杜邦離子膜培訓(xùn)資料200906課件

1、DuPont NafionPRESENTATION TO 離子膜電解技術(shù)介紹1Table of Contents 目 錄AIntroduction 介紹BMembrane Handling and Treatment 離子膜的處理DElectrolyzer Operation 電解槽的操作EEffect of Operating Conditions on Performance 操作情況對(duì)性能的影響E1 Caustic Impurities 堿液純度FEffect of Impurities on Performance 雜質(zhì)對(duì)性能的影響F1 Cationic and Organic Bri

2、ne Impurity Effects 陽(yáng)離子及有機(jī)物的影響F2 Anionic Brine Impurity Effects 鹽水中陰離子雜質(zhì)的影響GNafion Technical Service Nafion的技術(shù)服務(wù)HDuPont Nafion Contacts 及杜邦的聯(lián)系方法2A. Introduction介紹Cellroom Safety Aspects電解區(qū)域的安全知識(shí)Definitions定義Membrane Electrolysis離子膜電解3Cellroom Safety Aspects電解區(qū)域的安全知識(shí)4General Cellroom Safety 電解區(qū)域一般安全知

3、識(shí)Understand them (education by training, reading, etc.)理解它們(經(jīng)過培訓(xùn),閱讀有關(guān)資料等)Wear the prescribed personal protective equipment (PPE)穿戴個(gè)人防護(hù)裝備Test your dielectric safety wear daily每天檢測(cè)絕緣安全裝置Follow written procedures strictly (i.e. no shortcuts)嚴(yán)格遵守操作程序（即不貪圖簡(jiǎn)便）Take your time and think about things no rushi

4、ng用一些時(shí)間來(lái)思考不要太急Restrict access (i.e. keep people who dont belong there out)Those with pace makers, etc.限制進(jìn)入（無(wú)關(guān)人員免進(jìn)），進(jìn)入有人引路How Can you Minimize the Hazards? 怎樣才能減少危險(xiǎn)?6General Cellroom Safety 電解區(qū)域一般安全知識(shí)Be aware of your body positioning when performing tasks to avoid bypassing your protection工作時(shí)要了解自己身體的

5、位置, 以免繞開個(gè)人防護(hù)裝置.Assume that fixed insulators are being bypassed首先要假定固定的絕緣裝不起作用.When up on the distributor bus taking voltage measurements, avoid contacting the two adjacent dense parks at the same time當(dāng)站在電流分布排上測(cè)電壓時(shí),要避免同時(shí)接觸兩個(gè)相鄰的單元組.Avoid walking underneath the electrolyzers避免在電槽下面工作.Take care when usi

6、ng water用水時(shí)要當(dāng)心.Perspiration (sweat) decreases your bodys electrical resistance, so stay dry.汗會(huì)減小身體的電阻, 因此要保持干燥.There is Lethal Potential 這是一個(gè)可致命的電壓 20,000 mg/kg低的口服毒性 - LD50 20,000 mg/kgNot a skin irritant對(duì)皮膚無(wú)刺激作用Nonflammable in air在空氣中不燃燒Thermal degradation products are toxic - use local ventilatio

7、n for handling over 150 (e.g., heat sealing) 受熱后的反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物有毒，在超過150下處理時(shí)要安裝通風(fēng)裝置（即：加熱補(bǔ)膜時(shí)）Read “Handling and Storage of DuPont Nafion Perfluoronated Membranes”閱讀“杜邦Nafion離子膜處理及貯存”手冊(cè)19Definitions定義20What is Nafion Membrane? 什么是Nafion離子膜Nafion is a thin, ion selective, reinforced sheet of perfluoronated polym

8、er designed to transport Sodium (or Potassium) and Water while blocking Chlorine and Hydroxide ions.Nafion 離子膜是一種很薄的、離子選擇性的、經(jīng)過加強(qiáng)的氟聚合物薄片，用于傳輸鈉離子（或鉀離子），卻能阻止氯、氫通過。Nafion is used as a separator in an electrolytic cell to produce Chlorine, Caustic Soda, and Hydrogen離子膜在電解槽中起分離作用，以生產(chǎn)氯、燒堿和氫。21NAFION Membra

9、ne Structure/FunctionNAFION離子膜結(jié)構(gòu)功能Perfluorinated IonomersSulfonic (Low Resistance)磺酸層(低電阻)Carboxylic(High Ion Transport Selectivity)Fabric(Tear Resistance)Surface Modification(H2 Gas Release)Surface Modification(Cl2 Gas Release)Anode SideCathode Side羧酸層(高的離子傳導(dǎo)選擇性)表面改進(jìn)，以便氯氣釋放增強(qiáng)纖維，抗撕裂陽(yáng)極側(cè)陰極側(cè)表面改進(jìn)，以便氫氣釋放

10、22Definitions 定義kA=Kiloamperes of the cellroom circuit電解回路電流 (千安培)m2=Total square meters of active anode area per electrolyzer每臺(tái)電解槽總的活性陽(yáng)極面積 (平方米)C.D.=Current Density in kA/m2 per electrolyzer每臺(tái)電解槽的電流密度 (kA/m2)23Cell Voltage 電槽電壓The voltage reading from one anode structure to the corresponding cathod

11、e. This voltage includes:槽電壓是一片陽(yáng)極到與其相應(yīng)的陰極間的電壓。它包括：The Reaction Voltage反應(yīng)電壓Structural IR Drop結(jié)構(gòu)電阻電壓Membrane IR Drop離子膜電阻電壓Electrolyte IR Drop電解液的電阻電壓Anode Overvoltage陽(yáng)極過電位Cathode Overvoltage陰極過電位24Electrolyzer Voltage Bipolar 槽電壓 復(fù)極槽For bipolar electrolyzers, it is the voltage reading taken across on

12、e electrolyzer from the (+) bus to the (-) bus. This voltage is the sum of all Cell Voltages within a bipolar electrolyzer, and it includes all of the external IR voltages associated with this electrolyzer.對(duì)于復(fù)極槽，電壓的測(cè)量是從電槽一端的正極銅排到另一端的負(fù)極銅排。該電壓是復(fù)極槽內(nèi)所有單元槽電壓的總和，它包括與該電槽有關(guān)的所有外部電阻電壓降。Cell voltage is the vol

13、tage taken across one Anode/Cathode.單元槽電壓的測(cè)量是從同一個(gè)單元槽的陽(yáng)極到陰極26Current Efficiency 電流效率Current efficiency is defined as the amount of a product actually produced compared to the amount of product theoretically produced, based on the amount of direct current electrical energy input.電流效率是指在一定的電能輸入的情況下，實(shí)際產(chǎn)

14、量與理論產(chǎn)量的比。Caustic Current Efficiency燒堿電流效率Chlorine Current Efficiency氯氣電流效率27Membrane Electrolysis離子膜電解29Membrane Type Chlor-Alkali Electrolytic Cell電子膜電解槽氯氣氫氣燒堿陰極室陽(yáng)極室淡鹽水進(jìn)槽鹽水(NaCl)進(jìn)槽堿液(NaOH)30How Does the Membrane Work? 離子膜是怎樣工作的?The membranes are CATION exchange membranes having functional groups wh

15、ich are negatively charged. Cations and polar molecules move freely through the membrane under the influence of electric fields, concentrations, temperatures, and other gradients.離子膜可進(jìn)行陽(yáng)離子交換，它含有帶負(fù)電荷的功能團(tuán)。在電場(chǎng)力、濃度、溫度及濃度差的作用下，陽(yáng)離子和兩性離子可以自由地穿過膜。Anions are repelled by the membrane because of its fixed nega

16、tive charges. This is the fundamental reason that the membrane can transport cations with little resistance, and offer a nearly impassable barrier to anions.膜拒絕陰離子因其帶有負(fù)電荷。這就是膜可自由地傳送陽(yáng)離子卻拒絕陰離子的工作原理。Neutral species, such as water, are not repelled by the membrane and can be carried through the membrane

17、 along with cations.膜不傳送水一類的中性粒子，但水可伴隨著陽(yáng)離子一起通過。Sodium ions (Na+) are cations, so theyre electrically attracted to the negative cathode. Being cations, they pass freely through the membrane from the anode side to the cathode side, carrying with them current and water.鈉離子是陽(yáng)離性,在電場(chǎng)作用下移向陰極。作為陽(yáng)離子它們可穿過膜到陰極

18、并帶有水分子。Hydroxide ions (OH-) are anions, so theyre repelled by the membrane They really want to go to the anode because its positive, and opposites attract. But the membrane wont let them. The efficiency of the membrane to reject the hydroxide ions is called “current efficiency”.氫氧根是陰離子了，所以它不能通過膜。它們應(yīng)

19、移向陽(yáng)極因其負(fù)電性，異性相吸，但膜不允許它們通過。離子膜拒絕氫氧根離子的能力被稱為“電流效率”。31Membrane Cross Section 離子膜斷面磺酸層羧酸層陰極室陽(yáng)極室低電壓低效率高電壓高效率雜質(zhì)沉積會(huì)導(dǎo)致電壓上升雜質(zhì)沉積會(huì)導(dǎo)致效率下降32Inefficiency By-Products 無(wú)效的副產(chǎn)品陽(yáng)極室陰極室離子膜33Membrane Cross Section陽(yáng)極室陰極室進(jìn)槽鹽水中的OH- 離子磺酸層羧酸層34Membrane Pinhole 膜的針孔陽(yáng)極室陰極室注: 從膜小孔中穿過的堿會(huì)損壞陽(yáng)極涂層及陽(yáng)極鈦基體大的孔甚至?xí)寶錃獯┻^而進(jìn)入陽(yáng)極室.35Current Effi

20、ciency Change with Time Example電流效率隨時(shí)間變化的實(shí)例CETime時(shí)間電流效率36As Current Efficiency Drops the Inefficiency By-Products Increase隨著電流效率的下降, 無(wú)效的副產(chǎn)品量會(huì)增加TimeO2ClO3HOClCurrent Efficiency電流效率時(shí)間37Effects of Membrane Damage 離子膜損壞的影響Occurrence of Membrane Damage有離子膜損壞發(fā)生Time時(shí)間O2ClO3HOClCurrentEfficiencyConcentratio

21、n濃度電流效率38Acid Addition to Feed Brine 酸性鹽水進(jìn)槽離子膜陰極室陽(yáng)極室進(jìn)槽鹽水39Acid Addition to Feed Brine 酸性鹽水進(jìn)槽酸性鹽水進(jìn)槽40TYPICAL MEMBRANEELECTROLYSIS PROCESSSCHEMATICPrimary BrineTreatmentSecondaryFiltrationIon ExchangeBrineTreatmentSaturationSalt StorageUltra-PureBrine StorageHydrogento ProcessingCl2 Gasto Processing30

22、-35%NaOHCausticCirculationBrineDechlorinationChlorineBrineSeparationCell RoomandRenewalRectifierHClVentNaOHHClDIH2ONaOHNa2CO3 FlocculantProcessH2 OCl2SulfateControlNaOHNa2 SO3 Cl2H2 0H2 0H2 0NaOHH2NaOHNaClCl2Cl2HClH2D.I.H2041Membrane Handling and Treatment離子膜的處理42Membrane Handling & Treatment 離子膜的處理

23、Shipment運(yùn)輸Storage貯存Handling處理Installation安裝Removal移動(dòng)Membrane Repair / Leak Test離子膜的修理及試漏Heat Sealing熱修補(bǔ)Re-expansion重?cái)U(kuò)展43Shipment of NAFION Membranes 離子膜的運(yùn)輸Individual Membranes Marked 單張膜的標(biāo)識(shí)Membrane Type型號(hào)Membrane ID Number系列號(hào)Cathode Side陰極側(cè)Machine Direction (MD)機(jī)械方向Shipped rolled on a plastic core i

24、nside plastic tube. 運(yùn)輸時(shí)卷在塑料筒中Tubes are ALWAYS shipped in horizontal position.塑料筒在運(yùn)輸時(shí)要保持水平狀態(tài)44Shipment of TX/WX NAFION Membranes離子膜的運(yùn)輸Individual membranes marked單張膜的標(biāo)識(shí)Membrane type膜的型號(hào)Form (TX/WX)類型（TX）Membrane ID number膜的系列號(hào)Cathode side (CATH)陰極側(cè)Rolled on 76mm core卷在76mm的筒中Wrapped in polyethylene fi

25、lm 用聚乙烯薄膜包裹Inserted in sealed plastic tube 裝在密封的塑料筒中45Product Identification TX/WX Membranes產(chǎn)品識(shí)別N2010 TX CATH 5996600012N2010TX CATH 5996600012N2010TX CATH BATCH: 05031234 ID: 10001OR46TX/WX Sealed Inside PackageTX/WX 膜內(nèi)部密封包裝47TX/WX Inside Shipping Box運(yùn)輸箱中的TX/WX膜48TX Shipping Within The United State

26、sTX膜的運(yùn)輸 在美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)49TX/WX Shipping Box For Export Outside USATX/WX 膜運(yùn)輸盒 用于美國(guó)以外的地區(qū)50Pre-Expanded Membranes膜的預(yù)擴(kuò)張Na+ Form Na+ 型Pre-expanded Form (TX/WX)預(yù)擴(kuò)展型 （TX/WX）TX membranes have a textured appearanceTX膜外觀比較粗糙Ready for assembly as received WX - No inspection, pretreatment, DI water or NaOH rinse required

27、 before assembly收到后即可使用(使用前無(wú)須檢查、預(yù)處理、純水或堿液洗滌)。51Membrane Storage離子膜的貯存Objective: Assure Membranes Are in Excellent Condition Use目標(biāo)：保證膜在及好的條件下使用Store in Original Shipping Package保存在原始的運(yùn)輸包裝中Store with Tubes in Horizontal Position保持塑料筒水平狀態(tài)Maintain Package Seal Until Use使用之前保持包裝筒密封Avoid Temperature Extre

28、mes避免極端溫度Store Unprotected存放在沒有防護(hù)的情況下Stand Shipping Tubes Up on End將包裝筒堅(jiān)放Store in Direct Sunlight.存放在日光直接照射下Do 要做Do Not 不要做Nafion Membranes Have a Long Shelf Life When Stored Under Proper Conditions如果保持得當(dāng)， Nafion 離子膜可以存放很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。52Ways Membranes Can Be Damaged可造成離子膜損壞的途徑Mechanical機(jī)械損壞Puncture, Abrasion,

29、Irreversible Cut and/or Tear(Patching Possible)刺破，磨損，不可恢復(fù)切削撕裂(可以修補(bǔ))Chemical化學(xué)損壞Operating Conditions Reversible or Irreversible操作條件可逆轉(zhuǎn)或不逆轉(zhuǎn)Process Impurities Mostly Irreversible 生產(chǎn)過程中的雜質(zhì) 大多不可逆轉(zhuǎn) Type of Damage 損壞形式Effect 結(jié)果53Handling General Guidelines 操作的一般指導(dǎo)Objective: Prevent Mechanical Damage that c

30、an Cause Leaks目標(biāo)：防止可導(dǎo)致膜泄漏的機(jī)械損壞Inspect all surfaces that membranes will contact檢查所有膜將要接觸的表面Train personnel in importance of proper handling培訓(xùn)操作人員正確操作Scratch membrane surfaces刮膜的表面Fold, Hang, Stretch membranes折、懸掛、拉伸膜Bring membranes into contact with sharp objects讓膜與鋒利的東西接觸Drag membranes over surface在

31、面上拉動(dòng)膜All membranes are carefully checked for leaks by DuPont prior to shipment在發(fā)貨之前，杜邦公司對(duì)所有膜都進(jìn)行過泄漏檢查。Do 要做Do Not 不要做54Types of Mechanical Damage 機(jī)械損傷的類型 Exposed screws or nails Recess all screws and nails露頭的螺絲或指甲修平螺絲或指甲Pens or pencilsMark only with wide tip felt pen鋼筆或鉛筆用寬筆尖的氈筆Long fingernailsTrim f

32、ingernails or wear gloves長(zhǎng)指甲Do not touch active area 修理或戴手套，不接觸活性區(qū)Folds or creasesLay flat and support uniformly折疊或折縫放平且支撐均勻Drag membranesAvoid contact with objectsover surfaceLift to clean height在表面上拉動(dòng)膜 避免與物體接觸，抬高移動(dòng) Problem 問題 Solution 解決方法55Effect of Mechanical Damage機(jī)械損傷的后果Elevate H2 in Cl2 Safet

33、y氯內(nèi)含氫升高安全問題Lower CE Cost電流效率下降消耗增加Elevate CI- & ClO3- in NaOH Quality堿中CI- 和 ClO3- 含量升高質(zhì)量問題Corrode Equipment / Anodes Cost腐蝕設(shè)備陽(yáng)極成本增加NegativelyHoles Can: Affects膜孔會(huì)造成 負(fù)面影響56Installation Flow Chart for Nafion Membrane型離子膜安裝流程Shipment運(yùn)輸Storage貯存Hydro Test & DEG Removal(TX Only)水壓試驗(yàn)及除二甘醇Install in Circu

34、it 安裝到回路Start-Up開車Operation操作Shutdown停車Removal拆除Disposal處理Leak Test試漏Heat Seal修補(bǔ)Leak Test試漏Hot AlkalineWaterRe-Expansion用的熱堿液重?cái)U(kuò)展ElectrolyzerAssembly 裝槽Alkaline WaterWX/PW OnlyAlkaline WaterBath (WX/PW)57Special Note特別注意Once TX membranes are wetted, treat the same as standard membranes.一旦TX型離子膜濕了以后，就

35、要象對(duì)待標(biāo)準(zhǔn)膜一樣對(duì)待。Keep moist保持潮濕Expand in standard hot alkaline H2O (pH 10-11) treatment prior to reinstallation安裝之前熱的堿性水(pH 10-11)中擴(kuò)展。58Typical Effect of Humidity on Membrane Dimensions濕度對(duì)膜尺寸的典型影響N982TXN2010TX020304060508070902.04.0Relative Humidity (RH%) 相對(duì)濕度Areas ofAcceptableRelative Humidity可以接受的濕度區(qū)域A

36、ssembly atthese conditions may result in Membrane Wrinkle Formation在這樣的情況下安裝，有可能造成膜變皺。% Expansion擴(kuò)展% Shrinkage收縮Possible Curling可能造成卷曲Note: This chart applies to re-installation of used membrane. However, TX membranes may curlif RH exceeds 70%.本圖表適用于舊膜的重新安裝但如果相對(duì)濕度超過70%, TX膜也會(huì)卷曲59Membrane DEG Removal

37、 & Hydro-test Solution離子膜中的二甘醇的去除和水測(cè)試溶液Neutral pH to 2.0 wt% NaOH in Anode and Cathode Chambers陰陽(yáng)極室都可用中性至2.0 wt% NaOH 溶液4 ppm Total Hardness (Ca + Mg)總硬度(Ca + Mg)小于4ppm。Ambient Temperature (18 - 30oC)環(huán)境溫度：(18 - 30oC)60Hydro-test and DEG (Diethylene Glycol) Removal水測(cè)試及DEG(二甘醇)的去除Fill both chambers of

38、 assembled electrolyzer per Technology Sellers Leak Test procedure按照的水壓測(cè)試程序，將安裝好的電槽兩側(cè)都有充滿液體。Remove solutions from both anode and cathode frames (contains DEG which must be removed to prevent foaming).排掉陰陽(yáng)兩極的溶液（所含的二甘醇一定要清除，以免產(chǎn)生泡沫）。Dispose of DEG-containing solutions per plant procedures按照工廠的程序，處理含二甘醇

39、的溶液。61Membrane Repair / Leak Test 離子膜的修理/試漏Membrane leak test fixture used to locate pinholes膜試漏設(shè)備由于找到膜上的小孔。Mark area to be repaired with grease pen用記號(hào)筆標(biāo)出要補(bǔ)的位置Clean area to be repaired with acetone用丙酮清理要修補(bǔ)的區(qū)域Follow Technology Sellers membrane heat seal procedure按照-的膜修補(bǔ)程序Repeat membrane leak test fol

40、lowing repairs (test both sides)修補(bǔ)后再試漏（測(cè)試膜的二側(cè)）62Heat Sealing 熱補(bǔ)To seal NAFION, one of two surfaces must be in the H+ form要修補(bǔ)NAFION 膜，膜的一側(cè)必須是氫型。For patching, Nafion N117 or N324 is recommended.推薦使用Nafion N117 或 N324補(bǔ)膜。 MembraneAnode Surface陽(yáng)極面Cathode 陰極面Surface(Patch Material)Cathode Surface陰極面Hole小孔

41、離子膜補(bǔ)膜材料63Heat Sealing 補(bǔ)膜For patches in gasket area, remove release agent first.如果要補(bǔ)墊片區(qū)域，先要除去殘留油脂Silicone can be removed with acetone丙酮可除去硅脂Patch can be made using combination of heat, pressure and time. Follow Technology Sellers membrane repair procedure.補(bǔ)膜可用加熱、壓緊并保持一定時(shí)間的方法。詳見補(bǔ)膜程序。64Treatment of NAF

42、ION Membranes 離子膜的處理Membrane Dimensions Change with:離子膜的尺寸隨著下列因素而改變：Water Content (Humidity)水含量（濕度）Membrane Form (TX or Na+)離子膜的形態(tài)（TX型或Na+型）Temperature溫度Membrane Type離子膜的類型Soak Water Requirements for Re-Use of TX Membranes浸泡使用過的TX膜對(duì)水的要求：Hot Alkaline (pH 10-12, 70 degC +/-5)熱的堿性水(pH 10-12, 溫度70 +/-5)

43、DI or Soft Water with 4 ppm hardness (Ca+ Mg+)無(wú)離子水或軟水，總硬度(Ca+ Mg+) 2)陽(yáng)極側(cè)進(jìn)鹽水, 濃度為270-305 g/l NaCl, pH2.74Temperature and Caustic Strength Interaction at Start-Up開車期間溫度和堿濃度的影響Low temperature and/or high % NaOH at start-up can permanently lower CE在開車期間低的溫度和/或高的堿濃度會(huì)造成電流效率的永久下降.Effect greatest at 3 kA/m2

44、在3 kA/m2以上時(shí)影響尤其大.A combination of high temperature and moderate caustic concentration is recommended for start-up (low resistivity - high conductivity)推薦在開車期間采用高的溫度和適當(dāng)堿液濃度(低電阻 高傳導(dǎo)率)75General Operating Variables常規(guī)操作變量 NaCl concentration NaClO3 pH Temperature NaOH concentration Temperature Cl- concent

45、ration Chloride content 氯含可量 Other impurities 其它雜質(zhì) Temperature 溫度 Current 電流 Voltage 電壓 Current efficiency 電流效率 Differential Pressure (d/p) 壓差 NaCl concentration NaCl 濃度 pH Impurities 雜質(zhì) Temperature 溫度Feed CausticDI H2 OCatholyteFeed BrineAnolyteMembraneNa+Cl-OH-Cl2H2H2OH O2Cl-陽(yáng)極液陰極液進(jìn)槽鹽水進(jìn)槽堿液純水76Effe

46、ct of Startup Temperature and Caustic Concentration on Current Efficiency開車溫度和堿液濃度對(duì)電流效率的影響Instantaneous S/U of an Individual Electrolyzer Should be in Preferred Zone and CD of 3kA/m2單臺(tái)電槽開車應(yīng)保持在最佳區(qū)域內(nèi),并使電流密度小于3kA/m224 25 26 27 28 29 3 0 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40100 90 80 70 60 50Allowed S/U允許范圍S/U

47、Preferred最佳區(qū)域Temperature (oC)Caustic Concentration (%NaOH)堿液濃度Area of Reduced Current Efficiency該區(qū)域會(huì)降低電流效率溫度77Initial Operation 首次開車Maintain preferred concentrations維持最佳的濃度28-32% NaOH catholyte for initial 48 hours48小時(shí)內(nèi)保持陰極濃度在28-32% 30-33% NaOH after 48 hours 48小時(shí)后保持陰極濃度在30-32% 190-230 gpl NaCl anol

48、yte - avoid low concentrations (170 gpl) in any electrolyzer陽(yáng)極液濃度保持在190-230 gpl NaCl, 避免任何槽出現(xiàn)低濃度(170 gpl) 2保持陽(yáng)極液pH 2 78Conductivity of Carboxylate Polymer羧酸層的導(dǎo)電性Conductivity x 105導(dǎo)電率 X 105(-1 cm-1)90 oC72 oC52 oC% NaOH79Sodium Diffusion Through Carboxylate Polymer鈉離子擴(kuò)散穿過羧酸層Diffusion擴(kuò)散(cm2 sec-1)90 o

49、C80 oC70 oC% NaOH80Nafion Membrane ResistivityNafion 離子膜的電阻率Resistivity電阻率( cm2)Temp oC溫度35 %NaOH, 300 gpl NaClKnee in Curve Occurs Here曲線的拐點(diǎn)在這里81Nafion Membrane ResistivityNafion離子膜的電阻率Resistivity電阻率( cm2) 溫度 Temp oC35 %NaOH, 300 gpl NaCl30 %NaOH, 300 gpl NaCl25 %NaOH, 300 gpl NaCl82Void Area Locat

50、ion 無(wú)效區(qū)域的位置 磺酸層羧酸層無(wú)效區(qū)域的位置一般要放大30倍83Void Appearance, Location & Cause 無(wú)產(chǎn)區(qū)的外觀、位置及原因Void damageVoids typically appear as a “frothy” area of a membrane, usually close to the cathode surface.無(wú)效區(qū)一般出現(xiàn)在膜的“起泡”區(qū)，通?？拷帢O面。Voids are always caused by low conductivity operation, including low temperature, high cau

51、stic strength, over-acidification, poor current distribution, etc.無(wú)效區(qū)一般由低傳導(dǎo)性引起，包括低溫、高堿濃度、過酸及電流分布不均等。84Steady State Operating VariablesHigh Performance Nafion Membranes高性能膜穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)的操作變量200,000 ohm-cmTemperature 溫度Anolyte NaCl陽(yáng)極液Feed NaCl進(jìn)槽鹽水Cl2H2Na+H2OCl-Cl-OHH2O-Catholyte陰極液Feed NaOH進(jìn)槽堿DI H2O28-33% NaOH

52、80-95 CMembrane 膜190-230 gplpH 280-95 CImpurities 雜質(zhì)Chlorine 氯氣pH 1.5Temperature 溫度80-95o C1.5-6 kA/m2Positive P 正壓差 (catholyte-anolyte)Reverse current 反向電流85Recommended Operating Conditions and Monitoring Frequency推薦的操作條件及監(jiān)測(cè)頻率1-2 See Nafion Users Guide1-2 參看離子膜的用戶指導(dǎo)手冊(cè)86Recommended Operating Conditi

53、ons and Monitoring Frequency - continued推薦的操作條件及監(jiān)測(cè)頻率 續(xù)2-9 See Nafion Users Guide2-9 參看離子膜的用戶指導(dǎo)手冊(cè)87Recommended Operating Conditions and Monitoring Frequency - continued推薦的操作條件及監(jiān)測(cè)頻率 續(xù)10-11 See Nafion Users Guide10-11參看離子膜的用戶指導(dǎo)手冊(cè)88Shutdown 停車Shut off current 停直流電Maintain positive pressure H2 system 保持氫

54、系統(tǒng)正壓Maintain brine feed and feed caustic flows 繼續(xù)進(jìn)堿及鹽水Maintain membrane against anode 保持膜靠近陽(yáng)極側(cè)H2 header pressure Cl2 氫氣壓力大于氯氣壓力Avoid pressure fluctuations 避免壓力波動(dòng)Purge active Cl2 from anode chamber 排凈系統(tǒng)中的游離氯Prevent Cl2 migration back into the anode 防止氯氣倒回陽(yáng)極Stop acid flow before shutting off current 斷

55、電之前停止加酸Prevent membrane damage from pH 2鹽水pH2Maintain 28-32% catholyte保持陰極液濃度在28-32% Verify gpl NaCl in brine system 270 (240 gpl for KCl)確認(rèn)鹽水濃度 270 g/l NaCl(240 g/l KCl)95Initial “New” Plant / “New” Membrane Startup Conditionsfor Nafion Membranes in Electrolyzers新裝置新膜的開車條件Catholyte NaOH Concentrati

56、on, WT.%陰極液堿濃度Electrolyzer Catholyte Temperature oC電槽陰極液溫度100908070605040201020 25 30 35 40 20 25 30 35 40 10090807060504030103020PossibleBlisterDamage可能產(chǎn)生水泡Possible IrreversibleVoid Damage(Low Conductivity)可能造成不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的損壞（低傳導(dǎo)性）PreferredStartup 最佳Allowed Startup允許開車區(qū)域96Blister Formation 水泡的形成Anode Layer

57、陽(yáng)極層Reinforcement加強(qiáng)層Cathode Layer陰極層Normal正常Blistered有水泡97Recommended Operating Conditions推薦的操作條件for Nafion Membranes in ElectrolyzersB Preferred Operating Zone for up to 6.0 kA/m2 首選的操作區(qū)域 直到6.0 kA/m2 B1 Allowed Operating Zone for 1.5 - 4.0 kA/m2 允許的操作區(qū)域1.5 - 4.0 kA/m2 B2 Allowed Operating Zone for 1

58、.5 - 2.0 kA/m2 允許的操作區(qū)域1.5 - 2.0 kA/m2 100908070605040201020 25 30 35 40 20 25 30 35 40 10090807060504030103020Electrolyzer Catholyte Temperature oC電槽陰極液溫度Catholyte NaOH Concentration, 陰極液濃度 WT.%PossibleBlisterDamage可能產(chǎn)生水泡Possible IrreversibleVoid Damage(Low Conductivity)可能造成不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的損壞（低傳導(dǎo)性）ReducedC.E.B

59、B2B198Shutdown Conditions for Nafion Membranes in Electrolyzers Nafion離子膜運(yùn)用于電槽時(shí)的停車條件100908070605040201020 25 30 35 40 20 25 30 35 40 10090807060504030103020Typical Short TermShutdown Zone(e.g. 2 hrs.)Allowed Shutdown BoxTypical Medium TermShutdown Zone(e.g. 24 hrs.)Catholyte NaOH Concentration, WT%陰

60、極液NaOH濃度，wt%Electrolyzer Catholyte Temperature oC電解槽陰極液溫度Possible BlisterDamage可能產(chǎn)生水泡PossibleWrinkleFormation99“Used” Membrane Re-Startup Conditions “舊膜”重新開車條件“for Nafion Membranes in ElectrolyzersElectrolyzer Catholyte Temperature oC電槽陰極液溫度100908070605040201020 25 30 35 40 20 25 30 35 40 1009080706