2015考研英語真題：英語一真題完整版

1、Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related”asfourthcousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis_(1)_astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationa

2、lAcademyofSciences,has_(2)_.Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted_(3)_1,932uniquesubjectswhich_(4)_pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth_(5)_.While1%mayseem_(6)_,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“Mostpeopledonoteven

3、_(7)_theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho_(8)_ourkin.”Thestudy_(9)_foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow,_(10)_,astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismo

4、re_(11)_it.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingtogetherthat_(12)_usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends_(13)_”functionalKinship”ofbeingfriendswith_(14)_!Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthesimilargenesseemtobeevolution_(15)_thanothergenesStudyingthiscouldhelp_(16)_whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthel

5、ast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor_(17)_factor.Thefindingsdonotsimplyexlpainpeoples_(18)_tobefriendthoseofsimilar_(19)_backgrounds,saytheresearchers.ThoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento_(20)_thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangers,weretakenfromthes

6、amepopulation.AwhenBwhyChowDwhatAdefendedBconcludedCwithdrawnDadvisedAforBwithConDbyAcomparedBsoughtCseparatedDconnectedAtestsBsCsamplesDexamplesAinsignificantBunexpectedCunbelievableDincredibleAvisitBmissCseekDknowAresembleBinfluenceCfavorDsurpassAagainBalsoCinsteadDthusAMeanwhileBFurthermoreCLikew

7、iseDPerhapsAaboutBtoCfromDlikeAdriveBobserveCconfuseDlimitAaccordingtoBratherthanCregardlessofDalongwithAchancesBresponsesCmissionsDbenefitsAlaterBslowerCfasterDearlierAforecastBrememberCunderstandDexpressAunpredictableBcontributoryCcontrollableDdisruptiveAendeavorBdecisionCarrangementDtendencyApoli

8、ticalBreligiousCethnicDeconomicAseeBshowCproveDtellSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdontabdicate,theydareintheirsleep.”Butembarra

9、ssingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyle?TheSpanishcaseprovidesa

10、rgumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove“mere”politicsand“embody”aspiritofnationalunity.Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchscontinuingpopularitypolarized.Andalso,theMiddleEastexcepte

11、d,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.Evenso,kingsandqueensundou

12、btedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistoryandsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday-embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyari

13、stocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessm

14、akesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.WhileEuropesmonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchysreputationwithherratherordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.Thedangerwillcom

15、ewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice-asnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemona

16、rchysworstenemies.AccordingtothefirsttwoParagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpainusedturnenjoyhighpublicsupportwasunpopularamongEuropeanroyalscasedhisrelationshipwithhisrivalsendedhisreigninembarrassmentMonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostlyowingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatustoachieveabalancebetwe

17、entraditionandrealitytogivevotermorepublicfigurestolookuptoduetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment4?Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?AristocratsexcessiverelianceoninheritedwealthTheroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocraciesThesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamiliesThenobilitysadhe

18、rencetotheirprivilegesTheBritishroyals“havemosttofear”becauseCharlestakesaroughlineonpoliticalissuesfailstochangehislifestyleasadvisedtakesrepublicansashispotentialalliesfailstoadapthimselftohisfutureroleWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombinedCharles,AnxioustoSucce

19、edtotheThroneCarlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchsCharles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreatsTEXT2JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCpurtwillnowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.Californiahasaskedth

20、ejusticestorefrainfromasweepingruling,particularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionsthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifor

21、niasadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticecanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCaliforniaslameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofasmartphone-avaststorehouseofdigitalinformationissimilartosay,goingthroughasuspec

22、tspurse.ThecourthasruledthatpolicedontviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheygothroughthewalletorporcketbook,ofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringonessmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarresteesreadinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcor

23、respondence.Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing.”meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCaliforniasargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitutionsprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigi

24、talinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofautomobileuseasadigitalnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourthAmendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.TheSupremecourt,willworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itisl

25、egitimatetoAsearchforsuspectsmobilephoneswithoutawarrant.Bchecksuspectsphonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.Cpreventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.Dprohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.27.TheauthorsattitudetowardCaliforniasargumentisoneofAtolerance.Bindifference.Cdisapproval.Dcautiousne

26、ss.28.TheauthorbelievesthatexploringonesphonecontentiscomparabletoAgettingintoonesresidence.Bhandingoneshistoricalrecords.Cscanningonescorrespondences.Dgoingthroughoneswallet.29.InParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthatAprinciplesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.Bthecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforacti

27、on.Cphonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.Dcitizensprivacyisnoteffectiveprotected.30.OrinKerrscomparisonisquotedtoindicatethattheConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.NewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.CaliforniasargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.PrinciplesoftheCon

28、stitutionshouldneverbealtered.Text3ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataanalysisarecontributingtotheirreproducibilityofman

29、ypublishedresearchfindings.“Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,”writesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,thejournalhasappointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingeditors(SBoRE).Manuwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybythejournalsintern

30、aleditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.TheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthesemanus.Askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid:“Thecreationofthestatisticsboardwasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataa

31、nalysisinscientificresearchandispartofSciencesoveralldrivetoincreasereproducibilityintheresearchwepublish.”GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,amemberoftheSBoREgroup,saysheexpectstheboardto“playprimarilyanadvisoryrole.”Heagreedtojoinbecausehe“foundtheforesightbehindth

32、eestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.ThisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplacesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience.”31、ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphIthatScienceintendstosimplifyitspeer-reviewpr

33、ocess.journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks.fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis.lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects.32、Thephrase“flaggedup”(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningtofound.revised.markedstored33、GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREmayposeathreattoa

34、llitspeersmeetwithstrongoppositionincreaseSciencescirculation.setanexampleforotherjournals34、DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnowaddstoresearchersworklosd.diminishestheroleofreviewers.hasroomforfurtherimprovement.istofailintheforeseeablefuture.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?ScienceJoi

35、nsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapersProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespectDataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditorsDesksStatisticiansAreComingBackwithScienceText4Twoyearsago,RupertMurdochsdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe“unsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions”Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued

36、,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonly“sortingmechanism”insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.But“itsus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit”.Drivingherpointhome,shecontinued:“Itsincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurpose,ofamorallanguagewithingovernment,mediaorbusinesscould

37、becomeoneofthemostdangerousfoalsforcapitalismandfreedom.”ThissameabsenceofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,shieldthought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.Asthehackingtrialconcludes-findingguiltyoneseditoroftheNewsoftheWorld,An

38、dyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,innocentofthesamecharge-thewinderissueofdearthofintegritystillstandstill,Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWor

39、ldin2001tobethepointpersonforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.OneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,wowlittl

40、eshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredwowthestoriesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatsheknewnothing.Intodaysworld,titlehasbecomenormalthatwellpaidexecutivesshouldnotbeaccountableforwhathappensintheorganizationsthattheyrunperhapsweshouldnotbesosurprised.Forageneration,thecollectived

41、octrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjusticefairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.Thepu

42、rposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstandingtobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructionsnorreceivedtraceab

43、le,recordedanswers.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsetbytheconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanismcompaniesernmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues.thewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions.37.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3thatAGlemMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrimeBmorejournalistsmaybe

44、foundguiltyofphonehacking.CAndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge.Dphonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasions.38.TheauthorbelievestheRebekahBookssdeferenceArevealedacunningpersonalityBcenteredontrivialissuesCwashardlyconvincingDwaspartofaconspiracy39.Theauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctr

45、ineshowsAgenerallydistortedvaluesBunfairwealthdistributionCamarginalizedlifestyleDarigidmoralcote40.Whichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastparagraph?AThequalityofwritingisofprimaryimportance.BCommonhumanityiscentralnewsreporting.CMoralawarenessmattersinexcitinganewspaper.DJournalistsneedstricterindu

46、strialregulations.PartBDirectionsInthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofnumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutryt

47、ocomprehend,inthesenseofidentifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthemdrawingonyourimplicitknowledgeofEnglishgrammar.(41)Youbegintoinferacontextforthetext,forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventisinvolved.Whoismakingtheutterance,towhom,whenandwhere.Theways

48、ofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofcomprehension.Buttheyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustofpassiveassimilationbutofactiveengagementininferenceandproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceandclues.(42)Conceivedinthisway,comprehe

49、nsionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedortruemeaningthatcanbereadoffandcheckedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationoftexttotheworld.(43)Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare.(44)Thisdoesnt,however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelative

50、orevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferenthistoricalperiods,placesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlappingreadingsofthesamewordsontheincludingfortextsthatengagewithfundamentalhumanconcerns-debatesabouttextscanplayanimportantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefsandvalues.Howwereadagiven

51、textalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterestinreadingit,(45)Suchdimensionsofreadingsuggest-asothersintroducedlaterinthebookwillalsodo-thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesntthennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedormoreworthwhilethananot

52、her.Ideally,differentmindsofreadinginformeachother,andactasusefulreferencepointsforandcounterbalancestooneanother.Together,theymakeupthereadingcomponentofyouroverallliteracy,orrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextualenvironment.Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfillstherequirementofagi

53、vencourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitforinformation?Waysofreadingonatrainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarroom.Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgender,ethnicity,ageandsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationsbutatthesametimeobscureo

54、revencloseoffothers.Ifyouunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,usingcluespresentedinthecontext.Ontheassumptionthattheywillbecomerelevantlater,youmakeamentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygivensentence,

55、imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.Youmakefurtherinferencesthatformthebasisofapersonalresponseforwhichtheauthorwillinevitablybefarlessresponsible.SectionIIITranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslati

56、onshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturies,atideofemigrationoneofthegreatfolkwanderingsofhistorysweptfromEuropetoAmerica.46)Thismovement,drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivations,builtanationoutofawildernessand,byitsnature,sha

57、pedthecharacteranddestinyofanunchartedcontinent.TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipalforces-theimmigrationofEuropeanpeopleswiththeirvariedideas,customs,andnationalcharacteristicsandtheimpactofanewcountrywhichmodifiedthesetraits.Ofnecessity,colonialAmericawasaprojectionofEurope.AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsofEnglishmen,Frenchmen,Germans,Scots,Irishmen,Dutchmen,Swedes,andmanyotherswhoattemptedtotransplanttheirhabitsandtraditionstothenewworld.But