Ten-Principles-of-Economics經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理

1、Ten-Principles-of-Economics經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理Ten-Principles-of-Economics經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)Principles of EconomicsThird EditionbyN. Gregory Mankiw經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理（第三版）Principles of EconomicsBrief Description About This CourseWhat do we mean by Western Economics?Western economics versus Marxism Economics (political economy)Economics (in

2、general)A useful definition Economics is the study of how a society allocates scarce resources among alternative uses to satisfy human wantsBasic Principle in this courseBrief Description About This CWhy do we study economics?Understand the way the world works: An useful perspective to explain vario

3、us events, including economic policiesDevelop rational thinking, guiding us to make correct individual decisionMake consistent judgments on economic phenomenaBasic knowledge for our major of business and economicsWhy do we study economics?What Is Economics LikeInteresting economics: ideaBoring econo

4、mics: techniqueUseful economics: Alan Greenspan, the chairman of the FedHow to study economics: Attend classRead textbook: guided by teachingDo exercisesRewrite your class notesConsult instructorsWhat Is Economics LikeHow to use this textbookGuided by class notesReorganize the contents in a way frie

5、ndly to your thinkingRead summary in the end of each chapterChecking the glossary in the end of this bookRefer to other textbooksHow to use this textbookReference TextbooksPaul Samuelson and William :EconomicsJ. Stiglitz: EconomicsGood examplesWilliam Baumol and Alan Blinder: Economics: Principles a

6、nd PolicyReference TextbooksCourse PolicyAttending class is strongly recommended, although not requiredEnglish is required when writing final examFinal grade comes mainly from your performance in final exam. Session tests or mid term tests are also counted.You are required to apply economics to expl

7、ain various economic phenomenaCourse PolicyTen Principles of Economics經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理Chapter 1Ten Principles of Economics經(jīng)Economy. . .經(jīng)濟(jì) . . . The word economy comes from a Greek word for “one who manages a household.” 經(jīng)濟(jì)一詞來源于希臘語，意思是“管理家庭的人”。Economy. . .經(jīng)濟(jì) . . . The wA household and an economy face many dec

8、isions:一個(gè)家庭和經(jīng)濟(jì)體面臨很多決策：Who will work? 誰去工作？What goods and how many of them should be produced? 應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)什么物品？應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)多少？A household and an economy faA household and an economy face many decisions:一個(gè)家庭和經(jīng)濟(jì)體面臨很多決策：What resources should be used in production? 應(yīng)該用什么資源生產(chǎn)？At what price should the goods be sold? 物品的銷

9、售價(jià)格應(yīng)該是多少？A household and an economy faSociety and Scarce Resources:社會(huì)和稀缺資源：The management of societys resources is important because resources are scarce.因?yàn)橘Y源是稀缺的，所以社會(huì)資源的管理就很重要。Society and Scarce Resources:Scarcity . . . 稀缺. . . means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce a

10、ll the goods and services people wish to have.意思是說，社會(huì)擁有有限的資源，不能生產(chǎn)出人們想要的所有物品與勞務(wù)。Scarcity . . . 稀缺. . . meanEconomics 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources. 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究社會(huì)如何管理自己的稀缺資源的學(xué)科。Economics 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)Economics is theEconomists study. . . 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家研究 How people make decisions.人們?nèi)绾巫鞒鰶Q

11、策How people interact with each other.人們?nèi)绾闻c他人相互交易The forces and trends that affect the economy as a whole. 影響整體經(jīng)濟(jì)的力量和趨勢Economists study. . . 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家研究Ten Principles of EconomicsPeople face tradeoffs.The cost of something is what you give up to get it.Rational people think at the margin.People respond to

12、 incentives.How People Make DecisionsTen Principles of EconomicsPeo經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理人們面臨權(quán)衡取舍某東西的成本就是為得到它所放棄的東西理性人考慮邊際量人們會(huì)對激勵(lì)作出反應(yīng)人們?nèi)绾巫鞒鰶Q策經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理人們面臨權(quán)衡取舍人們?nèi)绾巫鞒鰶Q策Ten Principles of EconomicsTrade can make everyone better off.Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.Governments can sometimes im

13、prove economic outcomes.How People Interact with each otherTen Principles of EconomicsTra經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理貿(mào)易可以使每個(gè)人狀況更好。市場通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法。政府有時(shí)能改善市場經(jīng)濟(jì)效果。人們?nèi)绾闻c他人相互交易經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理貿(mào)易可以使每個(gè)人狀況更好。人們?nèi)绾闻c他人相互交Ten Principles of EconomicsThe standard of living depends on a countrys production.Prices rise when the government pri

14、nts too much money.Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.The forces and trends that affect how the economy as a whole worksTen Principles of EconomicsThe經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理一國的生活水平取決于它生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的能力。當(dāng)政府發(fā)行了過多貨幣時(shí)，物價(jià)上升。社會(huì)面臨通貨膨脹與失業(yè)之間的短期權(quán)衡取舍。影響整體經(jīng)濟(jì)如何運(yùn)行的力量和趨勢經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理一國的生活水平取決于它生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的能力。影Pe

15、ople face tradeoffs.人們面臨權(quán)衡取舍“There is no such thing as a free lunch!”天下沒有免費(fèi)的午餐People face tradeoffs.人們面臨權(quán)衡取1. People face tradeoffs.To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing. Guns v. butter Food v. clothing Leisure time v. work Efficiency v. equityMaking decisions requires trading o

16、ff one goal against another.1. People face tradeoffs.To ge1.人們面臨權(quán)衡取舍為了得到我們喜愛的一件東西，我們通常不得不放棄另一件喜愛的東西。 大炮 vs.黃油 食物 vs. 衣服 休閑 vs. 工作 效率 vs. 平等 作決策時(shí)需要在兩個(gè)目標(biāo)之間權(quán)衡取舍1.人們面臨權(quán)衡取舍為了得到我們喜愛的一件東西，我們通常不得1. People face tradeoffs.Efficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources.Equity mean

17、s the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society.Efficiency v. Equity1. People face tradeoffs.Effic1.人們面臨權(quán)衡取舍效率 社會(huì)能從其稀缺資源中得到最多東西的特性。平等 社會(huì)資源的經(jīng)濟(jì)成果在社會(huì)成員中公平分配的特性。效率與平等1.人們面臨權(quán)衡取舍效率 社會(huì)能從其稀缺資源中得到最多東2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it.Decisions require

18、 comparing costs and benefits of alternatives.Whether to go to college or to work?Whether to study or go out on a date?Whether to go to class or sleep in?2. The cost of something is 2.某東西的成本就是為得到它所放棄的東西作出決策時(shí)需要比較可供選擇的行動(dòng)方案的成本與收益上大學(xué)還是去工作?學(xué)習(xí)還是出去約會(huì)?去上課還是睡覺?2.某東西的成本就是為得到它所放棄的東西作出決策時(shí)需要比較2. The cost of some

19、thing is what you give up to get it某東西的成本就是為得到它所放棄的東西The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to obtain that item.機(jī)會(huì)成本為了得到某種東西所必需放棄的東西。2. The cost of something is wh2. The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It.LA Laker basketball star Kobe Bryant chose to skip college and go str

20、aight from high school to the pros where he has earned millions of dollars.2. The Cost of Something Is Wh當(dāng)預(yù)期在四年之內(nèi)賺得上千萬美元時(shí)，高中籃球明星科比.布賴恩特（Kobe Bryant ）決定不讀大學(xué)而直接進(jìn)入職業(yè)籃球聯(lián)盟（ NBA ）。2.某東西的成本就是為得到它所放棄的東西當(dāng)預(yù)期在四年之內(nèi)賺得上千萬美元時(shí)，高中籃球明星科比.布賴恩特3. Rational people think at the margin理性人考慮邊際量Marginal changes are small, in

21、cremental adjustments to an existing plan of action.邊際變動(dòng)對當(dāng)前行動(dòng)計(jì)劃微小的增量調(diào)整。People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin.人們作決策時(shí)需要比較邊際成本和邊際利益。3. Rational people think at th4. People respond to incentives.Marginal changes in costs or benefits motivate people to respond.The decision t

22、o choose one alternative over another occurs when that alternatives marginal benefits exceed its marginal costs!4. People respond to incentive4. 人們會(huì)對激勵(lì)作出反應(yīng)成本或收益的邊際改變會(huì)激勵(lì)人們作出反應(yīng)。當(dāng)一個(gè)方案的邊際收益大于邊際成本時(shí)，人們選擇這個(gè)方案，而不去選擇別的。4. 人們會(huì)對激勵(lì)作出反應(yīng)成本或收益的邊際改變會(huì)激勵(lì)人們作出5. Trade can make everyone better off.People gain from their

23、 ability to trade with one another.Competition results in gains from trading.Trade allows people to specialize in what they do best.5. Trade can make everyone bet5. 貿(mào)易能使每個(gè)人狀況變好人們可以從與他人相互交易的能力中獲益。競爭可以使人們從貿(mào)易中獲益。貿(mào)易可以讓人們從事他們最專長的工作。5. 貿(mào)易能使每個(gè)人狀況變好人們可以從與他人相互交易的能力中6. Markets are usually a good way to organi

24、ze economic activity.A market economy is an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.households decide what to buy and who to work for.Firms decide who to hire and what to produce. 6. Markets

25、are usually a good 6. 市場通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法市場經(jīng)濟(jì)當(dāng)許多企業(yè)和家庭在物品與勞務(wù)市場上相互交易時(shí)通過他們的分散決策配置資源的經(jīng)濟(jì)。家庭決定購買什么和為誰工作。企業(yè)決定雇傭誰和生產(chǎn)什么。6. 市場通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法市場經(jīng)濟(jì)當(dāng)許多企6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.Adam Smith made the observation that households and firms interacting in markets act as if guided b

26、y an “invisible hand.”6. Markets are usually a good 6. 市場通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法亞當(dāng).斯密提出了全部經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中最有名的觀察結(jié)果：家庭和企業(yè)在市場上相互交易，他們仿佛被一只“看不見的手”所指引，導(dǎo)致了合意的市場結(jié)果。6. 市場通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法亞當(dāng).斯密提出了全部6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.Because households and firms look at prices when deciding what to bu

27、y and sell, they unknowingly take into account the social costs of their actions.As a result, prices guide decision makers to reach outcomes that tend to maximize the welfare of society as a whole.6. Markets are usually a good 6. 市場通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法由于家庭和企業(yè)在決定購買和出售什么時(shí)關(guān)注價(jià)格，所以他們就不知不覺地考慮到了他們的行為的社會(huì)收益與成本。結(jié)果

28、是，價(jià)格指引這些個(gè)別決策者在大多數(shù)情況下實(shí)現(xiàn)了整個(gè)社會(huì)福利最大化的結(jié)果。6. 市場通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法由于家庭和企業(yè)在決定7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes政府有時(shí)能改善市場結(jié)果Market failure occurs when the market fails to allocate resources efficiently.市場失靈市場本身不能有效配置資源的情況。7. Governments can sometimes i7. Governments can sometimes improve market

29、 outcomes.政府有時(shí)能改善市場結(jié)果When the market fails (breaks down) government can intervene to promote efficiency and equity.當(dāng)市場失靈時(shí)，政府可以對市場進(jìn)行干預(yù)以促進(jìn)效率和平等。7. Governments can sometimes i7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes政府有時(shí)能改善市場結(jié)果Market failure may be caused by an externality, which is the impa

30、ct of one person or firms actions on the well-being of a bystander.市場失靈的一個(gè)可能原因是外部性。外部性是一個(gè)人的行為對旁觀者福利的影響。7. Governments can sometimes i7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.Market failure may also be caused by market power, which is the ability of a single person or firm to unduly influ

31、ence market prices. 7. Governments can sometimes i7.政府有時(shí)能改善市場結(jié)果市場失靈的另一個(gè)可能原因是市場勢力。 市場勢力是指一個(gè)人或一個(gè)企業(yè)不適當(dāng)?shù)赜绊懯袌鰞r(jià)格的能力。7.政府有時(shí)能改善市場結(jié)果市場失靈的另一個(gè)可能原因是市場勢力8. The standard of living depends on a countrys production.Standard of living may be measured in different ways:By comparing personal incomes.By comparing the t

32、otal market value of a nations production.8. The standard of living depe8. 一國的生活水平取決于它生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的能力生活水平 可以用不同的方式衡量:比較人均收入。比較一個(gè)國家產(chǎn)出的總的市場價(jià)值。8. 一國的生活水平取決于它生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的能力生活水平 可8. The standard of living depends on a countrys production.Almost all variations in living standards are explained by differences in co

33、untries productivities.8. The standard of living depe8. 一國的生活水平取決于它生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的能力 幾乎所有生活水平的差異都可以歸因于各國生產(chǎn)率的差別。8. 一國的生活水平取決于它生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的能力 幾乎所8. The standard of living depends on a countrys production.Productivity is the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a workers time.Higher productivit

34、y Higher standard of living8. The standard of living depe8. 一國的生活水平取決于它生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的能力生產(chǎn)率 是指一個(gè)工人一小時(shí)所生產(chǎn)的物品與勞務(wù)量。高生產(chǎn)率 高生活水平8. 一國的生活水平取決于它生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的能力生產(chǎn)率 是指9. Prices rise when the government prints too much money.Inflation is an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.One cause of inflation is t

35、he growth in the quantity of money.When the government creates large quantities of money, the value of the money falls.9. Prices rise when the govern9. 當(dāng)政府發(fā)行了過多貨幣時(shí)，物價(jià)上升通貨膨脹 是指經(jīng)濟(jì)中物價(jià)總水平的上升。通貨膨脹的一個(gè)原因是貨幣量的增長。當(dāng)一個(gè)政府創(chuàng)造了大量本國貨幣時(shí)，貨幣的價(jià)值就下降。9. 當(dāng)政府發(fā)行了過多貨幣時(shí)，物價(jià)上升通貨膨脹 是指經(jīng)濟(jì)中物10. Society faces a short-run tradeoff be

36、tween inflation and unemployment.The Phillips Curve illustrates the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment:Inflation UnemploymentIts a short-run tradeoff!10. Society faces a short-run 10. 社會(huì)面臨通貨膨脹與失業(yè)之間的短期權(quán)衡取舍菲利普斯曲線 說明了通貨膨脹與失業(yè)之間的短期權(quán)衡取舍 : 通貨膨脹 失業(yè)這是短期權(quán)衡取舍。10. 社會(huì)面臨通貨膨脹與失業(yè)之間的短期權(quán)衡取舍菲利普斯曲線Figure 1 The Phillips CurveUnemploymentRate (percent)0InflationRate(percentper year)Phillips curve4B67A2Figure 1 The Phillips CurveUneWhy the Aggregate-Supply Curve Slopes Upward in the Short Run為什么短期中