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1、PAGE PAGE 50六年級(jí)小學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總復(fù)習(xí)名詞一、名詞:名詞是所有事物的名稱,包括人、物及抽象概念。名詞分為普通名詞和專有名詞兩大類。名詞在句子中作主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)等。 1普通名詞 普通名詞是某類人、事件、物體和抽象概念的名稱。根據(jù)所指代物體的特征,普通名詞又可分為以下四類: 個(gè)體名詞: 表示人或物體中可以數(shù)清的單個(gè)體。如:student(學(xué)生)、pen(鋼筆)、bird(鳥(niǎo))等。 B集體名詞: (即集合名詞)表示由個(gè)體組成的集合體。如:people(人民)、police(警察)、family(家庭)等C物質(zhì)名詞: 表示構(gòu)成物體物質(zhì)的不可數(shù)名詞,或表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的物質(zhì)的名詞。如:wat

2、er(水)、air(空氣)、wood(木頭)等。 D抽象名詞 : 表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、情感等非具體化的抽象概念。如:work(工作)、peace(和平)、love(愛(ài))等。 2. 專有名詞 : 專有名詞是某些人、事物、機(jī)構(gòu)、組織等特有的名稱。主要包括:人名、地名、國(guó)名、黨派名稱等。如:Nancy(南希),Halloween(萬(wàn)圣節(jié)), England(英國(guó)),April(四月), China(中國(guó))等。二、可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。 1) 可數(shù)名詞: 一般來(lái)說(shuō)個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來(lái)計(jì)算,稱為可數(shù)名詞??蓴?shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。例如: a book, two books, a stud

3、ent, three students, a family, many families。注意:a) a加在以輔音開(kāi)頭的名詞前,如:a woman, a teacher;an加在以元音開(kāi)頭的名詞前,如an apple, an old manb)有時(shí)a, an后面緊跟的不是單數(shù)名詞,而是a/an+形容詞單數(shù)名詞的形式,這時(shí)要看形容詞開(kāi)頭字母的發(fā)音,而不是看名詞。如an old desk, a nice orange名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)變化如下:1詞尾直接加 S 如:catcats ,bagbags ,daydays2以 S, SH, CH, X 結(jié)尾的詞加es如:classclasses, match

4、matches, box boxes ,dish dishes3以輔音加y結(jié)尾的詞變y為i, 加es. 元音加y結(jié)尾的詞直接加s,如:partyparties citycities storystories countrycountries librarylibraries familyfamilies hobbyhobbies diarydiaries butterflybutterflies dragonflydragonflies fireflyfireflies babybabies strawberrystrawberriesboyboys monkeymonkeys keykeys

5、 toytoys等.4以 f 或 fe結(jié)尾的詞, 變 f 或 fe為v, 加 es,如: wife wives half halves leafleaves knifekniveshousewifehousewives thiefthieves注意特殊情況直接加“S”,要逐個(gè)記 chiefs, handkerchiefs , roofs.5以輔音加o結(jié)尾的詞常加es, 如: tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, mangoes. 元音加 O 結(jié)尾直接加 S. 如:radios, zoos, pianos, yo-yo.特殊情況: photos6名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)特殊變化也要逐個(gè)記

6、得例如:A只有復(fù)數(shù)形式:trousers(褲子) jeans(牛仔褲) clothes(衣服) shorts(短褲)B.形式上是復(fù)數(shù),實(shí)際上是單數(shù):Maths(數(shù)學(xué)) news(新聞)C.單復(fù)數(shù)同形: sheepsheep, fishfish, ChineseChinese ,JapaneseJapaneseD特殊變化: man-men, woman-women, toothteeth, goosegeese, footfeet, child-children, mouse-mice, childchildren, 2) 不可數(shù)名詞 不可數(shù)名詞不能用數(shù)字計(jì)算包括物質(zhì)名詞( air, water

7、等)及抽象名詞(advice, hate)等。所以它通常只有單數(shù)形式。如:English, juice, water, homework, work, milk, coffee, tea, rice, bread, chocolate 不可數(shù)名詞表示數(shù)量時(shí),可以用量詞來(lái)表達(dá)(量詞有復(fù)數(shù)形式)其結(jié)構(gòu)是數(shù)詞+量詞+of+名詞。如:a bottle of water, two cups of tea, three pieces of paper用a lot of , some, any, much, lots of等表示量的多少。There is a lot of milk in the fridg

8、e.There is some water in the carton.Is there any juice in the fridge? 注意事項(xiàng):1不可數(shù)名詞沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)變化,不能用a,an,但可用the,或不用冠詞,如:bread is the usual breakfast.2雖然不可數(shù)名詞沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)變化,但量詞超過(guò)一時(shí)要加復(fù)數(shù)。如:three cups of coffee, five bottles of water3有量詞修飾時(shí)注意名詞是否可數(shù),不可數(shù)時(shí)用單數(shù),可數(shù)時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù),如:ten bags of rice ten baskets of eggs 冠詞冠詞包括不定冠詞a, an和定冠

9、詞the,它們都是虛詞,只能和名詞連起來(lái)使用,用來(lái)說(shuō)明名詞所指的人或事物。不定冠詞a,an的基本用法不定冠詞a和an用于可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)前面,表示某一類人或事物中的“一個(gè)”,但不強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量(如要強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量,則用one)。例如:This is a desk. That is an orange.Tom read an interesting book last week. ac(一個(gè)字母c)用于第一次提到的人或事物以及泛指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前。A lion walks near the river.Do you have a tin-opener?定冠詞theThe的用法用在對(duì)話雙方都知道的人或事物前。 C

10、lose the door, please. Boys and girls, look at the blackboard.特指某些人或事物。例如: Whos the girl in blue? Can you hear the boy?指上文提到的人或事物。例如: There is a monkey in the tree. The monkey is eating bananas. The woman is coming. The woman is our English teacher.用在序數(shù)詞前。例如: The third day the fifth unit the twentie

11、th of May 用在某些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中。例如: in the same class on the left (在左邊) play the violin in the afternoon不用冠詞的情況一日三餐前不用冠詞。例如:Finish your homework before supper, please.The students have lunch at school.球類運(yùn)動(dòng)和棋類游戲前不用冠詞。例如:Shall we play basketball after school?Mr Li likes playing chess very much.在星期、月份、季節(jié)等名詞前,一般不用冠

12、詞。例如:Monday is the second day of a week.Childrens Day is in June.I like spring best.抽象名詞、專有名詞和物質(zhì)名詞前一般不用冠詞。例如:milk China happiness(幸福)名詞前已有作定語(yǔ)用的指示代詞或物主代詞時(shí),不再用冠詞。如:this boy, those apples, my new friend等在某些固定詞組前不用冠詞。例如:at school at home go to bed在表示稱呼的名詞前不用冠詞。例如:Aunt Zhang Mr Zhao代詞 代詞:代詞是代替名詞以及起名詞作用的短

13、語(yǔ)、分句和句子的詞。二代詞的種類:1. 人稱代詞主格I , you, he, she, it, we, you, they賓格me, you, him, her, it, us, you , them 2. 物主代詞形容詞性的物主代詞my, your, his , her, its, our, your ,their 名詞性的物主代詞mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs3. 反身代詞myself, herself, themselves 4. 相互代詞有:each other, one another 5. 提示代詞有:this ,

14、that , these , those , those 6. 疑問(wèn)代詞who, what, whose 7. 關(guān)系代詞which, that, who 8. 連接代詞what, who, whose9. 不定代詞沒(méi)有指明代替任何特定名詞或形容詞的代詞叫做不定代詞 all, each, both, either, neither, one, any10. 指示代詞that, this ,these, those三代詞的使用方法1. 人稱代詞是表示我、你、他、她、它、我們、你們、他們的詞。人稱代詞有人稱、數(shù)和格的變化。物主代詞表示所有關(guān)系的代詞,也可叫做代詞所有格。物主代詞分形容性物主代詞和名詞

15、性物主代詞二種。表示我自己、你自己、他自己、我們自己、你們自己和他們自己等的代詞,叫做自身代詞,也稱為反身代詞。詳件見(jiàn)下表:人稱代詞 物主代詞 反身代詞 主格 賓格 形容詞性物主代詞 名詞性物主代詞 第一人稱 單數(shù) I me my mine myself 復(fù)數(shù) we us our ours ourselves 第二人稱 單數(shù) you you your yours yourself 復(fù)數(shù) you you your yours yourselves 第三人稱 單數(shù) he him his his himself she her her hers herself it it its its Itsel

16、f 復(fù)數(shù) they them their theirs themselves 句法功能 作主語(yǔ),其中she指帶代國(guó)家,it可指代天氣時(shí)間等。 作賓語(yǔ)介詞賓語(yǔ)表語(yǔ) 作定語(yǔ) 作主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),介詞賓語(yǔ),表語(yǔ)書(shū)信yours 作賓語(yǔ),介詞賓語(yǔ),表語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)同為語(yǔ) 根據(jù)上表的例句如下:She doesnt believe us.When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.Youll find your books among mine on the bookshelf.-Who is it? -Its me.Our room is on the first f

17、loor, and theirs is on the second.They think too much of themselves.A week later, I myself had to go to Paris.Help yourself!We cook for ourselves.I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.The cap is Jacks.注意:在連續(xù)使用兩個(gè)以上人稱代詞時(shí),通常單數(shù)you放在第一位, I 放在最后;復(fù)數(shù)we放在第一位,they放在最后。簡(jiǎn)單記成:?jiǎn)螖?shù)2,3,1,復(fù)數(shù)1,2,3 。都是三人稱

18、,女后男在先。例如:You and I can help each other.They couldnt have seen Tom and me there.You, Tom and I are leaving next month.You or they must pass the exam.We, you and they should go there together.2. 疑問(wèn)代詞(who, whom, which, what, whose) 用來(lái)構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句,在句中可以起名詞詞組作用。指人: who, whom, whose指物: what既可指人又可指物: whichwho與wh

19、om. (whom是who的賓格)Who told you the truth?Whom are you talking with?whose, which, what(在非限定的數(shù)量中選擇用what,在限定的數(shù)量中選擇which)Whose book is this?What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?Which book you like better, the English book or the Chinese book?What are you reading now?Whats your fat

20、her?Whose books are these on the desk?注意:疑問(wèn)代詞用于對(duì)介詞賓語(yǔ)提問(wèn)時(shí),過(guò)去的文體中介詞和疑問(wèn)代詞通常一起放在句首,現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中,疑問(wèn)代詞在句首,介詞在句未。For what do most students study?What are you looking for?3. 指示代詞this, these, that , those被用作名詞中心詞的修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)屬于限定詞,而單獨(dú)用來(lái)代替名詞詞組時(shí)是代詞。This is the bus we want.Put these in your bag.My idea is this.How do you think

21、 of this idea?注意:that和those有時(shí)用來(lái)代表前面提到的名詞,以避免重復(fù)。The best coal is that from Newcastle.Those who wish to go may sign up here.4. 不定代詞用法辨析neithernor 沒(méi)有也沒(méi)有either or 不是就是both兩者都o(jì)ne the other 兩個(gè)中的一個(gè),另一個(gè)another 再一個(gè),又一個(gè)every 作定語(yǔ),每一個(gè). (可以形成合成詞 everybody everything)each每一個(gè),一個(gè)個(gè)的加以考慮時(shí)用.None 否定意思,沒(méi)有一個(gè)介詞(見(jiàn)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí))數(shù)詞一、

22、 數(shù)詞的種類 數(shù)詞分基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞 基數(shù)詞是表示自然數(shù)列的詞, 例如; one , two ,three ,four.序數(shù)詞是表示先后順序的詞, 例如: first, second , third, fourth二 基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞的表示法1基數(shù)詞單詞的拼寫(xiě):112為單詞,1319都以后綴-teen結(jié)尾,20至90這樣的整十?dāng)?shù)都以后綴-ty結(jié)尾,其他基數(shù)詞中間加連字符號(hào)“-”再按照上述的變化進(jìn)行。例:21twenty-one 56- fifty-six 85eighty-five三位數(shù)的構(gòu)成為:幾+百+and+末兩位(或末一位)數(shù)例:132one hundred and thirty-two20

23、5two hundred and five千以上的數(shù)字的讀法:從后面往前,每三位數(shù)作為一個(gè)單位,分別為thousand, million.32, 548, 652, 讀作:thirty two million, five hundred and forty eight thousand, six hundred and fifty two2. 序數(shù)詞=基數(shù)詞+th (1、2、3為 first, second, third)。但以下幾種情況要注意:1) fifth (第五),eighth (第八),ninth (第九),twelfth (第十二)2) 以ty結(jié)尾的基數(shù)詞變?cè)~尾為tieth例:tw

24、entytwentieth, ninetyninetieth3)復(fù)合序數(shù)詞只需要將相應(yīng)基數(shù)詞中最后一位變成序數(shù)詞,其余不變。例:第二十一twenty-first第二百四十五two hundred and forty-fifth三 基數(shù)詞序數(shù)詞的用法1. hundred, thousand, million 與數(shù)字連用,表示一定量的具體數(shù)字,不用復(fù)數(shù),但表示不定概念可用復(fù)數(shù)例:three hundred people, millions of people2. 基數(shù)詞表示時(shí)刻。例:7點(diǎn) seven oclock, 7:20 seven twenty3. 給某些事物編號(hào)例:Lesson One=t

25、he first lessonBus No. 2 7月1日=July I (July Ist)1996年6月3日=June 3, 1996=June the third, nineteen ninety-six4. 有關(guān)分?jǐn)?shù)表示法。分子是基數(shù)詞,分母是序數(shù)詞。當(dāng)分子大于1時(shí),分母就用復(fù)數(shù)。例:Ive read one-fifth of the books.Ive finished three-fifths of the words. 5. 有關(guān)倍數(shù)表示法兩倍用twice, 三倍以上用數(shù)詞+times, 要注意倍數(shù)在句子的位置。例:The door is three times the size

26、 of this.6. 十位數(shù)字(個(gè)位為零)的基數(shù)詞以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)時(shí),表示年代、年齡例:She is a good-looking woman in her forties. (forties 指4049歲之間)四 數(shù)詞實(shí)練習(xí)題解析:1. The English for 10,440 is .A. ten thousand , four hundreds and forty B. ten thousand, four hundred and fortyC. ten thousands, four hundred and fortyD. ten thousand and four hundred

27、, forty 本題在于掌握千以上數(shù)字的讀法,在千、百前面有數(shù)字,不加復(fù)數(shù);百位、十位中間加and ,每三位為一組,再加相應(yīng)的單位即可,故選B2. of the workers in the factory is about two hundred, of them are women workers.A. The number, first-third B. The number, one-thirdC. A number, half D. A number, three quarters 分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)法前文闡述已經(jīng)很多,應(yīng)表示為one-third. 要區(qū)分the number of 與a nu

28、mber of , the number of 指“的數(shù)量” ,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);a number of 意為“許多”,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)。故選B3. Can you write the number eighty-five thousand , six hundred and twenty-six? Yes, it is .A. 85662 B. 85626 C. 85006 D. 85000千以上的數(shù)字,從后往前三個(gè)數(shù)為一個(gè)單位,即從85之后順次寫(xiě)出三個(gè)數(shù)即可,即626,連在一起即為85626。故選B. 4. About of the books in our school library ar

29、e written in Chinese.A. fouth-fifths B. four fifth C. four fifths D.fourths-fifth 本題考查分?jǐn)?shù)的表達(dá)法,分子用基數(shù)詞,分母用序數(shù)詞,當(dāng)分子大于1,分母用復(fù)數(shù),因此它的表達(dá)法為four-fifths,故選C。5. The road is over meters long.A. six hundred and fifty-twoB. six hundreds and fifty twoC. six hundred, fifty twoD. six hundred, fifty and two百、千、百萬(wàn)等詞與數(shù)字連用

30、不用復(fù)數(shù),因此不加s。其次表示百位數(shù)時(shí)要在百位和十位之間(無(wú)十位,則在百位和個(gè)位之間)加and ,再次在個(gè)位與十位之間要有連字符“-”,故本題選A6. January is New Years Day.A. one B. two C. the firstD. the second某月的幾號(hào)要用序數(shù)詞表示,讀時(shí)序數(shù)詞前要加the 故選C7. Take the turning on your night.A. nine B. ninth C. nineteen D.nineth根據(jù)題意判斷本題考第幾個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)彎處需用序數(shù)詞,B形容詞初中英語(yǔ)形容詞的用法 Hello, friends! 我是形容詞,是英語(yǔ)

31、詞類家族中的重要一員哦!我是專門(mén)表示人或事物的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)或特征的一類詞。大家是不是覺(jué)得我很面熟呢?沒(méi)錯(cuò),在第26期的預(yù)習(xí)專版中,我已經(jīng)和大家見(jiàn)過(guò)面了。想對(duì)我有更深的了解嗎?那就聽(tīng)我慢慢道來(lái) 名詞前作定語(yǔ) 我特別喜歡和名詞交朋友,經(jīng)常位于名詞的前面,充當(dāng)定語(yǔ),修飾限定名詞。我還是給大家“show”兩句吧: Thats a Japanese car. 那是一輛日本小汽車。 There is a new map on the wall of my bedroom. 我臥室的墻上有一幅新地圖。 【特殊身份】 對(duì)了,大家是不是聽(tīng)說(shuō)我“不專一”,有時(shí)也會(huì)與不定代詞“親密接觸”,并總躲到不定代詞的后面,讓它

32、為我“遮風(fēng)擋雨”?例如: I have something important to tell you. 我有一些重要的事情要告訴你。 沒(méi)錯(cuò),是有這種情況。我作定語(yǔ)時(shí),一般位于被修飾的名詞之前,但在修飾something, anything, nothing等不定代詞時(shí),我卻要跟在這些詞之后。同學(xué)們以后會(huì)接觸到的! 系動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ) 除了和名詞交友外,我還特愛(ài)和系動(dòng)詞打交道,并與其構(gòu)成“主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)。到現(xiàn)在為止,大家學(xué)過(guò)的系動(dòng)詞有be(am / is / are)和look。請(qǐng)看例句展示: My watch is new. But my parents watches are

33、 old. 我的手表是新的,但我父母的手表卻是舊的。 His pen looks nice. 他的鋼筆看起來(lái)很漂亮。 【只告訴你】 在我作表語(yǔ)的情況下,句中的系動(dòng)詞雖在漢語(yǔ)譯文中不出現(xiàn),但在英語(yǔ)中切不可把它丟掉。請(qǐng)看下面的例句: 這個(gè)書(shū)包很小。 :( This bag very small. :) This bag is very small. 怎么樣?還是笑臉好看吧!那就要牢記我對(duì)你說(shuō)的話哦! 允許被副詞修飾 另外,我還特愿和very, too, so等副詞成為“知心朋友”,并允許它們站在我前面來(lái)說(shuō)明我的程度。繼續(xù)往下看: I think Mr Zhang is very young. 我認(rèn)

34、為張老師很年輕。 You are too kind. Thanks a lot. 你真是太好了,非常感謝。 The table is so heavy, but I can carry it. 雖然這張桌子這么重,但是我能搬得動(dòng)它。 OK! 我的“心曲”就這么多了,你都聽(tīng)懂了嗎?希望我們可以成為“親密無(wú)間”的好朋友!副詞(見(jiàn)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí))一、形容詞的一般用法1.作定語(yǔ),一般放在所修飾詞的前面。例如,its a cold and windy day.2.作表語(yǔ),放在系動(dòng)詞的后面。例如,he looks happy today.3.形容詞修飾something,anything,nothing,eve

35、rything等復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí),須放在其后。例如,would you like something hot to drink? 4.表示長(zhǎng)、寬、高、深及年齡的形容詞,應(yīng)放在相應(yīng)的名詞之后。例如,how long is the river? its about two hundred metres long.5.只能作表語(yǔ)的形容詞:afraid害怕;alone獨(dú)自的;asleep睡著的;awake醒著的;alive活著的;well健康的;ill病的;frightened害怕的例如,the man is ill.(正)the ill man is my uncle.(誤)6.只能作定語(yǔ)的形容詞:l

36、ittle小的;only唯一的;wooden木質(zhì)的;woolen羊毛質(zhì)的;elder年長(zhǎng)的例如,my elder brother is in beijing.(正)my brother is elder. (誤)7.貌似副詞的形容詞:lonely獨(dú)自的;friendly友好的;lively生動(dòng)的;lovely可愛(ài)的8.復(fù)合形容詞:snow-white雪白的 english-speaking說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的;glass-topped玻璃罩的;full-time全日制的;well-known眾所周知的;kind-hearted善良的;man-made人造的;take-away可以帶走的;ten-year-

37、old十歲的。二、多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí),其順序?yàn)椋合薅ㄔ~(冠詞、指示代詞、形容詞性物主代詞、數(shù)詞)描繪詞(大小,長(zhǎng)短,形狀,新舊,長(zhǎng)幼,顏色)出處材料性質(zhì)類別名詞a small round table一張小圓桌a tall white building一幢高大的白色建筑物a dirty old black shirt一件又臟又舊的黑色襯衣a famous american medical school一個(gè)非常著名的美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)院三、形容詞常用句型1.“its +adj.+of+sb.+不定式”表示“某人(做某事)怎么樣”。注意:這一句型中常用描述行為者的性格、品質(zhì)的形容詞,如good(好的),ki

38、nd(友善的),nice(友好的),polite(有禮貌的),clever(聰明的),foolish(愚蠢的),lazy(懶惰的),careful(細(xì)心的),careless(粗心的),right(正確的),wrong(錯(cuò)誤的)等。例如,its very kind of you to help me.(=you are very kind to help me.)你能幫助我,真好。its very rude of her to say such words.(=she is very rude to say such words.)她說(shuō)這樣的話,真粗魯。its foolish of him t

39、o go alone.(=he is foolish to go alone.)他單獨(dú)出去太傻了。2.“its+adj.+for+sb.+不定式”表示“做某事對(duì)某人來(lái)說(shuō)怎么樣”。注意:這一句型中常用的形容詞有important(重要的),necessary(必要的),difficult(困難的),easy(容易的),hard(艱難的),dangerous(危險(xiǎn)的),safe(安全的),useful(有益的),pleasant(舒適的),interesting(有趣的),impossible(不可能的)等。例如,its not easy for them to learn a foreign l

40、anguage.(=to learn a foreign language is not easy for them.)對(duì)于他們來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)好一門(mén)外語(yǔ)不容易。its very important for students to listen to teachers carefully.(=to listen to teachers carefully is very important for students.)對(duì)于學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)上課認(rèn)真聽(tīng)老師講課是非常重要的。its necessary for us to get to school on time.(=to get to school on time

41、 is necessary for us.)對(duì)于我們來(lái)說(shuō)按時(shí)到校是非常必要的。3.表示感情或情緒的形容詞,如glad(高興的),pleased(高興的),sad(憂傷的),thankful(感激的)等常接不定式。例如,glad to see you.見(jiàn)到你非常高興。Im very sad to hear the bad news.聽(tīng)到這個(gè)壞新聞,我非常難過(guò)。4.表示能力和意志的形容詞,如ready(樂(lè)意的,有準(zhǔn)備的),able(有能力的),sure(一定),certain(一定)等常接不定式。例如,lei feng is always ready to help others.雷鋒總是樂(lè)于助人

42、。he is sure to get to school on time.他一定會(huì)按時(shí)到校。副詞一、副詞的分類副詞按詞匯意義可分為:方式副詞:well,fast,slowly,carefully,quickly程度副詞:very,much,enough,almost,rather,quite地點(diǎn)副詞:here,there,out,somewhere,abroad,home,時(shí)間副詞:today,early,soon,now,then,recently,still頻度副詞:always,often,usually,sometimes,seldom,never否定副詞:no,not,neither

43、,nor,疑問(wèn)副詞:where,how,why其他:also,too,only二、副詞的基本用法:副詞是用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、其他副詞以及全句話的詞類,表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度、方式等概念。例如,1.we should listen to our teachers carefully.我們應(yīng)該認(rèn)真聽(tīng)老師講課。2.he is very happy today.他今天非常高興。3.“what happened?”i asked,rather angrily.“發(fā)生什么事情了?”我相當(dāng)生氣地問(wèn)。4. in spring,i can see flowers everywhere.在春天,我到處都能看到花。

44、三、常見(jiàn)副詞用法辨析1.already與yet的區(qū)別already用于肯定句句中,表示“已經(jīng)”;yet用于否定句句末,表示“還”,用于疑問(wèn)句句末,表示“已經(jīng)”例如,he had already left when i called.當(dāng)我給他打電話時(shí),他已經(jīng)離開(kāi)了。have you found your ruler yet?你已經(jīng)找到你的尺子了嗎?i havent finished my homework yet.我還沒(méi)有完成作業(yè)。注意:already還可以表示驚奇,驚訝等語(yǔ)氣,常用于疑問(wèn)句句末例如:has your son gone to school already?你的兒子已經(jīng)上學(xué)了嗎?(

45、表示很驚訝)2very,much和very much.的區(qū)別very用于修飾形容詞或副詞的原級(jí);much用于修飾形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí);修飾動(dòng)詞要用very much.例如,john is very honest.約翰非常誠(chéng)實(shí)。this garden is much bigger than that one.這個(gè)花園比那個(gè)大的多。thank you very much.非常感謝你3.so與such的區(qū)別so修飾形容詞或副詞;such 修飾名詞,例如,my brother runs so fast that i cant follow him.我弟弟跑得那么快以至于我跟不上他。he is such

46、 a boy.他是一個(gè)這樣的孩子。so修飾的形容詞后可以有一個(gè)單數(shù)的可數(shù)名詞,其結(jié)構(gòu)是“so+形容詞+a/an+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)”.such可以修飾可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞,名詞前可以有形容詞作定語(yǔ),其結(jié)構(gòu)是“such+a/an+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)”,“such+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞”, 例如,he is so clever a boy.=he is such a clever boy.他是一個(gè)如此聰明的孩子。it is such cold weather.這么冷的天氣。(正)it is so cold weather.(誤)they are such good students.

47、 他們是那么好的學(xué)生。(正)they are so good students. (誤)如果可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前有many,few或不可數(shù)名詞前有much,little修飾,用so不用such.例如,so many(如此多的);so few(如此少的)可以加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)so much(如此多的);so little(如此少的)可以加不可數(shù)名詞4.also,too,as well與either 的區(qū)別also,as well,too,用于肯定句,also常用于be動(dòng)詞,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,助動(dòng)詞之后,行為動(dòng)詞之前;as well,too用于句末;either用于否定句中,置于句末。例如,my father is

48、 a teacher. my mother is also a teacher.=my father is a teacher. my mother is a teacher as well.=my father is a teacher. my mother is a teacher,too.我爸爸是一名老師,我媽媽也是。I cant speak french. jenny cant speak french,either.我不會(huì)說(shuō)法語(yǔ),詹妮也不會(huì)。5.sometime,sometimes,some time與some times的區(qū)別sometime:某一時(shí)間,某一時(shí)刻,可指將來(lái)時(shí),也可指

49、過(guò)去時(shí)sometimes:有時(shí),不時(shí)的 some time:一段時(shí)間 some times:幾次,幾倍 例如,well have a test sometime next month.下個(gè)月的某一時(shí)間,我們要進(jìn)行一次測(cè)試。sometimes we are busy and sometimes we are not.有時(shí)我們很忙,有時(shí)不忙。he stayed in beijing for some time last year.他去年在北京呆了一段時(shí)間。i have been to beijing some times.我去過(guò)北京好幾次。6.ago與before的區(qū)別ago表示以現(xiàn)在為起點(diǎn)的“以

50、前”,常與一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用,不可以單獨(dú)使用。before指過(guò)去或?qū)?lái)的某時(shí)刻“以前”,也可泛指以前,常和完成時(shí)連用,可以單獨(dú)使用。例如,i saw him ten minutes ago.我十分鐘之前看到的他。he told me that he had seen the film before.他告訴我他以前看過(guò)這場(chǎng)電影。7.now,just與just now的區(qū)別now:與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用,意為“現(xiàn)在”just:與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用,表示“剛”just now:和過(guò)去時(shí)連用,表示“剛才”例如,where does he live now?他現(xiàn)在住哪里?we ha

51、ve just seen the film. 我們剛看過(guò)這場(chǎng)電影。he was here just now. 他剛才在這里。、形容詞,副詞的比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)一、規(guī)則變化1.一般在詞尾直接加er或est,例如,tall-taller-tallest,long-longer-longest2.以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的單詞在詞尾直接加r或st,例如,nice-nicer-nicest3.以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞,把y變?yōu)閕,再加er或est,例如,heavy-heavier-heaviest4.重讀閉音節(jié),末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母,雙寫(xiě)這個(gè)輔音字母,再加er或est,例如,big-bigger-biggest

52、5.部分雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞分別在原級(jí)前加more構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和most構(gòu)成最高級(jí),例如,slowly-more slowly-most slowly;beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful二、不規(guī)則變化形容詞,副詞等級(jí)的用法一、原級(jí)的用法1.只能修飾原級(jí)的詞,very,quite,so,too例如,he is too tired to walk on.他太累了以至于不能再繼續(xù)走了。my brother runs so fast that i cant follow him.我弟弟跑得那么快以至于我跟不上他。2.原級(jí)常用的句型結(jié)構(gòu)(1)“甲+be+(倍數(shù))+

53、as+形容詞原級(jí)+as+乙”表示“甲和乙程度相同”或“甲是乙的幾倍”例如,tom is as old as kate.湯姆和凱特年齡一樣大。tom is twice as old as kate.湯姆的年齡是凱特的二倍?!凹?實(shí)意動(dòng)詞+(倍數(shù))+as+副詞原級(jí)+as+乙”表示“甲和乙程度相同”或“甲是乙的幾倍”例如,tom runs as fast as mike.湯姆和邁克跑得一樣快。tom runs twice as fast as mike.湯姆跑得速度是邁克的二倍。(2)“甲+be+not+as/so+形容詞原級(jí)+as+乙”甲不如乙例如,this room is not as/so b

54、ig as that one. 這個(gè)房間不如那個(gè)大?!凹?助動(dòng)詞+not+動(dòng)詞原形+as/so+副詞原級(jí)+as+乙”甲不如乙例如,he doesnt walk as slowly as you.他走路不像你那樣慢。二、比較級(jí)的用法1.可以修飾比較級(jí)的詞,much,a lot,far,的多a little,a bit,一點(diǎn)兒even甚至,still仍然例如,lesson one is much easier than lesson two.第一課比第二課容易得多。tom looks even younger than before.湯姆甚至比以前更年輕。this train runs much

55、faster than that one.這輛火車比那輛跑地快。she drives still more carefully than her husband.她開(kāi)車仍然比她丈夫還認(rèn)真。2.比較級(jí)常用的句型結(jié)構(gòu)(1)“甲+be+(倍數(shù))+形容詞比較級(jí)+than+乙”表示“甲比乙”或“甲比乙?guī)妆丁崩?,tom is taller than kate.湯姆比凱特高。this room is three times bigger than that one.這個(gè)房間比那個(gè)大三倍?!凹?實(shí)意動(dòng)詞+(倍數(shù))+副詞比較級(jí)+than+乙”表示“甲比乙”或“甲比乙?guī)妆丁崩?,i got up earlier

56、 than my mother this morning.我今天早晨起床比我媽媽還早。he runs three times faster than his brother.他跑的速度比他弟弟快三倍。(2)“甲+be+形容詞比較級(jí)+than+any other+單數(shù)名詞(+介詞短語(yǔ))”表示“甲比同一范圍的任何一個(gè)人/物都”,含義是“甲最”。例如,the yangtze river is longer than any other river in china.=the yangtze river is longer than any of the other rivers in china.長(zhǎng)

57、江比中國(guó)的任何一條其他的河都長(zhǎng)。=the yangtze river is longer than the other rivers in china.長(zhǎng)江比中國(guó)的其他所有的河都長(zhǎng)。=the yangtze river is the longest river in china.長(zhǎng)江是中國(guó)最長(zhǎng)的河流。注意:the yangtze riveris longer than any river in japan.長(zhǎng)江比日本的任何一條河都長(zhǎng)?!凹?實(shí)意動(dòng)詞+副詞比較級(jí)+than+anyother+單數(shù)名詞(+介詞短語(yǔ))”表示“甲比同一范圍的任何一個(gè)人/物都”,含義是“甲最”。例如,mike gets

58、to school earlier than any other student in his class.= mike gets to school earlier than any of the other students in his class.邁克比他們班上任何一個(gè)其他的同學(xué)到校都早。= mike gets to school earlier than the other students in his class.邁克比他們班上其他的同學(xué)到校都早。= mike gets to school earliest in his class.邁克在他們班到校最早。注意:mike gets

59、 to school earlier than any student in toms class.邁克比湯姆班上任何一個(gè)學(xué)生到校都早。(邁克和湯姆不是同一個(gè)班)(3)“甲+be+the+形容詞比較級(jí)+of the two”表示“甲是兩者中較的”。例如,look at the two boys. my brother is the taller of the two.看那兩個(gè)男孩,我弟弟是兩個(gè)當(dāng)中較高的那個(gè)。(4)“比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)”表示“越來(lái)越”。例如,he is getting taller and taller.他變得越來(lái)越高了。the flowers are more and m

60、ore beautiful.花兒越來(lái)越漂亮。he does his homework more and more carefully.他做作業(yè)越來(lái)越認(rèn)真了。(5)“the+比較級(jí),the+比較級(jí)”表示“越,越”。例如,the more careful you are,the fewer mistakes youll make.你越認(rèn)真,犯的錯(cuò)誤越少。(6)“特殊疑問(wèn)詞+be+形容詞比較級(jí),甲o(hù)r乙?”例如,which is bigger,the earth or the moon?哪一個(gè)大,地球還是月球?“特殊疑問(wèn)詞+實(shí)意動(dòng)詞+副詞比較級(jí),甲o(hù)r乙?”例如,who draws better,j

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