地球系統(tǒng)與環(huán)境復(fù)習(xí)91721生態(tài)

1、Chapter9AtmosphericevolutionandclimateAtthe time of its formation 4.6 billion yearsago, which two gases didthe Earths atmosphereChapter9AtmosphericevolutionandclimateAtthe time of its formation 4.6 billion yearsago, which two gases didthe Earths atmosphereAfter millions of years of volcanic outgassi

2、ng, the atmospheres ition began reflect the ition of volcanic gaseous s. Which two ses scientistsvehelpedtoachievetodaysoxygenUntilthe recent industrial he last three centuries, CO2 was removedfromtheatmosphere.WherewasthisCO2beingDescribethesofphotolysisofwatervapourandcarbon Whatareprokaryotes?Wha

3、tistheirermsofpresent-dayoxygen用，它是最原始的能夠進(jìn)行光合作用的生物，對(duì)增加大氣中的氧氣含量有著重要意義Whatisthesignificanceoftheancientbandedrockandredbedrock使氧氣含量在大氣中無(wú)法持續(xù)增加，在條帶狀鐵建造和紅層中Once enough oxygen had he atmosphere, it changed the rules anismsinwhichtwo照射，使生物能夠從海洋轉(zhuǎn)移向陸地Whatis the mainOnce enough oxygen had he atmosphere, it ch

4、anged the rules anismsinwhichtwo照射，使生物能夠從海洋轉(zhuǎn)移向陸地Whatis the maint humans have had on the balanceof atmospheric gases thepast和建筑材料，。Howdoesenergylossoccurinaofthebedands （河床和堤岸的阻力ernal caused by discrete boundary t set secondaryflow circulationsandeddies （旋,whichoccurslocallyatparticularinopen2. Howis

5、sedimenttransportedin由上升力(lift force)和拖曳力(drag force)共同作用使沉積物在水中搬運(yùn)，物懸停Whatarethemainsesin1） 磨蝕由上升力(lift force)和拖曳力(drag force)共同作用使沉積物在水中搬運(yùn)，物懸停Whatarethemainsesin1） 磨蝕）發(fā)生在河流獲取沉積物的過(guò)程中，類似于用砂紙摩擦2） 腐蝕的碎塊4）水壓力作用（hydraulicaction）湍流的剪應(yīng)力施加在河岸上，使得河岸開(kāi)裂After water falls on a hillslope, what are the he developm

6、ent of a systemtslope? 的失。在第二個(gè)階段，如果一個(gè)溪流持續(xù)保持在一個(gè)位置，它就有可能繼續(xù)發(fā)展，這種斜坡在傾斜度上的發(fā)展過(guò)程叫做 However,therewillbeasmallareanthedivideandthetop這種斜坡在傾斜度上的發(fā)展過(guò)程叫做 However,therewillbeasmallareanthedivideandthetopoftherillswhichthereislittleornoslopewashbecausethedepthofoverlandflowisnotenough or the velocity is not fast e

7、nough to cause (Figure 17.8(a). theinitialstageisapatternofmoreorlessparallelrillsofvariablelengthbe destroyed before the next storm or may stay ition (Figure second stage, if the rills are constant ition then they may develop further. onerillisnitsneighbour.Whenthereisoverlandflow,therilldividesare

8、overtoppedthereisatendencyfortheflowtooccurtowardsthedeepestrill,breakingdowndivide. Therefore master rills form, where rills join up and increase the nextrill,andthistendstofocusslopestowardsthemasterrill.Thisdevelopmentslopesacrosseralgradientiscalledcross-5. Describetheypes oftforminsand-bedriver

9、s.small-scale current ripples: These are small, triangular bedforms with upstream(stoss)slopesacrosseralgradientiscalledcross-5. Describetheypes oftforminsand-bedrivers.small-scale current ripples: These are small, triangular bedforms with upstream(stoss)andsteeperleeslopes,whichareunder4cminheight,

10、undercminchordandhaveaverticalformherangelarge-scale current ripples or dunes: These are large, triangular bedforms occur when the boundary shear stress and ower ted with istransitional forms of bed roughness: Included here are washed-out dunes, sandbarsandplanehase plane beds: A plane bed is a bed

11、evations or snumsizeofthebedsediment,wherethereisarelativelytoflowbythebedandahighsedimenttransportwater6. Howdoriver(河流階地form?17.9.5我覺(jué)得書(shū)上沒(méi)說(shuō)清楚，主要通過(guò)構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)或氣候變化形成。當(dāng)河流泛濫時(shí)，沉積物呈席狀散布在泛濫平原河河床底部，產(chǎn)生階地Describe how the components of the meandering river landform-assemblageformandgivethecharacteristicsoforphologi

12、calpart.1） 邊灘 bar）邊灘是發(fā)育在曲流河凸岸的沉積，邊灘的沉積物分選好，積物在凹岸堆積2） 牛軛湖（cutoff）在平原地區(qū)流淌的河流，河曲發(fā)育，1） 邊灘 bar）邊灘是發(fā)育在曲流河凸岸的沉積，邊灘的沉積物分選好，積物在凹岸堆積2） 牛軛湖（cutoff）在平原地區(qū)流淌的河流，河曲發(fā)育，為牛軛湖3）天然堤（natural levees）河道邊的楔狀沉積物。在比較順直或微彎的河段，減弱，大量懸移物質(zhì)在岸邊附近沉積下來(lái)，形成天然堤4） 決口扇（crevasse splays）當(dāng)自然堤或人工河堤潰決后，河流攜帶的大量泥砂的扇狀地形，稱決口扇5）泛濫盆地（flooding basin）

13、泛濫平原中最低的區(qū)域，排水不通暢。層狀沉積Whydobarsdevelopinbraidedrivers(辮狀河Describetheircharacteristics. wodifferentways:throughtheaggradationofbarsandthroughthedissectionoftransverseWhat are the morphological and sedimentological n Mississippishoal-waterdeltasandthemodernbirdsfootDescribe the morphological and sedime

14、ntological characteristics of alluvial fans differentclimaticregimes. （參考地貌學(xué)干旱區(qū)發(fā)育的洪積扇的面積比半干旱和濕潤(rùn)地區(qū)發(fā)育的洪積扇的面積大得多l(xiāng)Landform-Describeeralcharacteristicsl 溫度經(jīng)常在零度左右浮動(dòng)，但是一些區(qū)域夏季溫度可達(dá) 20 攝氏度，differentclimaticregimes. （參考地貌學(xué)干旱區(qū)發(fā)育的洪積扇的面積比半干旱和濕潤(rùn)地區(qū)發(fā)育的洪積扇的面積大得多l(xiāng)Landform-Describeeralcharacteristicsl 溫度經(jīng)常在零度左右浮動(dòng)，但是一些

15、區(qū)域夏季溫度可達(dá) 20 攝氏度，Describethelandform-sedimentassemblagetedwithfrostwedging.冰楔作用的產(chǎn)物通常是角礫狀的、粗糙的碎石和一些泥沙、黏土The products of frost wedging are ular, coarse, gravelsized althoughthereareparticlesdowntosiltandclaygradesediment.However,Pottst ses n frost shattering produced the silt and clay-tarefoundingelifl

16、uction（冰凍泥流） its.InotherwordstherechemicalweatheringsesgoingonaswelltoproducetheseExplainhowfrostsortinginsoiltakesplace.（frostpull過(guò)程，frost（frostpull過(guò)程，frost移動(dòng)。frostpullfrostFrostheavinghesizesortingoftheheterogeneoussedimentsbecauselargerclastsmigratetowardsthesurfaceatarateofupto5cmper4. Whatareth

17、echaracteristicsofice-wedgecastsandhowdothesecasts（冰楔） 在過(guò)去凍土帶中，冰楔融化后被周圍的沉積物充填，充填物可能為沙土、礫石冰磧物In areas of past permafrost, ice wedges have melted and 在過(guò)去凍土帶中，冰楔融化后被周圍的沉積物充填，充填物可能為沙土、礫石冰磧物In areas of past permafrost, ice wedges have melted and are no longer filled with The wedge, which is now empty, is

18、 filled with sediment and dirt from the ofthousandsofyearshenopen-andclosed-o有湖泊沉積參與形成。在斜坡上形成的冰核丘通常比較小、形狀不規(guī)則、頂部破裂這類冰核丘（開(kāi)放系統(tǒng)）平坦的區(qū)域Describe the morphological and sedimentological characteristics of protalus HowcanyoudistinguishthemfromDescribe the morphological and sedimentological characteristics of protalus Howcanyoudistinguishthemfromlmoraines?冰前石脊是脊?fàn)畹拇至３练e物，通常發(fā)育在巖屑坡。碎屑通過(guò)滑降、彈跳、滾動(dòng)，運(yùn)到雪坡）的邊緣堆積。切作用Explain how tors (突巖) can form and why there has been major controversy as to climaticsignificanceofsuchWhyistheactivelayerheformationoflslope9. How have detailed field and laboratory measurements been