高等有機(jī)化學(xué)保護(hù)基市公開課金獎(jiǎng)市賽課一等獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

1、5 Synthesis strategy Protection Groups/10/10/10/101第1頁(yè)Content /10/10/10/10 Introduction and Concept.23 Protecting Groups for Alcohol32.4.3 Protecting Groups for Carbonyls Protecting Groups for Amines.4Summary and Homework2.4.6 Protecting Groups for Diols2第2頁(yè)1. Introduction and Concep

2、tsProtecting GroupProtection and deprotection Protection -transforms the interfering FG into a different one Deprotection -transform the new FG back into the original group at a later stage of the synthesisOne practical solution is to temporarily block a reactive position by transforming it to a new

3、 FG that will not interfere with the desired Transformation. This new blocking group is Protecting Group.Nucleophilic species Grignard reagentKetone-aldehydeacids, bases and nucleophiles Alcohol-amineSynthetic targets many problemsmore than one FGcompetitive reaction3第3頁(yè)/10/10Other uses of the PGThe

4、 PG can be used to provide directing effects , influence solubility, and other physical properties, make it easier to isolate or crystallize.As a pro-drug in pharmaceutical industry, Solid-phase attachment , tagging molecules (fluorescence tagging)The use of the protecting groupwhen and how 1)Avoide

5、d step, but it can not be avoided,2) Planning the order of a synthesis for insertion of a given FG can minimize the use of PG. 3) The PG must be relatively inert and easy to unmask in high yield.1. Introduction and ConceptsIntroduce, removeBlock unblock Protect deprotect Mask Unmask 4第4頁(yè)An perfect p

6、rotecting group must Be easily obtained, stable and no-toxicityNot introduce the stereo-center to the molecularIntroduce and remove in high yieldBe easily isolated from the system after the cleavage/10/10Summary: Protecting when alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, amines, double or triplex bonds and other

7、 active groups are with competitive reactions.1. Introduction and Concepts5第5頁(yè)Ether, relatively inert , but uneasily removedacyclic acetals or ketals esters, much inert but easily removed/10/10So the key problems for Protection Groups is Reaction conditions for introducecircumstance conditions for s

8、tableReaction conditions for removed 2.Protection Groups for Alcohols6第6頁(yè)Reaction conditions Methyl ethers are most inert PG and stable to strong bases, nucleophiles, organometallics, ylids, hydrogenation , oxidizing agents, reducing agents, pH 1 to 14Methyl group can be cleaved with HI, BBr3 Apply

9、to phenolic -OH3.Protection Groups for Alcohols 3.1 methyl ether protecting group7第7頁(yè)/10/108Mechanism for the BBr3 cleaveExample 1CoQ103.Protection Groups for Alcohols 3.1 methyl ether protecting group第8頁(yè)(-)-cyclindrocylophane JACS ,122,4984A C-C dimer, 3.Protection Groups for Alcohols 3.1 methyl et

10、her protecting group9第9頁(yè)3.Protection Groups for Alcohols 3.1 methyl ether protecting group10第10頁(yè)Reaction conditions benzyl ethers are more stable to a wide range of reagents, strong bases, nucleophiles, organometallics, carbanions, oxidizing agents, reducing agents, pH 14 Benzyl group can be cleaved

11、 by hydrogenolysis with Pd/CApply to sugar and amino acid3.Protection Groups for Alcohols 3.2 benzyl ether protecting group11第11頁(yè)/10/10Example:(+)-Himbacine: piperidine alkaloid, isolated from the Australian pine, has become a leading compound for a possible new drug candidate for the treatment of A

12、lzheimers dementia.3.Protection Groups for Alcohols 3.2 benzyl ether protecting group12第12頁(yè)/10/10Example 23.Protection Groups for Alcohols 3.2 benzyl ether protecting group13第13頁(yè)/10/10Reaction conditions Tert-butyl ethers are stable to pH 1-14, strong bases , nucleophiles, organometallics, carbanion

13、s, catalyst hydrogenation, oxidation, dissolving metal reductioncleaved condition: sensitive to acidApply to steroid OH group and 3.Protection Groups for Alcohols 3.3 tert-butyl ether protecting group14第14頁(yè)/10/10Reaction conditions stable to pH 5-14, strong bases , nucleophiles, carbanions, catalyst

14、 hydrogenation, oxidation, dissolving metal reductioncleaved condition: strong base and than acid, or Rh-P complex3.Protection Groups for Alcohols 3.4 allyl ether protecting group 15第15頁(yè)/10/10Reaction conditions Stable to pH 5-14, strong bases , nucleophiles, carbanions, catalyst hydrogenation, oxid

15、ation, dissolving metal reductionCleaved condition: weak acid hydrolysis Applied to: primary alcohol because of bulkySelectivity of Primary alcohol3.Protection Groups for Alcohols 3.5 tribenzyl methyl ether for PG 16第16頁(yè)/10/10 All are alkyl ether protecting groupSimilar problems arise in molecules c

16、ontaining several OH moieties, that require protection and de-protection in a specific order .Alternative ether protecting groups have to developed that show greater selectivity in reactions with acids or Lewis acids.So substitute methyl and alkyl ether have been developed. 3.Protection Groups for A

17、lcohols Summary17第17頁(yè)/10/10Reaction conditions Stable to bases , catalyst hydrogenation, oxidation, dissolving metal reduction and organometallic (RMgX, RLi, LiAlH4), pH 4-14Cleaved condition: acid and weak acid hydrolysis Applied to: phenol -OH3.Protection Groups for Alcohols 3.6 methoxymethy ether

18、 (MOM acetals) as Protecting Group18第18頁(yè)/10/10Note: MOM was first used in JACS 1972, formed with a base, MOM sensitive to acid, key removing condition is 50% AcOH/H2O or HCl/CH3OH, Dowex Resin is an acid resin, not only remove MOM but also acetonide; Last step JOC 1999, 64, 4485 anti-tumor compound,

19、 alkaloid, from Amaryllidaceous plant.3.Protection Groups for Alcohols 3.6 methoxymethy ether (MOM acetals) as Protecting Group19第19頁(yè)/10/10Reaction conditions Stable to bases , catalyst hydrogenation, oxidation, dissolving metal reduction and organometallic (RMgX, RLi, LiAlH4), pH 4-14Cleaved condit

20、ion: acid and weak acid hydrolysis Applied to: phenol -OH3.Protection Groups for Alcohols 3.7 tetrahydropyranyl ether (THP acetal) as Protecting Group20第20頁(yè)/10/10Example 1吡揉比星3.Protection Groups for Alcohols 3.7 tetrahydropyranyl ether (THP acetal) as Protecting Group21第21頁(yè)/10/103.Protection Groups

21、for Alcohols 3.7 tetrahydropyranyl ether (THP acetal) as Protecting Group22第22頁(yè)/10/10Silyl ether, an extremely important for the protection of OH having the generation structure OSiR3, /10/10Reaction conditions: organo-base, Stable to: oxidation, not stable to organometallics, nucleophiles, hydrolys

22、is Relative stability depends on steric factorCleaved condition: aqueous base or acid, but the rate of hydrolysis for 2nd silyl ether 1st silyl ether steric factor Applied to: phenol -OH3.Protection Groups for Alcohols 3.8 Silyl ether as Protecting Group23第23頁(yè)P(yáng)olyphenoltea polyphenol3.Protection Gro

23、ups for Alcohols 3.8 Silyl ether as Protecting Group24第24頁(yè)/10/10/10/10Reaction conditions: acetic hydride or acetyl chloride in the presence of pyridine and triethylamineStable to: nucleophilic acyl substitution, hydrolysis and reduction , pH 1-8, organometallics, catalyst hydrolysis, borohydrolysis

24、, Lewis acid, oxidizing agentCleaved condition: hydrolysis with baseApplied to: all -OH groupsAcetate, benzoate, mesitoate Pivalate (新戊酸酯） 3.Protection Groups for Alcohols 3.9 ester as Protecting Group25第25頁(yè)/10/10/10/10Acetate, benzoate, 3.Protection Groups for Alcohols 3.9 ester as Protecting Group

25、26第26頁(yè)3.Protection Groups for Alcohols 3.9 ester as Protecting Group27第27頁(yè)/10/10Example 1Target comp.(d) MeOH, H+Note: Protecting when OH- and C=O are in the same Molecular flowing by Grignard Reaction.Example analysis?28第28頁(yè)P(yáng)rotected GroupReactant Protecting GroupIntroduce conditionsStability toCle

26、aving conditionsNote pHNuRMOxi.Red.H2/Cat.El.-OHMeI or Me2SO4-OMeBase or Base/Et4N+I1-14YYYYYYHI, BBr3 most inert, phenolic -OHPhCH2Cl-OBnBase 14YYYYNYH2/Cat.Apply to sugar and amino acidtert-butyl-Cl-OBu-tH+1-14YYYYYYAcid, CF3COOHsteroid OH CH2=CHCH2Cl-OAllBase 5-14YYYYYYStrong B&A, RhRPh3CCl-OTrWe

27、ek base5-14YNYYYYweak acid primary alcohol as of bulky-OHCH3OCH2X-OMOMStrong base NaH4-14YYYYYYAcid or week acidphenol -OHDi-hydropyran-OTHPH+4-14YYYYYYAcid or week acidphenol -OHSummary29第29頁(yè)P(yáng)rotect-ed GroupReactant Protecting GroupIntroduce conditionsStability toCleaving conditionsNote pHNuRMOxi.R

28、ed.H2/Cat.El.-OHTMSCl, -OSiMe3Week Base or organo-baseNNNYNNNAqu. base or acid, Short term Prot. TESCl-OSiEt3Week Base or organo-baseS.SSYSSSAqu. base or acid,TBDMSCl,-OSiMe2ButWeek Base or organo-baseM. S.M. S.M. S.YM. S.M. S.M. S.Aqu. base or acid,Relative stability depends on steric factorthe rat

29、e of hydrolysis for 2nd silyl ether 1st silyl ether -OHAc2O, AcCl-OAcamine1-8YYYNYYBase and acid Hydr. or Common usedPhCOCl-O-Bzamine1-11M. S.M. S.M. S.YYYBasic hydrolysis or LiAlH4Summary30第30頁(yè)Reaction conditions: a ketone with an acid catalyst to form 1,3-dioxolane or acetonide Stable to: base but

30、 not to acid( pH 4-12), organometallics, nucleophiles, catalytic hydrogenation, hydride, oxidizing agent Cleaved condition: aqueous HCl or p-toluenesulfonic acid in methanol, Applied to: carbohydrates 4.Protection Groups for Diols 31第31頁(yè)4.Protection Groups for Diols 32第32頁(yè)4.Protection Groups for Dio

31、ls 33第33頁(yè)JACS 122, 66244.Protection Groups for Diols 34第34頁(yè)The conversion of carbonyl to ketal and acetal using alcohol and diol reactionThe variation of this reaction use thiol or dithiol reaction to generate dithioketals or dithioacetolsAlcohols were protected as ketals and acetales by reaction wi

32、th ketones and aldehydes, Carbonyl will be protected as the ketals and acetals by reaction with alcohols.The group, the reaction, the cleaving reaction are same, the difference is which FG is the object of attention and isolation.Note: Protection: Carbonyls, nucleophilic acetyl additions, oxygen-sta

33、bilized carbocation,5. Protecting Groups Carbonylsaldehydes and ketones35第35頁(yè)Reaction conditions: a ketone with an acid catalyst to form 1,3-dioxolane or acetonide Stable to: pH 4-12 but sensitive to aqueous acid and lewis acid. organometallics, nucleophiles, catalytic hydrogenation, hydride, oxidiz

34、ing agent Cleaved condition: aqueous HCl or p-toluenesulfonic acid or trifluoroacetic acid or oxalic acid (HOOC-COOH), Applied to: any aldehyde and ketones5. Protecting Groups Carbonylsaldehydes and ketones36第36頁(yè)5.1 ketals and acetals as the protection groups for carbonylsMethanol and ethanol are th

35、e most common ones used. Because:The yields of product are highLower molecular weight of alcohol byproducts are easy removedSimple singlet NMR spectrumCorilin JOC 1999, 64, 24685. Protecting Groups Carbonylsaldehydes and ketones37第37頁(yè)5.1 ketals and acetals as the protection groups for carbonylsCycli

36、c ketals or cyclic acetals 1,3-dioxolanes or 1,3-dioxanes 芳(香)族聚酮, hot compounds in anti-biotics, Fredericamycin A ，a unique quinone antitumor antibiotic, was isolated from a new strain of Streptomyces griseus at the Frederick Cancer Research Center in Frederick, MD, in 1981. JACS 1994, 116, 9921, 6

37、3卷 7期 化學(xué)通報(bào) , 5. Protecting Groups Carbonylsaldehydes and ketones38第38頁(yè)39第39頁(yè)5.2 dithioketals and dithioacetals as the protection groups for carbonylsVariatation method, selectivity of protection, sulfur analogs, dithioketals and dithioacetals, more flexibility, Reaction conditions:Stable to: acid (p

38、H 1-12). organometallics, nucleophiles, catalytic hydrogenation, hydride, oxidizing agent（CrO3 可氧化） Cleaved condition: HgCl2 and AgNO3 but not reaction with other Lewis acidApplied to:5. Protecting Groups Carbonylsaldehydes and ketones40第40頁(yè)5.2 dithioketals and dithioacetals as the protection groups

39、 for carbonyls11-hydroxyjasionone Corey 5. Protecting Groups Carbonylsaldehydes and ketones41第41頁(yè)Amine, ammonium, amide, lone pair of electrons on nitrogen, basic activity, oxidation, Protection, ammonium salt, good leaving group for substitution and elimination reaction, so not a good protection gr

40、oup.Three protection methodConversion of primary, secondary amine to terary amine (benzyl or trialkylsilyl)Conversion to amide（Boc, Fmoc Chapter 3) Conversion to sulfonamide6. Protecting Groups for amines42第42頁(yè)6.1 N-alkyl and N-silyl protecting groupReaction conditions:Stable to: acid and base (pH 4

41、-12). organometallics, nucleophiles, hydride, but reaction with lewis acid (as a Lewis base) Cleaved condition: hydrogenlysis by catalyst hydrogenation or dissolving metals H2 and Pd on Carbon, Na/NH3Applied to:6. Protecting Groups for amines43第43頁(yè)6.1 N-alkyl and N-silyl protecting groupHiv-1 protea

42、se inhibitors, JOC 1999, 64, 49806. Protecting Groups for amines44第44頁(yè)6.2 N-acyl protecting groupsAmides are common protecting groups for amine. N-acylamine are known as acetamide derivatives (N-COMe, N-Ac)Reaction of Acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride with amine in the present of base, (pyridine o

43、r trimethylamine) will generate the acetamide. Acetamide are sensitive with strong acid or base but Stable in the pH range 1-12, can react with organometallic and nucleophiles (RLi does not react very well,but RMgBr does)Boc(t-butoxycarbonyl), Fmoc(9-fluorenylmethoxycabonyl 9-芴基甲氧基羰基) are currently used, Chapter 36. Protecting Groups for aminesFmoc-protection45第45頁(yè)6. Protecting Groups for aminesCbz-protectionBoc-protection6.2 N-acyl protecting groups46第46頁(yè)H+ 6. Protec