會(huì)話原則下的文化因素

1、會(huì)話原那么下的文化因素abstrat:therearesenversatinalpriniplesneessaryfrasuessfulnversatin.neistheperativeprinipleffuraxis.vilatinganynefthefuraxisillgiverisetnversatinalipliatures;thetheristheplitenesspriniple,prpsedtresuetheperativepriniple.tdrapragatiipliatinsfrthevilatinftheperativeprinipleisfndifferenebetee

2、ntheestandtheeast.hataredifferentliesinpepleshieftheaxisftheperativeprinipleandthisisduetdifferentulturalbakgrund.hinese-styledplitenessisharaterizedbyfuraspets:respetfulness,desty,attitudinalarthandrefineent.language,asaspeialfrfuniatin,aybevieedasasyste,asavehilefrulturaltransissin.itdesntexistapa

3、rtfrulture.thus,languageandulturalareinterativeandunderstandingfnerequiresunderstandingfthether.tbetterahievetheuniativegal,itisneessarythsetheappreiateayfexpressinunderertainirustanesandulturalfatrsplaysaniprtantrleinusinglanguageeffetively.keyrds:ulturaldifferene;nversatinalpriniples;perativeprini

4、ple;plitenesspriniplefeareasfpeplesexperienearelserttherrentinuuslyiththethantheirlanguagetheyhavetuniatebyspeaking,listening,heursefuniatin,itisndubtthatspeehenjysprirityntnlybeauseitpreedesritingintersfevlutin,butalargeauntfuniatinisarriedutinnversatinasell.anidea

5、lnversatinisusuallyassuedtbearriedutby“turn-takingandthustheeaningsftheutteraneareexpressedardingly.hever,therealintentinsfthespeakersanntalaysbedranbysiplyinterpretingthesurfaeeaningsftherdsintheutterane,frpepleftentendteanreinarundabutaythanhattheyatuallysay.letsfirstlkatanexaplehihtkplaentheapusa

6、tnn:devin:hattieisit?jakie:thestudentsaregingtthedininghall.here,jakiesanserdesntseetakesensenthefaefit,butitisstillanadequateanserfrdevin,beausethepartiularntextsfthisnversatininludethefatthatthestudentsusuallyhavelunhatabut11:30intheuniversityanddevinisaarefthis.itispssiblefrdevintrkutthetiebyinte

7、rpretingrguessinghatjakiesaysandtheresheknsabutthentext,therequalifiedherguessrkisgingtbe.nrallyinnversatinalinteratin,peplerkntheassuptinthataertainsetfrulesisinperatin,unlesstheyreeiveindiatinstthentrary.frexaple,ifjakiegivesthesaeansertastranger,itlllikelyleadtuniatinbreakdnbeausenbdyexpetsasuess

8、fulnversatininhihpepletrytnfuse,trik,herrds,asuessfulnversatinshuldbethefruitfallthepartiipantseffrtsandllabratinisaneessaryfatrfrthetahieveaertaingal.therefre,pepleareexpetedtbeperateduringanversatin,andsuhperativeehanisshaveverylittletdithlgiandseantis,butaregru

9、ndedinsepragatipriniples,espeiallytheperativepriniple.in1967,aerianphilspherh.p.grieputfrardtheperativeprinipleinlgiandnversatin:“akeyurnversatinalntributinsuhasisrequired,atthestageathihiturs,bytheaeptedpurpserdiretinfthetalkexhangeinhihyuareengaged(yule,37).supprtingthisprinipleisthefuraxis:quanti

10、tyaxi:akeyurntributinasinfrativeasisrequired,butntre,rless,thanisrequired.qualityaxi:dntsaythathihyubelievetbefalserfrhihyulakevidene.relatinaxi:berelevant.anneraxi:belear,briefandrderly.theiprtanefthisprinipleliesintaspets:firstly,itisthefirsttietsysteatiallyinduepeplesnversatinalativitiesintla.sen

11、dly,henvilatinftheperativeprinipletakesplae,innease,understandingfthedisurseishinderedandthespeakershuldakereediesiediatelytsththenversatin;inantherase,ifthespeakerdessintentinally,thereillberetitthanhatissaid.nversatinalipliatures,inthisay,illbegivenriset.1vilatinfthequantityaxi1.1知之為知之，不知為不知。?論語(yǔ)?i

12、nthissentene,repetitinfthesaerdappearstie,hihardsiththefrula“p=p.frapurelylgialperspetive,thesentenehasnuniativevaluesineitexpressessethingpletelybvius,butitanbeunderstdeasilythatthissentenepriarilyadvisespepletbehnestinengaginginshlarship.siilarapparentlypintlessexpressinsare“businessisbusinessand“

13、girlsaregirls.thiskindfphenennisalledtautlgy.hentautlgyisappliedinanversatin,itislearthatthespeakerintendstexpressrethanissaid.usually,thiskindfusagehasstrngsensefetin.1.2plnius:hatdyuread,ylrd?halet:rds,rds,rds.(shakespeare,halet)1.3“我們是睡在鼓里，等人家來(lái)殺！等人家來(lái)殺(矛盾：?子夜?)frplniusperspetive,haletsanserprvides

14、lessinfratinthanexpeted.fr“rdsbeingthebjetf“readseestbetgeneralandplniusstilldidntknhathaletread.infat,repetitinftherd“rdsshshaletsstrngipatienethatheasunillingttalktplnius.inantherpintfvie,frthefatthatplniussattitudeisarandperativehilehaletsattitudeisipatientandindifferent,thereustbeseipliatins.sii

15、larlyinexaple3,repetitinfasenteneshsthespeakersstrngindignatin.2vilatinfthequalityaxi2.1南唐時(shí)，賦稅繁重，京城地區(qū)又遭旱災(zāi)，人民叫苦連天。一天，烈祖在北苑飲宴，對(duì)群臣說(shuō)：“外地都下雨了，只是都城卻不下雨，怎么回事呢？申漸應(yīng)到：“雨不感入城，是怕抽稅而已。烈祖大笑，馬上下令除掉重稅。?古今譚概微詞?vilatinfthequalityaxihastases,neaseisakindf“ralffene,hiheansthatthespeakerisunillingtbservethequalityaxiand

16、islying.thetheraseisakindf“falselie,hisexaple,shenjianleverlyusedpersnifiatinthateventherainissaredfthetaxbeausetheanhetalkedtasthekingfthedynasty.justthinkftheipssibilityfablishingtheheavytaxatinifshenjianusedbluntrdstrenstr

17、ate!2.2ty:ther!thelrrygingbyisasbigasauntain!ther:hy,dear,ivetldyuvertenthusandtiesnttexaggeratethingssterriblyandyurbadhabitreainsunhanged.itisbelievedthatthereisnsuhalrryasbigasauntainnearthanditisalsbelievedthatthetheruldnthavetldhersnvertenthusandties.hyperble,justlikeirny,etaphrandeisisareallth

18、eresultsthatvilatethequalityaxi.furse,ifthetherherselfhadntexaggerated,thestryuldntbesfunny.3vilatinftherelatinaxi3.1周沖：爸，我聽說(shuō)礦上對(duì)于這次受傷的工人不給一點(diǎn)撫恤金。周樸園：頭一揚(yáng)我認(rèn)為你這次話說(shuō)得太多了。?雷雨?zhupuyuandidntprvideanyinfratinabuthatzhuhngasinterestedin.nthentrary,heusedaperfrativeutterane:tletzhuhngshutup.vilatinftherelatina

19、xi,infat,isusedtpreventzhuhngtalkingabutattersnerningtheaidentintheinesandinjuriesftherkers.3.2antherexapleesfratruestryftheriter.nedaysheaskednefherstudentstreadthetextinlass.ingtlakfnentratin,thestudentisreadanthertext,stheritersaid,“你的書是那個(gè)版本的?insteadfdiretritiizing.allthelasshadagdlaugh,inludingt

20、hebyhiself,buteveryneunderstdherintentinfirny.4vilatinftheanneraxi4.1“一個(gè)人死了之后，終究有沒(méi)有魂靈？“也許有罷，我想。我于是吞吞吐吐地說(shuō)?！澳敲矗簿陀械鬲z了？“??！地獄？我很吃驚，只得支吾著，“地獄？論理，就該也有。然而也未必誰(shuí)來(lái)管這等事(?祝福?)tvilatetheanneraxieansthatthespeakerspeaksbsurelyandabiguuslyinsteadfspeakingbrieflyandrderly.luxunisagreatasterflanguage,sheusedildandind

21、iretrdsinplaefreauraterdiretrdsinrdernttbringentalagnyther.als,pun,hihis“afrfspeehplayinhihardrphraseunexpetedlyandsiultaneuslybinestunrelatedeanings(huang,139),isftenusedtprduenversatinalipliature.4.2rs.jnes:eregingtbeneighbrsn.evebrughtahenexttyu,rightntheedgefthelake.rs.brn:sglad!hpeyulldrpinseti

22、es.4.3ifinallyfigureduthgvernentrks.thesenategetsthebillfrthehuse,thepresidentgetsthebillfrthesenate,andegetthebillfreverything.thekeyrdinexaple2is“drp,hihbearstheeaning“fallandleavesspaetthereaderstiagineifrs.jnesfellintthelake.ifrs.brnhangedtheabiguus“drpint“visit,nhurillbeprdued.inexaple3,thefirs

23、tandthesend“billsrefertthedraftfaprpsedla,hilethethirdnereferstarittenstateentfneyned.theauthrsatiriallyexpsestherruptinftheffiials,hilethenpeplehavetbeartheburden.sinepepleshuldflltheperativeprinipleinnversatin,thenhydtheyvilateit?hydnttheystatetheirviesfrankly,butlettheirlistenersregnizetheuniated

24、eaningsviainferene?g.leehhasprpsedtheplitenessprinipletresuetheperativepriniple.inhispintfvie,thereasnhypeplevilatetheperativeprinipleisutfthensideratinfpliteness.stherepepleknabuttheplitenesspriniple,thebettertheyunderstandnversatinalipliatures.befretalkingabuttheplitenesspriniple,thefaetheryshuldb

25、eintrdued.asatehnialter,faeeansthepubliself-iagefapersn.itreferstthatetinalandsialsensefselfthateverynehasandexpetseveryneelsetregnize.thatistsay,peplehavetheneedtbenneted,hihisalledpsitivefae,andtheneedtbeindependent,hihisallednegativefae.inrdertkeepthelistenerspsitivefae,thespeakershuldfallinithhi

26、slistenersishes;atthesaetie,hisnnegativefaeisthreatened.als,inrdertkeepthelistenersnegativefae,thespeakershuldaplgize,belittlehiselfandtalkabiguusly,hilehisnpsitivefaeisthreatenedsiultaneusly.speplenversatinalativitiesareatuallyfaethreateningats.inrdertkeephislistenersfaeasellashis,thebestayfrthespe

27、akertdistbeplite.pliteness,inaninteratin,refersttheeanseplyedtshaarenessfantherpersnsfae.inleehsplitenesspriniple,therearesixeansraxisasflls:tataxi,genersityaxi,apprbatinaxi,destyaxi,andagreeentaxiandsypathyaxi.in2.1shenjianhadtdeterine,ashespke,therelativesialdistanebeteenhiandtheeperrandhenetheepe

28、rrs“faeants,hihreferstapersnsexpetatinsthattheirpubliself-iageillberespeted.theeperrissupreeandshenjiansuessfullyappliedthetataxi.luxunalsappliedtheplitenessprinipleinexaple4.1.tdrapragatiipliatinsfrthevilatinftheperativeprinipleisfndifferenebeteentheestandtheeast.hatisadifferentlieinpepleshieftheax

29、isftheperativepriniple.frexaple:1.a:yudaneell.b:igladthearthat.2.anenglishteaherispraisingahinesegirlsalligraphy,“h,hatbeautifulhandriting!butthegirlreplied,“n,n,ntatall.“yurejking.theenglishteaherbeaeangryandentaay.here,neitherbsreplyisidestnrthehinesegirlsrearkisinsinere.thereasnhytheenglishteaher

30、beaeangryandentaayisthatthegirlhasadeagreatistakesheunintentinallyakesthefreignteaherfeelbeingked.suhkindfistakeisalled“pragatifailure,thatistsay,theinabilitytunderstandhatiseantbyhatissaid.byulture,eeanasystefsharedbeliefs,values,usts,behavirs,andartifatsthattheeberfasietyusetpeiththeirrldandithnea

31、nther,andthataretransittedfrgeneratintgeneratinthrughlearning(bates,28).generallyspeaking,hinesepayreattentinttheplitenesspriniplehiletheesternerslayreephasisntheperativepriniple,andhinese-styledplitenessisharaterizedbyfuraspets:respetfulness,desty,attitudinalarthandrefineent.respetfulnesseanstrespe

32、tneselfandappreiatethers,andtshaarenessfantherpersnsfae.nepeuliarexapleanbefundinthehineseandtheenglishspeakingpeplesdifferentaysfaddress.inreentyears,thetrendfanyenglish-speakingpeplehasbeentaddressthersbyusingthefirstnae,evenhenpepleeetfrthefirsttie.thisappliestpeplefdifferentageanddifferentsialst

33、atus.frexaple,anyllegestudentsalltheirprfessrsbytheirfirstnaes.theprfessrsdntregardthisasasignfdisrespetrfailiarity,butrather,asanindiatinthattheprfessrisnsideredaffableandhasasensefequality.als,itisntatallunnthearahildallingauhlderpersn“je,benet.this,furse,isquiteunterthineseust.neaniaginethereatin

34、sfadultsfahilderetallagrandparentbyhisrherfirstnae,rastudenttdthesaeinallingateaher.aquikrepriand,andpssiblyevenaspankingfrthehild,uldbesuretfll.desty,hihisregardedasakindfvirtuebyhinese,eanstbelittleneselfandpraisethers.tenglish-speakingpeple,praiseistbeaepted,generallyitharearklike“thankyur“iveryg

35、ladthearthat.itisassuedthattheplientissinere;therefre,thereshuldbenshffalsehuility,npretendeddesty;thinese,hever,theustaryreplytaplientuldbetlaithatneishardlyenughrthatsuessasreaatterflukrsetherirustanes.aeptanefaplientuldiplyneitrlakfanners,andthehinesegenerallyururserepliesabutntbeingrthyftheprais

36、e.thisalsexplainshyinseesternerseyes,theeasternersareinferir,hypritialandinsinere.situldntbeunusualthearanaerianantalkingabuthhardherhusbandrksandhellhehasdne,abutalltheprtinsandhnrsthathehasreeived.sheightdthesaeabutherhildren.butinhina,thisuldbensideredbadtaste:nesiplydesntpraiseebersfnesnfailyinf

37、rntfthers.antherexaplefahinesetabisplientingaannhisifeslks.anyhinese,espeially,thsebeyndtheiryuth,uldregardthereake“ypialayfrthehinesetshareistasktherpepleagesine,raterialstatus.frexaple,“hldareyu?“huhdyuake?“syuredivred?hatasthereasn?uldntyutgetalng?allftheseaspetsarensideredasprivaynhihenglishspea

38、kingpepleplaeahighvalue.theenglishhaveasaying“aansheishisastle,eaningaansheissaredthi;nneshuldeinnithutperissin.itisalsithhislifeandpersnalaffairs.sthesequestinsarensideredpryingintanindividualspersnallife,hihisantherfrfinvadingapersns“astle.refineenteanstspeakinildandelegantay.thenthehineseintendtp

39、raisenesnbleharater,theyayuse“松，竹，梅tiply“高風(fēng)亮節(jié),but“pine,babandpluanntreallthesaeeaningttheenglish-speakingpeple.“柳inhineseultureftenhassuhabadsenseas“花街柳巷，“尋花問(wèn)柳，hileinenglishultureitisasyblfisery.als“秋isnnetedith“悲，涼，傷，愁inhineseulture,suhas“逢秋悲寂寞,“夜靜風(fēng)竹敲秋韻，萬(wàn)葉千起皆是恨，butitisjustthentrarythatautunisalaysa

40、ssiatedithtranquilityanderrientinenglishulture.inrespettarriageandlve,thehinesearerereservedandself-restrained,espeiallyinthelddays.itisseldfrthetexpresstheirpassinas“idyingtarryyu,ianttbeyife,rilldevteyselftyu.thefllingexaplesprvideasharpntrast:寶玉，黛玉一起偷讀?西廂記?后，寶玉笑道：“妹妹，你說(shuō)書好不好？黛玉笑著點(diǎn)頭兒。寶玉笑道：“我就是多愁多病的

41、身，你就是那傾國(guó)傾城的貌。黛玉聽了，不覺(jué)帶腮連耳的通紅了桃腮帶怒，薄面含嗔，指著寶玉道：“你這該死的，胡說(shuō)了，好好兒的，把這些淫詞艷曲弄了來(lái)，說(shuō)這些混帳話，欺負(fù)我說(shuō)到“欺負(fù)二字，就把眼圈兒紅了，轉(zhuǎn)身就走。?紅樓夢(mèng)?“ifitsrazytlveyu,iguessiaarvastppedherstepsandsaid,thenthatakestfusaurie,feelingenuraged,luthedherthi,heldherinhidtightgripandputhislipsnhers.(h.e.harpersagazinereader)arvaspkeut“l(fā)veyustraightf

42、rardandaurienaturallykissedher.thisisthenayfrtheesternerstunbstheselves.hattheynsiderfirstistfllthequalityaxi.hileinthefirstexaple,thughjiabayvandlindaiyvlvedeahther,jiabayvrevealedhisfeelingviaanillusinandlindaiyvpretendedtbeffended.this,again,refletstraditinalhinesesialralandvaluenept.pepleuldrathersarifiethetruthtgetaityandunity.stheyuldbettersarifiethequalityaxiandtheanneraxi.language,as