高一英語語法歸納總結(jié)2

1、立身以立學為先,立學以讀書為本納高一英語語法歸納總結(jié)- 定語從句的歸一幾個基本概念 1.定語從句的定義：用作定語的從句叫定語從句；2.先行詞：被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞 ；3.定語從句的位置：緊跟先行詞（名詞或代詞）之后；4.引導詞：引導定語從句的詞（包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞）； 1 關(guān)系代詞： that/who/whom/which/as 2 關(guān)系副詞： when/where/why 5.引導詞的位置：位于定語從句之前（先行詞之后）；【as 除 外】6.引導詞的功能（作用） ： 1 連接先行詞和定語從句； 2 在定語從句中充當肯定的成分（關(guān)系代詞充當主語或賓語,關(guān)系副詞充當狀語）；7.定語從

2、句的類型： 1 限定性定語從句（主句和定語從句之間無逗號）； 直接由引導詞引導定語從句The man who youre talking to is my friend. 由介詞 +關(guān)系代詞（ whom/which ）引導The man to whom youre talking is my friend.立身以立學為先,立學以讀書為本I need a pen with which I can write a letter. =I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter. 介詞的選用可依據(jù)從句中的相關(guān)詞組確定,該介詞通?？梢苑旁陉P(guān)

3、系代詞之前,也可放在從句之尾；例如：The man who/whom/that I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University. =The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University. The palace which/that I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century. =The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in

4、the 17th century. 2 非限定性定語從句（開）；主句和定語從句之間用逗號隔 直接由引導詞引導定語從句； 由介詞 +關(guān)系代詞（ whom/which ）引導；I live in a house far away from the city, in front of which is a big tree. 立身以立學為先,立學以讀書為本There is an apple tree standing at the gate, on which are many apples. This is the man to whom I gave the book. 由“ 代詞 /名詞 +o

5、f+whom/which ” 或“名詞 /代詞”先行詞指of which/ whom +人用 whom,指物用 which 引導； One, some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either 等詞、數(shù)詞、分數(shù)或 百分比與 of whom 或 of which 連用；He has five children, two of whom are abroad. 比較： He has five children, and two of them are abroad. We have three books, none o

6、f which is/are interesting. 比較：We have three books, but none of them is/are interesting. 外,其余引導詞 除 why 和 that 不能引導非限定性定語從句 都可以,用法同限定性定語從句一樣；但要留意以下區(qū)分；1.在形式上非限定性定語從句與主句有逗號隔開；2.非限定性定語從句的作用：翻譯時可譯成兩個句子；它只是補充說明先行詞的情形,The engineer, whose leg was badly hurt, was quickly sent to hospital. （那位工程師被很快送往醫(yī)院,其腿部受了

7、重傷）立身以立學為先,立學以讀書為本The engineer whose leg was badly hurt was quickly sent to hospital. （那位腿部受了重傷的工程師被很快送往醫(yī)院）3.在非限定性定語從句中,任何引導詞都不能省略（包括引導詞在此定語從句中充當賓語在內(nèi)）who, 做賓語時用 whom; ；指人做主語時只能用指物做主語,賓語都用which; 關(guān)系副詞用when 或 where,也不能省略；The man, _ is sitting on the chair, is my father. The woman, _ I met yesterday, is

8、 my English teacher. The city, _ is far away, is very beautiful. He went to America, _ his parents live. He joined the Army yesterday, _ I left, too. 4.whose 引導非限定性定語從句：The house, whose window faces south, is mine. =The house, the window of which faces south, is mine. The house, of which the window

9、faces south, is mine.二.定語從句中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的基本用法；1.who/that 指人是主格在定語從句中代替先行詞,又作定語 從句的主語,不能省略；Do you know the gentleman who/that is sitting there. 立身以立學為先,立學以讀書為本2.whom/who/that 指人是賓格, 在定語從句中代替先行詞,又 作定語從句的賓語（動賓或介賓）； 當作動賓（動詞后接賓語）時,關(guān)系代詞可省略；Do you know the gentleman whom/who/that we met just now. 當作介賓（介詞后接賓語）

10、時：介詞不提前時,關(guān)系代詞可省略；介詞提前時,關(guān)系代詞不行省,即介詞后的關(guān)系代詞只能用 whom ；whom 指人時介詞The man whom/who/that I spoke with is my teacher. The man with whom I spoke is my teacher. 注：固定的動詞短語 （動詞 +介詞）如 look for, take care of 等不能把動詞與介詞拆開,既介詞不能提至引導詞前；She is the right girl who/whom/that we are looking for. 3.whose: 指人或物,是全部格“ 的” 形式；

11、Whose+n.一起 在定語從句中充當主語、賓語（動賓或介賓）即先行詞的什 么東西怎樣了,whose 不能省略；Whose+n. = the +n. + of which/whom= of which/ whom+ the =n. I didn t find the desk whose leg was broken. （主語）He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday. （動賓）The boss in whose company I work is very kind. （介賓）4.which/that 指物,指代先行詞且在定語從句中作主

12、語或賓 語（動賓或介賓） ；立身以立學為先,立學以讀書為本 當作動賓時,關(guān)系代詞可省略； 當作介賓時：介詞不提前時,關(guān)系代詞可省略；介詞提前時,關(guān)系代詞不行省,即介詞后的關(guān)系代詞只能用 which ；which 指物時介詞The house which/that was destroyed in the earthquake is weak. The pen which/that you found yesterday is mine. The games that/which the young men competed in were difficult. The games in whi

13、ch the young men competed were difficult. 注 : 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞即介詞 whom,指物用 which ；+whom/which 先行詞指人用 5.as 指人或物,在定語從句中可作主語,賓語,表語或狀語,不能省略；主要用于“ the same as ； such as ；so as ； as as ； as follows ” 固定結(jié)構(gòu)中,形式固定此時的引導限定性定語從句；that 引導定語從句：要用 as 代替 whom, which, 或Such people as knew Hill thought he was honest. Such pe

14、ople as Hill knew thought he was honest. My hometown is no longer the same as it was. Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. 立身以立學為先,立學以讀書為本The child knows as much as grow-ups know. I d like to have the same books as are us ed in your school. He is not such a person as I expected. He will marry

15、as pretty a girl as he can find. 注： which 和 as 可引導非限定性定語從句：可以指代主句中的一部分或整個句子的內(nèi)容,which 和 as 都可以指代主句中的一部分或整個句子的內(nèi)容,有時可以互換；因此,當as/which 指代前面的整個句子,或前句中的部分內(nèi)容作定語 從句的主語時,謂語用單數(shù)Our team lost the game, as/which was reported in the newspaper. She was terrified, as/which I could see from her eyes. He married her,

16、 as/which was natural. 區(qū)分：as 引導的非限制性定語從句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中間或放在主句末尾；而 能放在主句后面；which 引導的非限制性定語從句只He married her, as/which was natural. =As was natural, he married her. Mark Twin is a great writer, which/as is known to all. =As is known to all, Mark Twin is a great writer. as 引導的從句有“ 正如”、“ 正像” 之意,而which 就無

17、此立身以立學為先,立學以讀書為本意；常用句型有：as we all know, as is known to all, as everybody can see, as is expected, As is known/ said/ reported/ told/ we all know 等；如：As we all know, paper was first made in China. To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish. 主句和從句有因果關(guān)系時,用 which. Our class has won the fo

18、otball match, which made us very happy. Bamboos are hollow, which makes them very light. 從句含否定意義經(jīng)常用which. t expect.She didnt pass the exam, which we couldnShe didnt pass the exam, as we expected.6.when 關(guān)系副詞：指時間；在定語從句中作時間狀語,不能 省略；此時的 when 仍可用介詞 +which 替換（此時先行詞一定是表時間的名詞） ；I still remember the time whe

19、n I joined the League. I still remember the time on which I joined the League. I still remember the time which/that I joined the League on. 7.where 關(guān)系副詞： 指地點； 在定語從句中作地點狀語,不能 省略；此時的 when 仍可用介詞 +which 替換（此時先行詞一 定是表地點的名詞） ；I still remember the school where I joined the League. 立身以立學為先,立學以讀書為本I still re

20、member the school in which I joined the League. I still remember the school which/that I joined the League in. 注：對關(guān)系副詞 when, where 的熟悉；. 先行詞是時間的名詞, 并非都用關(guān)系副詞 when 引導定語 從句；I ll never forget the time which/that I spent in Beijing. 先行詞是地點的名詞,并非都用關(guān)系副詞 where 引導定 語從句；This is the factory which/that he visit

21、ed yesterday. . 當句型為 It/This/That iswas the firstsecond last time引起的句子時用that 連接其后的句子；此時的time 是次數(shù),不是時間；It/This is the first time that we travel. It/This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson. 8. why 指緣由,在定語從句中作緣由狀語,先行詞通常為 reason,不能省略； 且 why 引導的定語從句只能是限定性定語 從句； Why= for which I don t know th

22、e reason why he was late yesterday.The reason whyfor which he was late is that he missed the bus. 注：當先行詞為reason 時,關(guān)系副詞并非都用why ；This is the reason that/ which he gave/ explained to us. 立身以立學為先,立學以讀書為本【判定用關(guān)系代詞仍是關(guān)系副詞】從句缺少的是主語、賓語仍是狀語是確定用關(guān)系代詞仍是關(guān)系副詞的關(guān)鍵；試比較：I will never forget the day which/that I spent in

23、 Hongkong. spent 是及物動詞,后缺賓語,因此用關(guān)系代詞或省略 I will never forget the day when/on which Hongkong returned to its motherland. （ 從句主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)完整,缺狀語,因此用關(guān)系副詞或介詞加關(guān)系代詞）The reason （that/which ）he gave for not coming to school yesterday isnt believable. gave 是及物動詞,后缺賓語,因此用關(guān)系代詞或省略 The reason why he didn t come to school

24、 yesterday isn t believable. （ 從句主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)完整,缺狀語,因此用關(guān)系副詞或介詞加關(guān)系代詞）三. 值得留意的幾個問題：第一 . 當先行詞是物時, 關(guān)系代詞 that/which 只用 that 的情況；1.當先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級修飾時；This is the best film that has been shown this year. This is the first book that I borrow from the library. 立身以立學為先,立學以讀書為本 He is the first student that/who came

25、to school today. 2.當先行詞為兩個或兩個以上分別指人和物的名詞時；He talked about the teachers and the school that he had visited. 3.當先行詞本身是 all 的,用 that；all that=what All that what I want to say to you is “Thank you ” .“Thank you ” . =All what I want to say to you is Go over all that what we learned. =Go over all what we

26、learned. 可以省略）（that 在定語從句中充當賓語4.先行詞為 something, anything, nothing, everything, thing 時,用 that. I ll tell you anything that I know.5.當先行詞前有 all, much, little, many, a few, every, some, any, no, only, the very, one of, the only, the last, the next 等修飾語時；This is one of the books that Im very interestin

27、g in.This is one of the books in which I m very interesting. This is the only book that I read. He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano. All the glasses that were on the table fell off onto the floor. 6.（人,物）,當先行詞在以who 或 which 開頭的特別疑問句中時,用 that 引導以防止混淆立身以立學為先,立學以讀書為本W(wǎng)ho is the ma

28、n that is talking with the lady. Which of you that know the answer can come to the front. 7.當先行詞是在定語從句中作表語時,用 thatHe likes the girl that she used to be. 其次 . 當先行詞是物時,關(guān)系代詞 情形；that/which 只用 which 的1.作介賓且介詞置于引導詞之前時The room in which he lives is very large. 2.引導非限定性定語從句時（主,賓都用which,都不能省略）Football, which

29、is a very interesting game, is played all over the world. The house, which I visited yesterday, is very large. 3.which 指整個句子的內(nèi)容或部分內(nèi)容,句引導非限定性定語從He always makes fun of me, which upsets me. 第三 . 其他特別情形1.先行詞是 these, those指人時,關(guān)系代詞只用 who. Those who are playing over there are my students. 2.先行詞是人稱代詞 he, sh

30、e 時,關(guān)系代詞只用 who. He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.3.不定代詞 someone, anyone, everyone, no one, somebody, 立身以立學為先,立學以讀書為本anybody, everybody 作先行詞時,關(guān)系代詞用 who. Anybody who breaks the rules would be punished. 4.先行詞是 the only one of + 可數(shù)名詞復數(shù),在定語從句中 作主語時,定語從句中的謂語用單數(shù)形式（由于此時的先行詞是 the only one

31、,而不是 of 后的可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)） He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano. This is the only one of the books that is borrowed. 先行詞是 one of +可數(shù)名詞復數(shù), 在定語從句中作主語時,定語從句中的謂語用復數(shù)形式（由于此時的先行詞是 of 后的可數(shù)名詞復數(shù) ,而不是 one）This is one of the students who are late. 5.當主句缺先行詞時,用the one 代替,但須留意：the one只能代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)如為不行數(shù)

32、名詞時, 指什么用什么Is this school the one I visited yesterday. Is pop music the music he likes best.6. 當先行詞是 the way, 在定語從句中充當方式狀語時（the way 表以 方式方法） ,引導詞通常用 that 或省略, 也 可用 in which I don t like the way that you speak.=I dont like the way in which you speak.=I dont like the way which/that you speak in. 【“ 介詞

33、 +關(guān)系代詞” 十種情形】立身以立學為先,立學以讀書為本在定語從句中,介詞 現(xiàn)就幾種常見的介詞+關(guān)系代詞結(jié)構(gòu)是一種較為復雜的問題；+關(guān)系代詞的結(jié)構(gòu)淺析如下：1介詞 +which 在定語從句中分別作時間、地點和緣由狀語,代替相應的關(guān)系副詞when, where 和 why；如：I still remember the day on which when I first came to school. 我仍舊記得初來 學校的那一天；The factory in which =where I work is a large one. 我工作的工 廠是一個大工廠；This is the reason

34、for which =why he was late. 這就是他為什 么遲到的緣由；2介詞 +which （指物） / whom（指人）在定語從句中作地 點狀語,表示存在關(guān)系,定語從句主謂一般要倒置；They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy. 他 來到一處農(nóng)舍,前邊坐著一個小男孩；I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird. 我觀察一個人,他的頭上站著一只鳥；3介詞 + which （指物） / whom （指人）在定語從句中作目 的、方式或地點狀語；這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的

35、介詞一般受動詞或介詞 后的名詞所制約；如：Could you tell me for whom you ve bought this coat.你能告知 我這件衣服是給誰買的嗎？The man, from whom I learned the news, is an engineer. 這人是立身以立學為先,立學以讀書為本一位工程師,我是從他那里得到這消息的；4介詞 +which/whom ,用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)的定語從句中,作狀語,說明動作的動身者；如：The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot. 損害羊的那只 狼被打死了；The man by w

36、hom the wolf was shot was a good hunter. 打死狼 的那人是個好獵手；5不定代詞 +of+which/whom ,在定語從句中作主語,說明整體中的部分, 常用的不定代詞有：none, most 等；如：both, all, any, some, each, There are a lot of books here, none of which belongs to me. 這兒 有很多書,可一本也不屬于我；Yesterday Mary bought a few clothes, all of which were expensive.昨天瑪麗買了一些衣服

37、,他們都很貴；6數(shù)詞 +of+which/whom ,在定語從句中作主語,說明整體與部分的關(guān)系； 數(shù)詞可以是基數(shù)詞、如：序數(shù)詞、 分數(shù)或百分數(shù)；In our class there are fifty-four students, twenty-five of whom are girls.我們班有 54 名同學, 25 人是女生；Two watches were stolen, one of which was mine. 兩只手表被 偷了,其中一只是我的；7名詞 +of+which 代替 whose+名詞,在定語從句中作定語；立身以立學為先,立學以讀書為本如：I saw some tree

38、s, the leaves of which =whose leaves were black with disease.我觀察一些樹, 他們的葉子因害病而發(fā)黑；I live in a house, the windows of which are all broken. 我住在一 所房子里,其窗都破了；8介詞 + which （指物） / whose（指人）修飾后邊的名詞；如：It rained all night and all day, during which time the ship was broken into pieces.雨下了一天一夜, 就在這期間輪船撞碎了；The dr

39、iver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.司機就是那個人,她從他的房間偷走地圖；9形容詞最高級+of+which/whom結(jié)構(gòu),在定語從句中,作定語,表部分關(guān)系；如：China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 中國有成千上萬個島嶼,其中最大的是臺灣島；In our class there are twenty girls, the cleverest of whom is Li Hua.我們班有 20 名女生,最聰慧的是李華；10介詞 +w

40、hich+ 不定式；此種用法多見于正式文體中,相 當于一個定語從句；如：At last he had something about which to write home. 他最終有 了給家里寫信的內(nèi)容了；He had no key with which to open the door.他沒有開門的鑰立身以立學為先,立學以讀書為本匙；He has a small room in which to live. 【運用定語從句時應留意的幾個問題】1 關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,定語從句的謂語動詞 應和先行詞的人稱和數(shù)保持一樣；This is one of the books which we

41、re written by Mark Twain. 這 是馬克吐溫所寫的書中的一本；（先行詞是 books,因此動詞 應用 were；）2 關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞在從句中充當一個句子成分,因此 要留意防止從句中句子成分的重復顯現(xiàn)；This is the most beautiful place that I have visited it. 這是我參觀 This is the most beautiful place that I have visited. 過的最美的地方； （去掉 it ,因 that 代替先行詞 the most beautiful place 在定語從句中作 visit 的賓語,再加 it 就余外 了；）The school where I worked there is a big one. The school where I worked is a big one. 我所工作過的學校是一所高校校；（去掉 there,因 where 既引導定語從句,又在 從句中代替 in t