科技論文寫作英語(yǔ)科研論文寫作市公開課金獎(jiǎng)市賽課一等獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

1、4. 英語(yǔ)科技論文寫作第1頁(yè)The general structure of a paper comprises following sections(in their typical sequence): title, authors, affiliate(從屬機(jī)構(gòu)，即作者所在單位), abstraction, keywords, introduction, body, conclusion, acknowledgments(致謝), appendix（假如有話）, references.第2頁(yè)4.1 Title “as the fewest possible words that adeq

2、uately describe the contents of the paper”effective titles should:identify the main issue of the paperbegin with the subject of the paperare accurate, unambiguous, specific, and completedo not contain abbreviations(縮寫）attract readers第3頁(yè)example： An efficient arithmetic codes suiting for hardware desi

3、gn(一個(gè)硬件實(shí)現(xiàn)高效算術(shù)編碼)Network Programming Based on Web(基于Web網(wǎng)絡(luò)編程)。 4.1 Title第4頁(yè)Attention: avoid to use words like: studies on, investigations on, observations on problem is not proper for titleArticles in title(題名中冠詞)。 在早年，科技論文題名中冠詞用得較多，近些年有簡(jiǎn)化趨勢(shì)，凡可用可不用冠詞均可不用。eg：The Application of Microprocessors on Proces

4、sing of Chemical Heat-treatment其中冠詞the可不用。標(biāo)題長(zhǎng)度普通不超出12個(gè)單詞4.1 Title第5頁(yè) upper case and lower case in title a. THE APPLICATION OF THE MODELS OF NONLINEAR REGRESSION.b. The Contourlet Transform for Image Compression.(每個(gè)詞首字母大寫，但3個(gè)或4個(gè)字母以下冠詞、連詞、介詞全部小寫。)c. Image coding using wavelet transformThe form b. is o

5、ften used, but the form c. appear more and more. 4.1 Title第6頁(yè)4.2 AuthorsLi HuiLi Huihui , Li Hui-huiHui LiHuihui Li, Hui-hui Li第7頁(yè) 單位應(yīng)是作者在進(jìn)行研究工作時(shí)所在單位，普通寫在作者姓名下方。寄給國(guó)外雜志應(yīng)寫明所在單位部門，如大學(xué)系、研究所室、醫(yī)院科等。在國(guó)內(nèi)雜志上發(fā)表文章，不寫單位地址；在國(guó)外雜志發(fā)表文章，普通應(yīng)在單位下面寫詳細(xì)地址。 若作者不止一人，而又來(lái)自不一樣單位，則單位可分別寫在合作者下方。 也能夠在作者姓名右上方注上a, b, c或星號(hào)*, *，然后在腳

6、注中分別列出這些記號(hào)并寫上單位和地址。 4.3 Affiliate第8頁(yè)4.4 Abstract“an abstract comprises a one paragraph summary of the whole paper. ” Abstracts have become increasingly important, as electronic publication databases are the primary means of finding research reports in a certain subject area today . 第9頁(yè)A checklist li

7、sting relevant parts of an abstract:Motivation: Why do we care about the problem and the results?Problem statement: What problem is the paper trying to solve and what is the scope of the work?Approach: What was done to solve the problem?Results: What is the answer to the problem?Conclusions: What im

8、plications does the answer imply?4.4 Abstract第10頁(yè)4.4 AbstractThere are some things that should not be included in an abstract:Information and conclusions not stated in the paperreferences to other literature the exact title phraseillustrative elements such as tables and figures第11頁(yè)4.4 AbstractCommon

9、 used sentences in abstract writing:This paper introduce(s) propose(s) present(s) describe(s) discuss(s) deal(s) with focus(es) on show(s) In this paper, is(are) introduced.第12頁(yè)4.4 AbstractThis paper(article) is concerned with(aimed at、intended to) the study(determination of)It is the aim(intend、pur

10、pose) of this paper to discuss(present、describe)The chief aim(main purpose、primary object)of this paper is tohas(have) concluded(gained、obtained、yielded、arrived at、generated、acquired)This result(fact、demonstration、illustration、classification、comparison、analyses) gives (shows)第13頁(yè)4.4 AbstractThe appr

11、oach is based onConditions are considered forThe required foris neededThe formulas is derived for according toTest has been carried out to studyThe simulation is performed usingThe result of this study can be generalized forResult forare found to be close to the experimental data.第14頁(yè)4.4 Abstract實(shí)例1

12、：一個(gè)適合硬件實(shí)現(xiàn)高效算術(shù)編碼摘要：本文提出了利用查找來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)二值算術(shù)編碼，防止乘除法運(yùn)算，能夠簡(jiǎn)化硬件設(shè)計(jì)，該算法含有較小概率迫近誤差，所以性能退化較小。Abstract: In this paper, we propose a new implementation of multiplication-free binary arithmetic coding by use of table lookup which reduce the complexity of hardware design. The scheme can be shown to have better approxim

13、ation of the used probability model and to have minor performance degradation.第15頁(yè)4.4 Abstract摘要普通符合2個(gè)要求就能夠被EI收錄:專業(yè)對(duì)口英文文摘符合要求EI文摘要求第16頁(yè)詳細(xì)要求以下：(1) 文摘要盡可能簡(jiǎn)短。取消無(wú)須要字句：如 ”It is reported ” “Extensive investigations show that” “The author discusses ” “This paper concerned with ” ；文摘開頭 ”In this paper,”一些無(wú)須要

14、修飾詞，如“in detail”、“briefly”、 “here”、 “new”、 “mainly”也盡可能不要。對(duì)物理單位及一些通用詞能夠適當(dāng)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化；EI文摘要求第17頁(yè)取消或降低背景信息文摘第一句應(yīng)防止與題目（Title）重復(fù)限制文摘只表示新情況，新內(nèi)容，過(guò)去研究細(xì)節(jié)能夠取消；不說(shuō)無(wú)用話，如“本文所談相關(guān)研究工作是對(duì)過(guò)去老工藝一個(gè)極大改進(jìn)”，“本工作首次實(shí)現(xiàn)了.”，“經(jīng)檢索還未發(fā)覺(jué)與本文類似文件”等詞句切不可進(jìn)入文摘；作者在文件中談及未來(lái)計(jì)劃不納入文摘；EI文摘要求第18頁(yè)(2)文摘應(yīng)包含正文關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)，將文章主要內(nèi)容寫清楚，重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容不能遺漏，比如試驗(yàn)研究方法、設(shè)備、材料等，一定要給出結(jié)論

15、。(3)文摘應(yīng)有自我獨(dú)立性(EI是二次文件數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，只有摘要，沒(méi)有原文，所以摘要很主要)。(4)不需要自己標(biāo)榜自己研究結(jié)果。(5)文摘中不能出現(xiàn)圖、表數(shù)據(jù)。(6)語(yǔ)句簡(jiǎn)練，專業(yè)詞匯準(zhǔn)確。EI文摘要求第19頁(yè)文體方面要求：(1)用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)敘述作者工作，用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)敘述作者結(jié)論 (2)能用名詞做定語(yǔ)不要用動(dòng)名詞做定語(yǔ)，能用形容 詞做定語(yǔ)就不要用名詞做定語(yǔ)如:用measurement accuracy 不用 measuring accuracy 用experimental results 不用experiment resultsEI文摘要求第20頁(yè)可直接用名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)情況下，要少用of 句型。如

16、:用measurement accuracy 不用accuracy of measurement 用equipment structure不用 structure of equipment可用動(dòng)詞情況盡可能防止用動(dòng)詞名詞形式如:用 Thickness of plastic sheets was measured. 不用 Measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made. EI文摘要求第21頁(yè)(3)注意冠詞使用方法，不要誤用，濫用或隨便省略冠詞(4)盡可能用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)代替被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(5)盡可能用簡(jiǎn)短、詞義清楚并為人熟知詞 (6)慎用行話和俗語(yǔ)(7)

17、刪繁從簡(jiǎn) 如用 increased 代替 has been found to increase 用the results show 代替 from the experimental results, it can be concluded that EI文摘要求第22頁(yè)EI文摘要求(8)在文摘中盡可能少用特殊字符(各種數(shù)學(xué)符號(hào)、上下腳標(biāo)及希臘字母)及由特殊字符組成數(shù)學(xué)表示式。因?yàn)樗鼈冚斎霕O為麻煩，而且極易犯錯(cuò)，影響文摘本身準(zhǔn)確性和可讀性. (9)對(duì)那些已經(jīng)為大眾所熟悉縮寫詞，如radar、 laser、CAD等，能夠直接使用。對(duì)于那些僅為同行所熟悉縮略語(yǔ)，應(yīng)在題目、文摘或關(guān)鍵詞中最少出現(xiàn)一次全

18、稱。 第23頁(yè) 文章中寫明關(guān)鍵詞，便于科技索引工作者編關(guān)鍵詞索引(Keyword Index)，也便于讀者從不一樣起源中發(fā)覺(jué)你文章，前三個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞普通安排以下：1）本文學(xué)科分類；2）主題思想；3）試驗(yàn)或理論方法。 關(guān)鍵詞普通35個(gè)。4.4 Keywords第24頁(yè)4.5 Introduction The introduction section leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular field of research.Three phases of an introduction can be identifie

19、d:(1) Establish a territory（確立領(lǐng)域）a) bring out the importance of the subject and/orb) make general statements about the subject and/orc) present an overview on current research on the subject.第25頁(yè)4.5 Introduction（2）Establish a niche（確立地位）a) oppose an existing assumption orb) reveal a research gap or揭

20、示研究空白c) formulate a research question or problem ord) continue a tradition.第26頁(yè)4.5 Introduction(3) Occupy the niche（占據(jù)位置）a) sketch the intent of the own work and/orb) outline important characteristics of the own work;c) outline important results;d) give a brief outlook on the structure of the paper.

21、第27頁(yè)Style:Problem X is very important.Previous work of A and B has been studied, but they have certain weaknessWe present C, features of C, experiments of C, compared with A and B, C is betterOutline of the paper4.5 Introduction第28頁(yè)4.5 Introduction 寫引言時(shí)要注意時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題。在提到過(guò)去研究報(bào)道時(shí)，普通用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，如“It has been repor

22、ted”,“It has been pointed out by”, “It has previously been proved that”等, 或用普通過(guò)去時(shí)，如“J.Kane reported”，“S.Gray found”，“The author discovered”等。第29頁(yè)4.5 Introduction 在談到過(guò)去研究中已經(jīng)必定東西時(shí)，應(yīng)該用普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)，如Ross 140 emphasizes the work of Nobel Laureate Herbert Simon whose central finding was that pattern recognition

23、is critical in most human decision making tasks:第30頁(yè) 引言中在談到本研究目標(biāo)時(shí)，用普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)，如“A comparative studyis reported.” “This paper presents an analysis of ”。在提到本研究詳細(xì)方法和結(jié)果時(shí)，則用普通過(guò)去時(shí)。4.5 Introduction第31頁(yè)4.6 Body以試驗(yàn)研究匯報(bào)類論文為例1) Theoretical Analysis /theoretical foundationPurpose: Theoretical support to your workSty

24、le:DefinitionLemmaTheoremProofPut tedious details in Appendix第32頁(yè)4.6 Body2) Materials and Methods詳細(xì)說(shuō)明試驗(yàn)所使用儀器設(shè)備（種類、型號(hào)等），說(shuō)明試驗(yàn)和觀察步驟和方法。敘述應(yīng)是以使本事域科學(xué)家在必要時(shí)能重復(fù)作者工作并能判斷出作者結(jié)論可靠性和有效性。給出信息無(wú)須過(guò)分詳細(xì)，描述重點(diǎn)是新工作和新方法，對(duì)于已發(fā)表普通標(biāo)準(zhǔn)技術(shù)、方法或設(shè)備，只需扼要介紹或舉出參考文件即可。第33頁(yè)4.6 Body3) Results這是論文價(jià)值所在，是論文關(guān)鍵部分。它包含給出結(jié)果，并對(duì)結(jié)果進(jìn)行定量或定性分析。寫作關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)是：以繪

25、圖和（或）列表（必要時(shí)）等伎倆整理試驗(yàn)結(jié)果，經(jīng)過(guò)數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)和誤差分析說(shuō)明結(jié)果可靠性、再現(xiàn)性和普遍性，進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)結(jié)果與理論計(jì)算結(jié)果比較，說(shuō)明結(jié)果適用對(duì)象和范圍，分析不符合預(yù)見現(xiàn)象和數(shù)據(jù)，檢驗(yàn)理論分析正確性等。第34頁(yè)4.6 Body4)Discussion for resultsPurpose: The relationship between your work and some very related worksStyle:Work AWhy it is very related Difference to your workWork BWhy it is very relatedDiffer

26、ence to your work 。第35頁(yè)4.6 Body時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題：表示研究目標(biāo)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)普通要使用過(guò)去時(shí)，這是因?yàn)檠芯磕繕?biāo)是在著手研究時(shí)確定。表示結(jié)論動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)普通使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)或完成時(shí)態(tài)，而且以使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)為主，除非在強(qiáng)調(diào)已取得結(jié)果時(shí)方可使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。第36頁(yè)4.6 Body表示研究過(guò)程中動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)普通使用過(guò)去時(shí)，這是因?yàn)檠芯抗ぷ魇窃谧珜懻撐闹斑M(jìn)行。但有時(shí)也會(huì)強(qiáng)調(diào)某一行為或狀態(tài)巳完成或連續(xù)到撰寫論文時(shí)，也會(huì)使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。說(shuō)明圖表時(shí)態(tài)普通使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。第37頁(yè)4.6 Body主謂一致性：復(fù)合主語(yǔ)用and連接時(shí)，普通用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞，但and所連接主語(yǔ)系指同一人或物時(shí)，仍用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞用or，

27、nor，eitheror， neithernor，not onlybut also 連接復(fù)合主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)隨即一個(gè)主語(yǔ)人稱和數(shù)改變用as well as連接復(fù)合主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)隨前一個(gè)主語(yǔ)人稱和數(shù)而變第38頁(yè)4.6 Body集合名詞（committee，class等）作主語(yǔ)，當(dāng)整體看時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)，但就其中各個(gè)組員來(lái)考慮時(shí)，用復(fù)數(shù)用number作主語(yǔ)，前置the時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)，前置a時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)第39頁(yè)Generally, this section includes:Presentation of background information as well as recapitulation(

28、重述關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)) of the research aims of the present study.Brief summary of the results, whereas the focus is on discussing not recapitulating the results.4.7 Conclusion第40頁(yè)Comparison of results with previously published studies.Conclusions or hypotheses drawn from the results, with summary of evidence for ea

29、ch conclusion.Proposed follow-up research questions.4.7 Conclusion第41頁(yè)4.7 ConclusionCommon used sentences in conclusion writing:It is clear from the discussion thatIn conclusion(summary)The above results(data、findings)leads us a conclusion that第42頁(yè)4.7 ConclusionFrom, the following conclusion can be

30、made(drawn)On the basis of , we now concludeWe now sum upWe have demonstrated in this paper第43頁(yè) 致謝主要包含以下兩部分：（1）寫明在研究過(guò)程中給予你幫助個(gè)人和單位； （2）寫明在研究經(jīng)費(fèi)上給予幫助外單位或基金會(huì)。The author is indebted to for and to forThe author would like to express their appreciation to4.8 Acknowledgement第44頁(yè)In particular we would like t

31、o acknowledge the contribution ofThe author wishes to thankforThis work was supported byThe authors are grateful to for their fruitful discussion4.8 Acknowledgement第45頁(yè)4.9 Appendix 附錄作為正文主體補(bǔ)充。附錄并不是必需，普通僅在一些內(nèi)容（如數(shù)學(xué)推導(dǎo)、定理證實(shí)、計(jì)算框圖、計(jì)算結(jié)果、源程序清單、附圖等）插入正文后有損于正文連貫性、條理性和完整性或?qū)ζ胀ㄗx者價(jià)值不大或引用他人工作不便列入正文情形下，才考慮作為附錄處理，但在正文中必須提及附錄及其作用。第46頁(yè)注意兩點(diǎn)：（1）只應(yīng)列入主要已發(fā)表文章。與文章關(guān)系不大不要放進(jìn)去。還未發(fā)表資料、尚在印刷中文章、學(xué)位論文、文摘等普通也不要放進(jìn)去。（2）引證文章應(yīng)該自己閱讀過(guò)，不要轉(zhuǎn)引自其它文章，這可能會(huì)造成差錯(cuò)。4.10 References第47頁(yè)參考文件詳細(xì)寫法有以下兩種情況：按作者姓名字母次序排列(Alphabetical list of references)按引用次序排列(numbered list of references)。 采取序號(hào)編排方式時(shí)，有時(shí)出版物要求將作者名字寫在前面姓寫在后面格式，而又有