初三英語期中下冊知識點

1、初三英語期中下冊知識點.初三英語期中下冊知識點介詞by的用法 / -f-rfry； IfH =-、匚.目為在旁,罪近 OSome are singing and dancing under a big tree. Some are drawing by the lake.有的在大樹下唱歌跳舞。有的在湖邊畫畫兒。.意為不遲于，到時為止”。Your son will be all right by supper time.你的兒子在晚飯前會好的。How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term? 到上個學期末你們已經(jīng)學了多

2、少首英語歌曲？.表示方法、手段,可譯作靠、用、憑借、通過、乘 坐”等。The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing. 猴子用尾巴吊在樹上哈哈大笑。The boy s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph.孩子的父親是那么的感激，于是他教爰迪生怎樣通過鐵路電報來傳達信.表示逐個，逐批的意思。One by one they went past the table in the dark.

3、他們一個一個得在黑暗中經(jīng)過這張桌子。.表示根據(jù)，按照的意思。What time is it by your watch?你的表幾點了？.和take , hold等動詞連用，說明接觸身體的某一局部。I took him by the hand.我拉住了他的手。.用于被動句中，表示行為主體，常譯作被、由等。English is spoken by many people.英語被許多人說。（即許多人講英語。）2.初三英語期中下冊知識點一、常用連接詞.表文章結(jié)構(gòu)順序：First of all； Firstly/First, Secondly/Second.And then, Finally, In t

4、he end, At last.表并列補充關系的：What is more, besides.表轉(zhuǎn)折比照關系的:However, butAlthough + clause （從句）On the one hand. On the other hand. Some. while others.表因果關系的：Because, As , So, Thus, Therefore； As a result.表換一種方式表達:In other words.表進行舉例說明：For example z句子；For instance ,句子;.表陳述事實:In fact.表達自己觀點：In my opinion.

5、表總結(jié)：In a word In summary.文中正確使用兩三個好的句型，如：賓語從句、狀語從句、動名詞 做主語等。）賓語從句舉例:I believe Tianjin will be more beautiful and prosperous.）狀語從句舉例：If everyone does something for the environment, our hometown will become clean and beautiful）動名詞做主語舉例:Reading books in the sun is bad for our eyes.Its bad for our eyes

6、to read books in the sun.二、常用狀語從句.時間:when, not.until, as soon as.目的：so that +從句；to do （為了）.結(jié)果：so.that +從句，too.to do （太以至于）.條件：if, unless （除非），as long as （只要）.讓步:though, although, even though, even if , no matter what/when/where/who/which/how6.比擬:as.as., not so.as., than三、重點句型 l.It is said that +句子 據(jù)

7、說It is reported that +句子 據(jù)報道2.There is no need to do 沒必要做.1ts adj. for sb. to do做對某人來說.so/suchthat .如此 以至于too . to do太 而不能.not.until.直到才 例:I didnt go to bed until my mother came back.The reason why +句子is that +句子 的原因是.The reason why he got angry was that she told him a lie.(他生 氣的原因是她對他說了謊).That is w

8、hy +句子那是的原因.That is because +句子 那是因為.as we all know, +句子 據(jù)我們所知ll.it is generally / publicly known / considered that.,眾所周知.初三英語期中下冊知識點句型結(jié)構(gòu)基本概念句型結(jié)構(gòu)基本概念：與漢語相似，英語句子是由主語(subject),謂語動 詞(verb),賓語(object),表語(predicative),狀語(adverbial),賓語 補足語(objectcomplement)等成分組成，按照這些成分的組合方式英 語句子可分為五種基本句型。復合句復合句(Complex Se

9、ntence)由一個主句(Principal Clause)和一個或一個以上的從句(Subordinate Clause)構(gòu)成。主句是全句的主體，通常可以獨立存在;從句那么是一個句子成分，不能獨立存在。從句不能單獨成句，但它也有主語局部和謂語局部，就像一個句子一樣。所不同在于，從句須由一個關聯(lián)詞（connective）引導。.初三英語期中下冊知識點重點語法：賓語從句結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+謂語動詞+賓語從句（主語+謂語動詞+賓語/表語） 例句：Im good at English. He says.（改為加賓語從句的復合句） He says Im good at English.注意：主句是一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，

10、賓語從句的時態(tài)不受其影響。例句：He says Im good at English now.He says I was good at mathematics when I was young.主句是過去時態(tài)，賓語從句也要用過去時態(tài)。例句:He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday.He said I was good at English now yesterday.賓語從句是客觀真理時永遠用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。例句:Our teacher says 24 hours make a day.Our teacher sa

11、id the sun gives us so many energy yesterday.動詞原形不能作主語，必須用其-ing形式。例句:She said helping others changed her life.重點短語：direct speech直接引語reported speech = indirect speech 間接引語first of all = at first 首先pass on傳遞be supposed to do sth.應該做某事be good at = do well in在某方面做得好in good health身體健康get over 克服open up翻開

12、care for = take care of = look after 照料;照顧not any more = not any longer = no longer 不再have a cold 感冒end-of-year exam 年終考試get nervous變得緊張forget to do sth.忘記做某事（該事未做）forget doing sth.忘記做某事（該事已做）its + adj. + for sb. + to do sth.做某事對某人來說（加形容詞）.初三英語期中下冊知識點被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式be + Vt.p.p.（一）語態(tài)是英語動詞的一種形式，是用于表示主語和

13、謂語之間的關系。英語語態(tài)分為主動語態(tài)（active voice）和被動語態(tài)（passive voice）兩種。主動語態(tài)是表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者。如：l）Yesterday I parked my car outside the school.被動語態(tài)是表示主語是動作的承受者。2)A sound of piano is heard in the hall.(二)被動語態(tài)的基本時態(tài)變化在被動語態(tài)的句子中,謂語局部的結(jié)構(gòu)是be + Vtp.p.(及物動詞過去分 詞)。其中be是變量，隨時態(tài)的變化而變化;動詞的過去分詞是常量， 永遠不發(fā)生變化。當然，這只是指謂語局部而言。be動詞作為一個獨 立的謂語動

14、詞有自己現(xiàn)在分詞(being)和過去分詞(been)。那么，下面 我們來看看be在各種時態(tài)中的變化形式：被動語態(tài)通常為八種時態(tài)的 被動形式。以do為例，各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)形式為： l)am/is/are + done(過去分詞)一般現(xiàn)在時 2)has/have been done 現(xiàn)在完成時 3)am/is/are being done 現(xiàn)在進行時 4)was/were done 一般過去時 5)had been done過去完成時 6)was/were being done 過去進行時 7)shall/will be done 一般將來時 8)should/would be done 過去才

15、各來時一般來說，在我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪?，能用主動語態(tài)的時候就盡量不去用被動 語態(tài)。只有在以下情況中我們才用被動語態(tài)：英語里被動語態(tài)的使用似乎比漢語要廣泛。英語的被動語態(tài)常用在以下 的場合：1)當我們不知道動作的執(zhí)行者的時候，如：l.Look!Therez snothing here.Everything has been taken away.2.My car has been moved!2）當我們不必提出動作的執(zhí)行者的時候，如：I was born in 1960.3）當我們強調(diào)或側(cè)重動作的承受者的時候,如：She is liked by everybody.特殊的被動結(jié)構(gòu)1）帶情態(tài)動詞的被動結(jié)

16、構(gòu)：它的1）帶情態(tài)動詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)：它的定句式為情態(tài)動詞+ be +過去分詞。也有個別帶to的情態(tài)動詞例外，如：ought to和have to z它們的被 動結(jié)構(gòu)就只能在不定式中。例如：The debt must be paid off before next month那筆債務必須在下個月前付清。2）帶有兩個賓語的主動語態(tài)變成被動語態(tài)將這種主動態(tài)的句子完成被動態(tài)的句子，可選兩個賓語中的任何一個作 為被動態(tài)句子的主語，而將另一個賓語作為保存賓語寫入被動態(tài)的 句中。但有一點要說明，那就是，如果你選直接賓語作主語，有時 要在被動態(tài)句子的保存賓語前加上合格的介詞。因為這些動詞常有 兩種句式,即：我們

17、可以說give sb.sth.,send sb.sth.,buy sb.sth;我們 也可以說 give sth to sbzsend sth to sb buy sth for sbo 請看下面兩 種情況的.對照：She sent me a novel on my birthday.I was sent a novel on my birthday.A novel was sent to me on my birthday.3）關于帶有復合賓語的主動態(tài)變成被動態(tài)如果將帶有復合賓語（既:賓語+賓語補足語）的主動語態(tài)的句子變成被 動語態(tài)的句子,我們只能選擇原來句子的賓語作被動語態(tài)句子的主語； 而這時，原句里的賓語補足語現(xiàn)在就變成被動語態(tài)句子的主語補足語 了。The story made us laugh.（賓語補足語）We were made to laugh by the story.（主語補足語）4）在使役動詞have , make , get以及感官動詞see , watch , notice , hear , feel , observe等后面不定式作賓語補語時，在主動結(jié)構(gòu)中不定 式to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時，要加to。Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.A stranger w