/discouraged/drunk/amused/astonished/tired/interested/satisfied/pleased/surprised/worried/excited/pu

54、zzled等。 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語, 多表示主語所具有的特征eg: The story sounds interesting. The news was disappointing. 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語用，常見的有：exciting/ interesting/ disappointing/ discouraging/ encouraging/ puzzl-ing/ surprising/ confusing/ amusing/ charming/ annoying/ astonishing/ shocking/ inviting等。作賓語補(bǔ)足語分詞可以放在see/watch/hear/feel/get

55、/keep/find/notice/have等動(dòng)詞后與名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語 eg: I found the door closed.我發(fā)現(xiàn)門是關(guān)著的。I must get my bike repaired.我必須請(qǐng)人修理自行車。He was trying to make himself understood.他努力想讓人聽懂他的話。He saw people coming and going .他看見人們來來往往。We heard him singing in his room.我們聽見他在房間里唱歌。作狀語分詞單個(gè)或短語可作原因、時(shí)間、方式/伴隨、結(jié)果、條件或讓步狀語，其位置可前、可中、可

56、后，其邏輯主語一般即為主句的主語，形式由分詞與其邏輯主語之間的關(guān)系來確定。 狀態(tài)：原因狀語eg: Being ill(As she was ill), she didnt go to school today. 被動(dòng)：時(shí)間狀語 Heated(When it is heated), water changes into steam.水加熱時(shí)，變成水蒸氣。 狀態(tài)：方式/伴隨狀語She turned away, disappointed(She was disappointed.).她走了，心里很失望。主動(dòng)：方式/伴隨狀語Talking and laughing, they went into th

57、e room. 被動(dòng)：方式/伴隨狀語The women scientist entered the lab, followed by her assistants.主動(dòng)：結(jié)果狀語Her mother died, leaving her with four younger brothers and sisters ( Her mother leaved her with four younger brothers and sisters) .被動(dòng)：條件狀語Given more time(If we are given more time), we could do it betrter. 主動(dòng)：

58、條件狀語Working hard(If you work hard), you will succeed.被動(dòng)：讓步狀語Beaten by the opposite team(=Though they were beaten by the opposite team), the players were not disappointed and practised even harder.雖然被對(duì)方打敗，但隊(duì)員們沒有泄氣，反而更加刻苦訓(xùn)練。如果分詞表示的動(dòng)作與謂語表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，常在分詞前面加上when或whileWhen going to school, I met Mary.Be ca

59、reful when crossing the road.如果分詞表示的動(dòng)作完成后，謂語表示的動(dòng)作才發(fā)生，即有明顯的先后順序，則分詞用完成式having done.Having finished the work(After he finished his work), Henry went home.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：有時(shí)分詞也可以有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯主語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。eg: He cried, tears rolling down his cheeks. Weather permitting, we will go there on foot.懸垂分詞：有時(shí)可以用一個(gè)分詞或分詞短語來

60、修飾整個(gè)句子冊(cè)，這個(gè)分詞或分詞稱為懸垂分詞。eg: Generally speaking, the book is not very interesting. Judging from appearance, she seems to be a teacher. Having suffered such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clear up the river. Walking or sleeping, the subject was always in my mind.現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式（被動(dòng)+進(jìn)行）eg: Th