《初中英語語法》課件

1、中考語法精講 The object clause賓語從句定義：復合句中，放在動詞或介詞后充當賓語的句子叫賓語從句。 1.Could you please tell me if David Smith comes?2.Could you please tell me whether Jane comes or not?3.Could you please tell me who will bring food?4.Could you please tell me what we need to buy?5.Could you please tell me when the party start

2、s?6.Could you please tell me where the party is?7.Could you please tell me how we can get there?8.Could you please tell me which bus we should take?Lets go to the party together, lets have a good time.賓語從句三要素： 一、引導詞 二、語序 三 、時態(tài) 四、if,when引導賓語從句和狀語從句的區(qū)別 五、賓語從句的反意疑問句 六、否定轉移If/whether（是否）的區(qū)別一般情況下，if 和whe

3、ther可以互換，但以下4種情況只能用whether： 在不定式前：Whether to go there or not hasnt been decided. 在介詞前：It depends on(依靠) whether it is going to rain. 與or not連用：They are talking about whether to go there or not. 做主語從句：Whether he is right isnt important. 主語 從句是特殊疑問句, 當主句的主語或賓語與從句主語是一致, 可簡化成: 特殊疑問詞+to do.Can you tell m

4、e how I can get to the nearest post office？Can you tell me how to get to the nearest post office？2：用that, if/whether, how,where,what,.等連接詞填空. 1.I hear_ they will visit our school next week.2.Do you know_ the girl is?3.Could you tell me _I can get to the park?4.We thought _you had never been there be

5、fore .5.Please tell me_ you live.6.Mother asked me _ I had finished my homework.thatwhohowthatwhereif/whether7.Do you know_ she is angry?8.The teacher asked_ your name was. 9.Tom is ten.I want to know _ you are.10.He asked you_ you were a student or not.whywhathow oldwhether二、語序 Does he work hard？I

6、wonder.I wonder if he works hard.或I wonder whether he works hard.When did he leave？I dont know. I dont know when he left.陳述句語序即：連詞主語謂語動詞陳述句變?yōu)橘e語從句，語序不變，即仍用陳述語序。如：He is an honest boy. The teacher said.The teacher said（that）he was an honest boy.一般疑問句和特殊疑問句變?yōu)橘e語從句，語序變?yōu)殛愂稣Z序。如：Whats the matter?(怎么了?)等,在作賓語

7、從句時,語序不變.如: Could you tell me whats the matter? 可以告訴我怎么了嗎?3. 下列賓語叢句的語序是否正確。I think that he will come to China next year.I want to know if he was at home yesterday.Can you tell me where does your mother work?Do you know who can answer the question?Please tell us where is the hospital? your mother wor

8、ks the hospital is三、時態(tài) 如果主句是現(xiàn)在的時態(tài)，從句的時態(tài)可根據(jù)實際情況而定。如：I have heard（that）he _(come) back next week.如果主句是過去的某種時態(tài)，那么從句的時態(tài)一定要用過去的某種時態(tài)。（看主句）如：He said（that）there _(be) no classes yesterday.注意：如果賓語從句表述的是客觀真理、自然現(xiàn)象等時，不管主句是什么時態(tài)，從句都要用一般現(xiàn)在時。如：He said that light travels much faster than sound.We wonder when he _(st

9、art) learning English.He told me he _(can) swim.werecouldstartedwill comeThe teacher asked him what he _(do) at seven.was doingMy friend asked me when I _ (leave) for Beijing. would leave或 was leavingHe told me that he _(be) to Shanghai.had beenCould you tell me how he _(go) to school every day?goes

10、4.時態(tài)練習1 The girls asked if they _ some food and drink with them. A. took B. take C. takes D. will take2 Catherine said that she _ to Guangzhou. A. has never gone B. had never gone C. has never been D. had never been3 Could you tell me whether they_ dictation today. A. had B. has . C. will have D. ar

11、e4 She asked Linda if_ go and get some. A. could she B. she could C. she can D. she may5 Linda said the moon_ round the earth. A. traveled B. has traveled C. travels D. had traveledADCBCCould you tell me+賓語從句？表達的是委婉的語氣，是一般現(xiàn)在時。5.If/when 區(qū)別練習:1. If it _(rain) tomorrow，I wont come. 2. He didnt tell me

12、if it _(rain) tomorrow. 3. I dont know if he _(come) tomorrow. If he_ (come), Ill tell you. 4. When it _ (stop) raining, well go swimming.5. Could you tell me when the film _(start)? Ill leave for a moment. would rainrainswill comecomesstopswill start如果是否是否如果當.的時候什么時候其它問題 did sheI dont think he is s

13、erious,_?is heI believe he can finish it on time, _?cant he否定的轉移： 當主句的謂語動詞是think, believe, guess, suppose等詞 時，其后面的賓語從句的否定應轉移到主句上。如： I dont think he is right. 我認為他不對。附加疑問句（反意疑問句）：1. 一般根據(jù)主句的謂語動詞判斷： 如：She didnt say that he would come here, _? 2.當主句主語為I（我），主句動詞為suppose,believe，think等，則根據(jù)從句判斷，但肯、否定形式根據(jù)主句

14、判斷：標點符號的確定：帶有賓語從句的主從復合句的標點符號取決于主句。主句是 陳述句: 。 He asked me where I went just now. 問句： ？ Do you know when hell be back?練習：將下列各句合并成賓語從句。1.What is his name? I dont know _2.When did you begin to study English? I didnt know _3.It is important to learn English. The teacher said _4.Does he live in that stree

15、t? Could you tell me_what his name is .when you began to study English.it was important to learn English.if he lives in that street. Translate the following sentences.1. 我認為不會下雨 I _ that it _. 2. 我認為你的答案不對. I _your answer right. 我們相信他還沒走？ We _ that he _.賓語從句的否定轉移：如果主句的謂語動詞是 think, believe, guess , s

16、uppose 等，而且主句的主語又是第一人稱時，它后面接的賓語從句的否定詞通常要前移到主句中，即否定主語中的動詞 dont think will raindont thinkisdont believe has gone6.我不知道飛機為什么晚點了.I did nt know_the plane_ _. 7.他問我會議什么時候開始.He asked me _the meeting _ _.8.沒人知道他是什么時候出生的.No one knows _he _ _.9.老師告訴學生們太陽比月亮大The teacher told his students the sun _ _than the mo

17、on.10.我不能肯定他來還是不來.Im not sure _ he _ _ or not. whywas latewhenwould beginwhenwas bornis biggerwhetherwill come1.Could you please tell me if David Smith comes?2.Could you please tell me whether Jane comes or not?3.Could you please tell me who will bring food?4.Could you please tell me what we need to

18、 buy?5.Could you please tell me when the party starts?6.Could you please tell me where the party is?7.Could you please tell me how we can get there?8.Could you please tell me which bus we should take?Lets go to the party together, lets have a good time.賓語從句三要素： 一、引導詞 二、語序 三 、時態(tài) 四、if,when引導賓語從句和狀語從句的

19、區(qū)別 五、賓語從句的反意疑問句 六、否定轉移賓語從句根據(jù)引導詞的不同可分為三種類型：一、引導詞（看從句）從句是陳述句 (口語中常省略）從句是一般疑問句從句是特殊疑問句We know （that）we should learn from each other.Please tell me if/whether you have been to America. that if/whether（是否） wh/how(即特殊疑問詞)Could you please tell me where the restrooms are?引導詞是從句的一個成份，所以用哪個引導 詞，看從句成份是否完整，不完整，

20、一定是特殊疑問句。完整，判斷主句語氣，是疑問語氣，用if/whether; 是肯定語氣，用that. 從句是特殊疑問句, 當主句的主語或賓語與從句主語是一致, 可簡化成: 特殊疑問詞+to do.Can you tell me how I can get to the nearest post office？Can you tell me how to get to the nearest post office？1.填寫合適的引導詞 1 Can you tell me_you were born, Betty? A. who B. what C. when D. that 2 I dont

21、know _ they have passed the exam. A. what B. if C. when D. where 3 I hardly understand. _ he has told me. A. that B. what C. which D. who 4 She didnt know_ back soon. A. whether he would be B. if would he be C. he will be 5. I dont know _ he still lives here after so many years. A. whether B where C

22、. what D. when 6. Do you know _ they listened to yesterday evening? A. what B when C why D how 7. He asked me _told me the accident. A whom B which C who D whose 8. He asked his friend _ to go there or not. A. if B whether C. what D. that CCABBAAB7.Do you know_ she is angry?8.The teacher asked_ your

23、 name was. 9.Tom is ten.I want to know _ you are.10.He asked you_ you were a student or not.whywhathow oldwhether二、語序 Does he work hard？I wonder.I wonder if he works hard.或I wonder whether he works hard.When did he leave？I dont know. I dont know when he left.陳述句語序即：連詞主語謂語動詞陳述句變?yōu)橘e語從句，語序不變，即仍用陳述語序。如：H

24、e is an honest boy. The teacher said.The teacher said（that）he was an honest boy.一般疑問句和特殊疑問句變?yōu)橘e語從句，語序變?yōu)殛愂稣Z序。如：Whats the matter?(怎么了?)等,在作賓語從句時,語序不變.如: Could you tell me whats the matter? 可以告訴我怎么了嗎?3. 下列賓語叢句的語序是否正確。I think that he will come to China next year.I want to know if he was at home yesterday

25、.Can you tell me where does your mother work?Do you know who can answer the question?Please tell us where is the hospital? your mother works the hospital is三、時態(tài) 如果主句是現(xiàn)在的時態(tài)，從句的時態(tài)可根據(jù)實際情況而定。如：I have heard（that）he _(come) back next week.如果主句是過去的某種時態(tài)，那么從句的時態(tài)一定要用過去的某種時態(tài)。（看主句）如：He said（that）there _(be) no

26、classes yesterday.注意：如果賓語從句表述的是客觀真理、自然現(xiàn)象等時，不管主句是什么時態(tài)，從句都要用一般現(xiàn)在時。如：He said that light travels much faster than sound.We wonder when he _(start) learning English.He told me he _(can) swim.werecouldstartedwill comeThe teacher asked him what he _(do) at seven.was doingMy friend asked me when I _ (leave)

27、 for Beijing. would leave或 was leavingHe told me that he _(be) to Shanghai.had beenCould you tell me how he _(go) to school every day?goes4.時態(tài)練習1 The girls asked if they _ some food and drink with them. A. took B. take C. takes D. will take2 Catherine said that she _ to Guangzhou. A. has never gone

28、B. had never gone C. has never been D. had never been3 Could you tell me whether they_ dictation today. A. had B. has . C. will have D. are4 She asked Linda if_ go and get some. A. could she B. she could C. she can D. she may5 Linda said the moon_ round the earth. A. traveled B. has traveled C. trav

29、els D. had traveledADCBCCould you tell me+賓語從句？表達的是委婉的語氣，是一般現(xiàn)在時。四、if,when引導賓語從句和狀語從句的區(qū)別1. 賓語從句: if when 2.狀語從句:條件狀語從句 if時間狀語從句 when 是否什么時候(即特殊疑問詞)如果從句時態(tài)根據(jù)句意而定當時時態(tài): 主句一般將來時/一般現(xiàn)在時/祈使句/含情態(tài)動詞, 從句一般現(xiàn)在時. 主句一般過去時,從句一般過去時.主要從漢語意思去區(qū)別，重點是時態(tài)運用。5.If/when 區(qū)別練習:1. If it _(rain) tomorrow，I wont come. 2. He didnt t

30、ell me if it _(rain) tomorrow. 3. I dont know if he _(come) tomorrow. If he_ (come), Ill tell you. 4. When it _ (stop) raining, well go swimming.5. Could you tell me when the film _(start)? Ill leave for a moment. would rainrainswill comecomesstopswill start如果是否是否如果當.的時候什么時候其它問題 did sheI dont think

31、he is serious,_?is heI believe he can finish it on time, _?cant he否定的轉移： 當主句的謂語動詞是think, believe, guess, suppose等詞 時，其后面的賓語從句的否定應轉移到主句上。如： I dont think he is right. 我認為他不對。附加疑問句（反意疑問句）：1. 一般根據(jù)主句的謂語動詞判斷： 如：She didnt say that he would come here, _? 2.當主句主語為I（我），主句動詞為suppose,believe，think等，則根據(jù)從句判斷，但肯、否

32、定形式根據(jù)主句判斷：標點符號的確定：帶有賓語從句的主從復合句的標點符號取決于主句。主句是 陳述句: 。 He asked me where I went just now. 問句： ？ Do you know when hell be back?賓語從句六注意：一、引導詞 if/whether區(qū)別 特殊疑問句的簡化：疑問詞+to do二、語序 what is the matter?（怎么了？）語序不變三 、時態(tài)如賓語從句表客觀真理或自然現(xiàn)象 ,仍用一般現(xiàn)在時Could you tell me? 四、if,when引導賓語從句和狀語從句的區(qū)別五、反意疑問句 一般看主句Think,believe,

33、suppose,guess等看從句六、否定轉移在think , believe , suppose,imagine等動詞所跟的賓語中，如果從句謂語是否定的，一般要將否定詞not轉移至主句謂語上去，而將從句謂語改為肯定形式。如： I dont think he has time to play with girl. 我認為他沒時間和女孩玩。練習：將下列各句合并成賓語從句。1.What is his name? I dont know _2.When did you begin to study English? I didnt know _3.It is important to learn E

34、nglish. The teacher said _4.Does he live in that street? Could you tell me_what his name is .when you began to study English.it was important to learn English.if he lives in that street. Translate the following sentences.1. 我認為不會下雨 I _ that it _. 2. 我認為你的答案不對. I _your answer right. 我們相信他還沒走？ We _ th

35、at he _.賓語從句的否定轉移：如果主句的謂語動詞是 think, believe, guess , suppose 等，而且主句的主語又是第一人稱時，它后面接的賓語從句的否定詞通常要前移到主句中，即否定主語中的動詞 dont think will raindont thinkisdont believe has gone6.我不知道飛機為什么晚點了.I did nt know_the plane_ _. 7.他問我會議什么時候開始.He asked me _the meeting _ _.8.沒人知道他是什么時候出生的.No one knows _he _ _.9.老師告訴學生們太陽比月

36、亮大The teacher told his students the sun _ _than the moon.10.我不能肯定他來還是不來.Im not sure _ he _ _ or not. whywas latewhenwould beginwhenwas bornis biggerwhetherwill come1.規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞：1)一般情況在動詞原形后加-edwatchwatched2)以不發(fā)音e結尾的加-dpracticepracticed3)以輔音加y結尾的，去y變i加-edstudystudied4)以重讀閉音節(jié)結尾，末尾只有一個輔音字母， 先雙寫該輔音字母，再加-

37、edstopstopped2.不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞：amisarebeenhavehashaddodonewritewrittengogone 部分常見的不規(guī)則動詞： go-went-gone do-did-donehave/has-had-had take-took-taken eat-ate-eaten see-saw-seenspeak-spoke-spoken writewrotewritten singsangsung buildbuiltbuiltgrowgrewgrown makemademade am/is/are-was/were-been sendsentsent 英語的謂

38、語動詞有兩種語態(tài)We speak English.主語謂語賓語English is spoken by us.主語謂語賓語賓變主,主變賓,前加by動變被,看清be, 結構分別be+ pp主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)的基本構成： be+動詞的過去分詞（be+done)He plants trees in spring. 主謂賓(受動者)Treesare plantedbyhim改為被動語態(tài)in spring.主變被解題步驟:1. 找賓語 即動作的承受者They make shoes in that factory. Shoes2. 判斷賓語的單復數(shù) 即be動詞的單復數(shù).arewere3. 判斷動詞的

39、時態(tài) 即be動詞的時態(tài).4. 修改謂語的時態(tài) 即原句動詞改為過去分詞 made5. 修改原句的主語 即by+ 主語/ 賓語. by them. Tom broke the window.The window was broken by Tom. Tom broke the windows.The windows were broken by Tom. He broke the windows.The windows were broken by him. 主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)口訣：賓語提前主語變，原主變賓by后見，時態(tài)人稱be關鍵。Tom will clean the room tomorrow

40、.主謂賓(受動者)The roomwill be cleanedbyTom tomorrow.His brother washes bowls every day.主謂賓(受動者)Bowls are washedbyhis brother every day.1.They make shoes in that factory.主語+及物動詞+賓語Shoes are made (by them) in that factory.變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時：S(主語）+am/is /are +過去分詞一般現(xiàn)在時am/is/are +p.p. We clean the classroom every d

41、ay.The classroom is cleaned by us every day.2. They bought ten computers last term Ten computers were bought (by them) last term.一般過去時：S+was/were +過去分詞He put on a coat.A coat was put on by him.一般過去時was/were+p.p.He made the kite.The kite was made by him.3.They will finish the work in ten days.The wor

42、k will be finished (by them)in ten days.一般將來時：S+ will be+過去分詞一般將來時 shall/will /be going to+ be done They will plant trees tomorrow.Trees will be planted by them tomorrowHe is going to write a letter to his mother.A letter is going to be written to his mother by him.4.Amy can take good care of Gina G

43、ina can be taken good care of by Amy.含有情態(tài)動詞的：S+ can/may/must/should + be+過去分詞含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)can/may/must/should +be +p.p.I can find him.He can be found by me.5.Some workers are painting the rooms nowThe rooms are being painted by some workers now.現(xiàn)在進行時： S+ am/is/are + being +過去分詞6I was doing my homework

44、 at 8:00 last night My homework was being done (by me) at 8:00 last night.過去進行時： S+ was/were+being+過去分詞7We have made twenty more keysTwenty more keys have been made by us.現(xiàn)在完成時： S+ have/has + been+過去分詞現(xiàn)在完成時has /have +been doneJim has finished the work.The work has been finished by Jim. 各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)構成一般

45、現(xiàn)在時：一般過去時：情態(tài)動詞：一般將來時：現(xiàn)在進行時：過去進行時：現(xiàn)在完成時：am/is /are +P.Pwas/were +P.P.can/may/must/should + be+ P.P.will+be+ P.P.am/is/are + being + P.P.was/were+being+ P.P.have/has + been+ P.P. 練習一My mother made the soup.2. Uncle Wang will repair my computer.You must clean your room once a week.The boy broke the win

46、dow.5、The workers are building a new bridge. The soup was made by my mother. My computer will be repaired by Uncle Wang.Your room must be cleaned once a week(by you).The window was broken by the boy.A new bridge is being built(by the workers).被動語態(tài)的用法1. 不知道動作的執(zhí)行者是誰。這塊手表是中國制造的。This watch is made in Ch

47、ina.2. 沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者每年都應該種更多的樹。Many trees should be planted every year.何時使用被動語態(tài)呢？ 3. 需要強調或突出動作的承受者。世界上越來越多的人說漢語。Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world.4. 句子的主語是動作的承受者。許多房屋被沖走了。Many houses were washed away by the flood.5、漢語中含有“被”、“由”等詞時。例如： Tina is asked to come by PaulTina是被Paul叫來的。6、

48、某些句子習慣上用被動語態(tài)。例如： He was born in October，1989 7、漢語中含有“據(jù)說”、“據(jù)悉”、“有人說”、“大家說”等時。例如： It is said that one day he climbed to the top of a house and It was reported that her mother died of SARS.眾所周知 It is well known that 據(jù)推測說 It is supposed that 補充部分1. 主動結構表被動意義open,lock,write,read,sell,wash,cut,burn,drive等

49、詞作不及物動詞時，它們的主語為物，可以用主動語態(tài)表被動意義。 This kind of shirt sells well.2. look,sound,taste,smell等系動詞用主動表被動意義。例： It smells wonderful. Mooncakes taste delicious.3. 在be worth doing中,doing表被動意義。例：This book is worth reading.4. want/need/require+doing =want/need/require+to be done 例：My bike needs repairing. =My bik

50、e needs to be repaired. 我的自行車需要修理。幾種值得注意的被動語態(tài)變化帶復合賓語的被動語態(tài)結構（）make sb. do sth. sb. be made to do sth.Mr Green made Jim do his homework at home.Jim was made to do his homework by Mr Green at home.watch let havehear see noticeto.be(2) see sb. doing sth. sb. be seen doing sth.I saw him playing football

51、at that moment.He was seen playing football at that moment.hear / watch /.We often hear them sing this song.They are often heard to sing this song (by us).This song is often heard (by us) to be sung (by them).Bob sent Kate a letter last year.=Kate was sent a letter by Bob last year.=A letter was sen

52、t to Kate by Bob last year.tell ask bring write give teach pass lendto sb.He told Jim a story.Mum made me a new dress.I was made a new dress by Mum.A new dress was made for me by Mum.make buy drawfor sb.I bought my brother a book. 練習二1. My parents bought me a bike.2. Have they paid you the money? 3.

53、 He is telling us a funny story. 4. Jack gave Jim a present. I was bought a bike by my parents.A bike was bought for me by my parents.Have you been paid the money?B. Has the money been paid to you?We are being told a funny story. A funny story is being told to us.Jim was given a present by Jack.A pr

54、esent was given to Jim by Jack.1.People use knives for cutting things.Knives _ _ for cutting things.2.The students clean the windows of their classroom twice a month.The windows of their classroom_ _ twice a month. are usedarecleaned(變被動語態(tài)）七嘴八舌3.I found the ticket on the floor._ _ _ _ on the floor.4

55、.I told her to return the book in time.She _ _ to return the book in time.The ticket was found was told3. We found the ticket on the floor .5. Last year we built a library in ourschool.A library _ _ in our school last year.6.Now people can use computers to help them.Now computers _ _ _ to help them.

56、 was built can be used7. Did you plant many trees at this time last year?_ _ _ _ at this time last time?8.Must we finish our work today?_ our work_ _ today?Were many trees plantedMust be finished9. The foreign friends gave us some wonderful stamps.1) _ _ _ some wonderful stamps.2) Some wonderful sta

57、mps _ _ _ _. we were given were given to us10.The teacher asked Tom to turn on the computer.Tom _ _ to turn on the computer.11.In this factory women do most of the work. Most of the work _ _ by women in this factory. was asked is done12.He can mend the bike in two days.The bike _ _ _ in two days.13.

58、You must take this medicine three times a day.This medicine _ _ _ three times a day. can be mended must be taken課堂練習（一）改寫句子1. We plant trees in spring every year. _ by us in spring every year.2. She posted the letter yesterday. _ by her yesterday.3. Mr Turner gave me a birthday present. _a birthday

59、present by Mr Turner.5. You may hand in your homework tomorrow. _ by you tomorrow.6. She is going to write a letter. _ by her.Trees are plantedThe letter was postedI was givenYour homework may be handed inA letter is going to be written(二)用所給動詞的正確形式填空： 1) The bike _(fix) up by Xiao Ming yesterday. 2

60、) Sunglasses _ (use) for protecting peoples eyes. 3) A picture _(put) up on the blackboard. 4) French_ (speak) in France. 5) Teenagers should _(allow) to choose their own clothes.was fixedare usedis putis spokenbe allowed1. If city noises _ from increasing，people _ shout to be heard even at dinner A