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1、論小男孩在?老人與海?中的作用abstrattheldanandtheseatellsthefrustratedexperienethattheldfisheranfishesintheurse.thetheeisdeep,anditisasngfpraisefheris.“butanisntadefrdefeat.aananbedestryedbutntdefeatedhasbeenthelassisayingandtheldanalshasbeenthesttypialandthestrepresentativeftheheingays“tughguy.henheingaytalkedab

2、utthesuessfulfatrslater,thelittlebyasentinedinthesaebreathiththeldan.thispaperstartsiththedetailsanditisdividedinttainpartstdisusstheindispensablerlesfthelittlebyinthenvel.itishihhelpstperfrthetheef“graeunderpressure:during40days,theldaniththelittlebyenttfishbutithuttakingafish,henhissituatinasgetti

3、ngrsestepbystep,thelittlebysleavingastheheavypressurethatahievedtheextreesternfrertain.hever,itass“heavypressurethathisannerasgraefulhentheldanfaedafterardsdefeatandhisptiisti,generuslifeattitudeasrthytastingbypeplearefully;itishihplaystherlefleading,inspiringtthereaders,andinreasingtheappealftherk,

4、enrihingthententftherk:althughthelittlebyappearsnlyatthebeginningandtheendinginthenvel,thereisnthinginhisinnerstatebuttheldan,shisattitudeandetinstardstheldanaffetsthereadersetinsfrtheldanquietlyandgradually.anditisunavidablethathisinnerfeelingleadsandipatsthereadersetins.keyrds:rles;thelittleby;the

5、ldan;graeunderpressure;theldanandthesea摘要?老人與海?講述了老漁夫捕魚過程中的坎坷經(jīng)歷，主題深入，是一部英雄主義的贊歌?！耙粋€(gè)人不是生來就要被打敗的，你可以消滅他，但就是打不敗他。已經(jīng)成為至理名言，老人也成為海明威式“硬漢子的最典型、最完美的代表。當(dāng)海明威談到小說成功的因素時(shí)，曾頗為自得地將小男孩與老人相提并論。本文擬從有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)入手，分析討論小男孩在?老人與海?中所起的微妙且不可或缺的作用：是他幫助表現(xiàn)了“重壓下的優(yōu)雅風(fēng)度這一主題：在老人84天沒有捕到魚，處境一步步惡化的厄運(yùn)中，小男孩的離去無疑讓老人的“重壓到達(dá)了極度嚴(yán)峻的地步，然而正是由于如此的“重壓

6、，老人后來面對(duì)失敗時(shí)的態(tài)度才可謂“優(yōu)雅，所表現(xiàn)的大度、樂觀的人生態(tài)度才值得人們仔細(xì)地品味；是他對(duì)讀者發(fā)揮著一定的牽引、打動(dòng)和啟發(fā)作用，從而增強(qiáng)了作品的感染力，豐富了作品的內(nèi)涵：孩子雖然只出如今小說的首尾兩處，但是孩子的內(nèi)心世界里別無他物，只有老人，他對(duì)老人的態(tài)度和感情潛移默化地左右著讀者對(duì)老人的感受，他的內(nèi)心情感無可防止地要牽動(dòng)影響著讀者的情緒。關(guān)鍵詞：作用；小男孩；老人；重壓下的優(yōu)雅風(fēng)度；?老人與海?1.intrdutin1.1abutthebakgrundbefre1952,heingayhasettheldshulderandattakinthesetrhihlastsfrnearlya

7、deade.tresuethedeliningreputatin,hepublishesanerk,thatis,theldanandthesea.hebelievesfirlythatitisthebestrkheanriteinhislifetie.illiafaulknernsidersitasthestexellentrkinthisgeneratin.beausefthisrkheingayinsthepulitzerin1952andthenbelprizefrliteraturein1954hihpushhisritingareertthepeak.theldanandthese

8、aissiprtanttheingayandtheaerianliteraturethatthereareltsfentsabutit.buttheresearhnthelittleby,andlin,isinial.itseesthathisrleisirrelevantanduniprtanttthenvel.infat,theappearanefthelittlebyistheeergenefainideneardingthisrleintherk.heingaypublishedapieefuniatinentitledntheblueaterintheesquireinapril,1

9、936.heiddlefthenvel,eanalaysfeeltheexisteneftheby,beausetheldanthinksfthelittlebyfrrethantentiesduringthethreeintenseandarduusdays.rever,henheingaytalkedabutthefatrsfthenvelssuesslater,thelittlebyisentinedinthesaebreathiththeldanthatheislukythaveagdldan

10、andalittleby,andseritershavefrgttenthesethingsreent.thisshsheingaylayshisartistireativityandingenuitynthelittleby.sthelittlebysrleinthisnvelisrthybeingnsideredbyritisandreaders.1.2abutthenveltheldanandtheseaearneditsauthrthepulitzerprizefrfitinin1952,andasinstruentalininninghithenbelprizefrliteratur

11、etyearslater.itisashrtnvelabutsantiag,anldubanfisheranhhasgnefr84daysithuttakingafish.therefre,theby,andlin,husedtsailithhi,isfredtleavehiandathinantherbat.theldaninsistsnfishingalneandatlast,hehksaneighteen-ft,giantarlin,thelargesthehaseverknn.butthefishisveryperfulanddisbedient.ittstheldanandhisba

12、tbuttseefr48hurs,iththeldanhearingthehleeightfthefishthrughthelinenhisbak.theldan,ithlittlefdandsleep,hastendureuhpainandfightsagainsthistreaherushandrap.thisgreatexiteent,nhisthirddayatsea,hesueedsindraingtheeekendarlintthesurfaeandharpnsit.nhisayhe,helashesarlinalngsidehisbatbeauseitstbigtbepulled

13、intthebat.but,unfrtunately,theearsssharksasuhightandanyeapnsasheansun,butnlytfindagiantskeletnfhisarlinleftafterhisdesperatedefense.atlast,santiag,havinglsthathefughtfr,reahedtheshreandstrugglesthisshak.hefallsintsundsleep,dreaingfafriaandthelinsagain.hisstruggleinshisuhrespet.2.therlesfthebyintheld

14、anandthesea2.1helpingshtheldanspressurenefthebrightestsptsintheldanandtheseaistheperfetexpressinfheingaysqualityfgraeunderpressure,hihispsedftfatrs:pressureandgrae.andpressureisthepreise:nlyunderthebakgrundfpressureilltheherhavetheelegantannersintherealsignifiane.thesetfatrsarestlyshnbythelittleby.t

15、shpressure,hisay,hestressestheheavypressureattheverybeginningfthenvel,hihlaysaneessarypreiseandanatspherefrthes-alledgrae.tshthegrae,heingaydesribesseveraldetailshentheldangetstgetheriththelittlebyunderth

16、epressureatthebeginningandtheendfthenvel,draingtheiageandtargetsindesribingtheiageftheldan.firstistheheavypressure.thefirstsentenefthisnvelauntsthediffiultiesthattheldanfaed:theldanhasbeenfutilefr84days.thisisfurse,sypathetitpeple,butitisntenughtarusepeplessypathynlybyanuberandthepressureitstatedisa

17、lsabiguus.hatsre,hisinreasingpressure,theldansfailureis

18、partiulartragi,andtheannerftheldantthefailureiselegant.atthebeginning,theldanandthelittlebysailedtgethereveryday,buttheydntathanyfishfrrethan40days,hihisquite“unluky,1thisisthefirstlayerfpressure.atthistie,thebyisfredtleavetheldanandathesnantherbatflledhisparentsrder,thustheldanisleftalneinhisbathih

19、isasyblfhisfailure.bviusly,failureandlnelinessisthesendlevelfpressure.thebybegantlearntfishfllingtheldanhenheisnlyfive.theldansifepassedaayseveralyearsag,sthehildisatualhisnlypanininhislnelylife,andthedeparturefthelittlebyatthisunfrtunateentisundutableaheavyblthi.previusly,ithassaidthatthelittlebyde

20、sntappearintheaterialnhihthestrybased.thelittlebyisiagedbyheingayastheslepartnerandassistantftheldan,andthentakeshiaayfrtheldanerilessly,hihisthes-alled“hisay,theldansiserablesituatinbeesevenrse.rever,afterthebysleaving,theldandesntathanyfishfr44dayshihakesbearanalstdesperat

21、efeeling.thisisthethirdlevelfpressure.althughthefirstandthirdlevelfthepressurehavingnthingtdiththelittleby,thebysleavingdividesthe84daysintthreelevelstinreasethepressurelayerbylayer,therebyreatingasensefreandre,dignified.nthetherhand,“thebyhasgneattheirrderinantherbathihaughtthreegdfishthefirsteek2,

22、afterhisleaving,sitfrsasharpntrastbeteentheldansdeteriratefateandthelittlebys.aseallknn,henvel,heingaydeliberatelyusestherd“salaandstressesitisthesuperirdegreefthe“unluky.andeanseethattheldanalsbelievesfirlyinfrtunefrtherdsheusuallyusessuhas“l(fā)uky,“gable,“takeyu

23、rhane,3andthedetailthathebuysltterytiketstbetnhisfrtune.thus,itisntthersiftheyathfishithasuddentransit,butthehitehuseeetsthelittlebyhhasflledtheldanfr40days“ithuttakingafish.4itisreertainthattheldanisbeingin“unluky5ardingtthefisherenspinin.beyndanydubt,itisaheavyblttheldanandalstputshiintdespair.alt

24、hughhereheingayankeepaladistanefrhisnfeelingshenhedesribestheherfthenvel,itisntdiffiultfrthereadersunderstandttheldanssituatinfullffailure,lneliness,ebarrassent,andnearlyindespairnlybeauseheisabletdesribesauratelythedetailshihanarsethereadersfeelinginanapprpriaterder.itisthispressurethatfretheldant“

25、gfartfish,6therefrehavingthefllingexperiene.heingaysstryhasnebeenausedthatthesenesaretnarr.butntalltheliteraryrksustpursueagrandsene.hereheingayputalnelyldanintanfinedenvirnentinrdertaththehersrealsituatin.hatsre,althughtheseneisliited,itanalsshtheauthrsriginalityifheayarrangethententellinthisliited

26、sene.itisthusethdthatakesthebeginningfthenvelrenderful.hereheingayusesauniquesentaytsypathythisher.eanfellhissypathyfrthepepleithdeservessypathy.thisisheingaysstyle.2.2fferingaethdtperfrtheldansgraepressurehasbeenstated,buththeldansgraeisperfredvividlyinthenvel,itisntexattsaythatthegraeisnlyliesinth

27、ebraveandtenaityinhisfightithfish.graeisntasiplerntinalthingbutalaysrefletedinpeplesinnerandexternalbehavirsespeiallyinfaingithdiffiulties,hilethebyinthisnvelffersaniprtantaytrepresenttheldansgrae.althugh,theldanlivesunderaheavypressure,healayshasanaturalandunaffetedattitude.thehildhaslearntfishings

28、killsfllingtheldanhenheas5yearsld.andntheldanisatlebbinhislifeandistrappedbybadluk,butthehildleaveshiandgetsagreatsuessinantherbat.ifthishappensnthers,eventheydnthatethehild,thereillbeanunbalaneintheirheart.buttheldanshshisbradindandunderstanding.hesaysttheby:“iknyuleaveentbeauseyudntbelievee.7henth

29、elittlebyleaveshiathisparentsrderandathesantherbat,theldansays:“ikn,itisquitenral.8havingnresultafterthreedayshardrkingbuthenheistldthatthebyhasaharvesteverydayinthesedays,hever,hedesntfeelanyunpleasantatall.instead,hefeelshappyfrhiandrearks“verygd9iediately.inadditin,althughtheldanisislateandunluky

30、,heisntinaspiritfsensitivetthenernfthers.byntrary,heaeptsthebysareally.hedesnttakeitfrgrantedthatstudentsughttareteahers,butviesthehildashispeerandpartner.thelittlebyalsrriesabutiftheldanhasbeever-sensitiveinsuhanebarrassedsituatin.therefre,heaskstentativelyhethertheldanisillingtdrinkaupfbeerithhirn

31、t.andtheldanagreed:“hynt?“beteenfisheren10hiletheyaredrinking,anyfisherenlaughattheldan,buthedesntbeeangry.afterdrinking,theldansaysttheby:“yubughteabeer.“yuarealreadyaan.11thesedetailsshthattheldanisreasnable,aiableandkind-heartedasellashasanaturalandhealthylifeattitude.hisunderstandingfrlifehasrea

32、hedasipleandnaturalreal.thisisthegrae.sendly,theldanhasantherinutesideinhisharater.atually,theldanisthedelfheingays“tughguy,butitdesnteanthatheisastubbrnflrdub.letusseehheakesthehildupintherning.“hetktldfneftgentlyandheldituntilthebykeandturnedandlkedathi12,buthisarthdesntaffethisiagef“tughguyatall.

33、nthentrary,thebakgrundfstandinggreatpressureinspiritjustakestheldansgraekeepinginthebalanefhardandsft.theldanhasanfidentandptiistilifeattitudeinthenvel.infat,theldanuldliketletthebyreturnthiveryuhinhisind.buthenthebyaskstreturntthebatbyhiself,theldanrejets:“nyuareithalukybat,stayiththe.“ifyuereyby.i

34、uldtakeyuutandgable.butyuareyurfathersandyurthersandyuareinalukybat.13beausethebysleavingisfallinghisparentsrder,theldandesntanttputhiinaebarrasssituatinandletthebygetalittlebadlukfrhihihrefletshishighspiritfrespnsibilitytardsthehild.henthehildsaysitagainaftertheldansreturn,herejetshiutfthesaensider

35、atin.asthehildsinsisting,theldanaeptshiallyandthenakesaplanttheirfllingfish.hever,thehangeftheldansattitudeisntnflitingseeingfrthesurfae,theldanstillreainsnthingatlast,andthehleyleisfrfailuretfailure.butitisdifferentbeteenthebeginningandtheendafterthreedayshardshipandthught.hehasabetterunderstanding

36、tthesea,thehuan,thefishandhiself.therefre,hehasenughnfidenetaeptthehildsreturnand,feelsthatitisneessarytreateanefuturetgetheriththeby.theldansaeptanerefletsthatheingaysartandphilsphyhasalaystendedtreturntthesiety,espeiallyfr1937n.thisistheperfetintegratinfthepersnalityandsial.2.3thelittlebyisthebest

37、pleentttheldansharaterasfrheingays“tughguy,seritispintedutthatastheherianneristnspiuus,hihdeterinedtheiratinsisquitebviusandsetiesitausedthefiguresthinkingabstratandislated.hever,intheldanandthesea,theiageftheldanisentirebeausetheauthrarrangesalittlebypurpselyanddesribeshiinagreatdealfdetails.thus,t

38、hegraeftheldanbeesrerealistiandvivid,hihfurseshuldbeattributedttheexistenefthelittleby.inadditintdesribetheldanthrughthebysandhiseyes,hisay,itrevealstheldansharaterharfrantherstandpinthihshsaptiistitrendintheendfthenvel.thebybegantlearntfi

39、shattheagef5,hihistheagethatthehildrenbeginsthaveeriesabutthings.therefre,inthepressfthebysharatersshaping,theldaninevitablyupiedaniprtantpsitin.heingaysdesriptinabutthebyspersnalityisatuallyapleenttperfrtheldansharater.althughthebyisyung,heisntbyish.helearnsthefishingskills,alsinheritsthespiritfthe

40、self-esteeandself-reliantfrtheldan.afterseveralyearslivingiththeldan,hehasunderstdthehardshipflifeandthedutyfaan.herethereisadetail:thebyisverylittle,attheagefsleepy,aftertheldanakeshiup,heissleepyhenhegesutfthedr.insuhayungagehehastfaetherealityfthelife,hihbviuslyausespeplessypathyintheirhearts.but

41、thebydesntindit,histendershulderhasalreadyaustedtthelivesrespnsibilityandheregardsitishataanustd.therdsaressnrusandfrefultdriverasund.itsauditrusthavefllers.thepupilislikethis,letalnetheaster!herethebyspersnalitytsetfftheldans.itprvidesanindispensablepreludetdratheperfetiagefthe“tughguy.asaresult,th

42、eheriettleftheldanappearslgially.attheendftheldanandthesea,heingayexpresseshisptiistitendenytlifebythesyblieaningfthebysreturnatlast.thelittlebydeidestreturnttheldanevenignringhisfathersauthrityandthefisherenssuperstitinabuttheluk:“thehellithluk.thebysaid.“iillbringthelukithe.hatillyurfailysay?14“id

43、ntare.iaughttyesterday.buteillfishtgethernfristillhaveuhtlearn.15befrethebysreturn,itisjustaislatedstruggleftheldan.therefre,natterhitisbrave,itisntenughtbeasurefptiis.heingayhasnvinedfrseveraldeadesthat:lifeisalnelystruggleandthereisnthingeaningfulbehindit.sseritispintut:thefiguresrittenbyheingayal

44、lgtthelday-explratin,lneliness,theresultisadeadend.butthispatternhangesintheldanandthesea;theldanntnlyhasafllbutalsanfindthesupprtftheby.andthereturnfthebyishisnestarting-thebybeesreandreatureintheflueniesftheldansherispirit:inthissense,theldanandtheseaisrientedtthefuture.attheendfthenvel,heingaydea

45、lsiththeby,hihshsthat:heisreturningthisstartingpintthrughanepath.arls.bakerpintsutthat:inaertainsense,heldanssubnsius,thehildisantherstagefhislife.beauseitisipssiblefrapersntdreatstagesfhiselfinnedrea,sthughthehildstaysithhiallday,heneverdreas

46、theby.therefrethehildsreturneansthathuanbeingsintelligeneandentalstrengthillbepassednfrgeneratintgeneratin,hihisthenvelsptiisliesin,alsisheingayslifelngpursuitandthehighestexpressinfthe“tughguysspirit.itisthereasnhythebyanntbetakenplaebytheenhavingthesaeageftheldan,likeatharine(theherineffareelltars

47、)ralbright(theherinefthesunalsrises).beausethesaeagedenandenareintheparallelrantagnistinept,andanntexpressthentinualptiis,hihisaniprtantdistintinbeteentheldanandtheseaandthetherrksfheingays.thebysreturnalightsthenvelandenrihesthententftherk,hihinspiresreaderstakeafurtherexplratinntheeaningandtendeny

48、ftherk.thereareanydifferentviesabuthethertherearesyblsrntinthisnvel.heingaynertethisfriend,bernardbrysn:thereisntanysybl,theseaisthesea,theldanistheldan,thehildisthehild,andfishisfish,hatpeplesaysabutsyblisisnnsense.infat,thereasnfrsayinglikethisisthatheantstppsethatkindfrhetri,unfundedandsalledsybl

49、is.bjetivelyspeaking,syblisisftenstressedthesyblinaturefthehlerk,hever,heingayistutrighttbethesyblis.butthisdesnteanthatthereisnsyblisandsyblisignifianeinhisrks.thesyblis,asahleandthesybliethdasanrhetriethdaretdifferentnepts.heingayaknledgeslaterinpublithattherearesybliethdsinhisrks,heexplainsthathe

50、triestprtrayarealldan,arealhild,arealsea,arealfishandrealsharks.ifheanpituretheveryellandrealistially,theyilleananythings.herehathesaysthateananythingsisatuallyasyblieaning,hihisbasedntheprfundunderstandingfthenvel.furse,eanntviearealistinvelasasyblinejustbeauseitappliessesybliethds;eanhile,eanntden

51、ytherearesyblissinardjustbeauseitisarealistinvel.3.therlesinvingandinspiringreadersinthisnvel,thesendiprtantrlefthebyisthatheleadsandinspiresthereaders.heingaysdiretdesribingfthelittlebydesntnlyrevealthebyssipleandplexetintardstheldan,butalsprtraythebyspersnalityinrdertenhanetheeffetiveftherkandriht

52、hententftherk.3.1thelittlebysetinintheldanandthesea,inaertainextent,espeiallyatthebeginningandtheendfthenvel,thebyisuhlsetthereadersthantheldan.sthebysfeelingisinevitabletleadandipatthereadersetin.thereisnthinginthebysinnerstatebuttheldan.hisattitudeandetinstardstheldanaffetsthereadersetinfrtheldanq

53、uietlyandgradually.sarlsbakernesaidthatthebyhasarletakepeplepayresypathyttheldan.beauseatthebeginningandtheendfthenvel,eseetheldaninthebyseyeshihfillsithrespetandsypathy.butinfat,thebysrespetandsypathytardstheldanisntstatiinhisinnerstatedeind.hisetingesalngadeeperanddeepertrajetryhihisfrsypathythear

54、tahe;andsuhkindffeelingbeesstrngerandstrnger,atlastrisingtthepeakandburstingut,“hestartedtry16.theflutuatinsfthebysinnerrldaffetthereadersetinunkningly.theetinalhangesfthebyanbedividedint3stages.3.2thelittlebyssypathyinthestatistagethebyssypathyfrtheldanisverysipleandplain:“theldanhadtaughtthebytfis

55、handthebylvedhi17.thebyreainsnernedabuttheldanaftergettinglukyinantherbat.heanntfeelhappyevenhenhegetsahievesquitegdgradesbeauseftheldanshardship,hihrefletsthebyssinereetinfrtheldan.itadethebysadtseetheldaneineahdayithhisskiffepty.heantstreturnttheldan.aftertheldansseveralrejetins,hestillantsthelpth

56、eldantdsething.itisunbtablethatthebysdeepandsipleetinhasbrandeddeeplyintheindfthereadersbythefirstipressin.3.3thelittlebysrespetandrryinthesubtle,flutuatingstagethelittlebyshshisrespetfrtheldanallthetie.heerizedthepastexperieneflukyandunlukytgetheriththeldan,heregardstheldanasthebestfisheran,anunusu

57、alfisheran.thebysrespetttheldandesntreduebeauseftheldansfrustratin.itisthebysenurageentinspiritthatsupprttheldantgnstruggleipregnably.latertheldanrealizesthatifitisntthehild,hehasalreadyfinished.althughthebyhpesthattheldananreateantherbrilliantprspetin,herriesabuttheldanspsyhlgialnditinasell.heisafr

58、aidfthattheldanissldandfeeblethatheantbearthediffiultiesalne,setieshealsrevealshisrries:“illtrytgethitrkfarut.thenifyuhksethingtrulybigeanetyuaid.18thesenrdsseerandbutisagdishfgdlukhihleadsthereadersattentinttheunertainsea.3.4thelittlebysaffiratinintheutbreakstagetheldanreturnsfrtheseaexhaustedandra

59、ggedbthinphysiallyandentally,enduringallkindsfhardshipsanddiffiultiesinthreedays,heathesabigfishhihhasaspeialeaningfrhi,unfrtunately,thebigfishisgnaedbysharksandleftapairfhugeskeletn.thevitrygainsnthing,theresultsisdisappinted.butthebyseyesdntstaynthepaleskeletnnly;hepereivesthesuessthattheldaneverahievedfrthefailure:“theybeate,anlin,hesaid.“theytrulybeate.“hedidntbeatyu.ntthefish.19hatthebysaidisafat.thatisthebysaffiratininhisdeepindhihisalstheldansishfprvingheisunusual.butthebysattitudettheldansreturnisntnlypsitive.afterall,theldanreturnsinepty-hand,andbadlyb