浙江版高考英語總復習專題四《謂語動詞（講解練）》教與學

1、專題四 謂語動詞高考英語 浙江專用考點清單考點一動詞的時態(tài)和主謂一致一、動詞的時態(tài)(一)一般體一般體中的一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時分別表示現(xiàn)在、過去的經(jīng)常性、習慣性的動作或狀態(tài);一般將來時表示將來某一時刻的動作或狀態(tài),或?qū)砟骋欢螘r間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài);過去將來時表示從過去某一時間看將要發(fā)生的動作。所謂一般體,表示既不“進行”,又不“完成”。He is always ready to help others.他總是樂于助人。(現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài))When I was a boy,I often went to play in that park.我小時候常去那個公園玩。(過去的習慣)1.一般現(xiàn)在

2、時(1)一般現(xiàn)在時的構成1)一般現(xiàn)在時主要用動詞原形表示,如果主語為第三人稱單數(shù),則一般在動詞原形后加 -s或 -es,其變化規(guī)則如下表所示:2)be動詞的變化:am,is,are。3)have的變化:has,have。情況規(guī)則例詞一般情況 加 -seats,rises以s,sh,ch,x,o,z結(jié)尾的動詞加 -esdiscussdiscusses teachteaches以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動詞變y為i加-escarrycarries flyflies(2)一般現(xiàn)在時的用法1)表示現(xiàn)在的經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作。We have meals three times a day.我們一日吃三餐。(現(xiàn)

3、在的習慣)2)表示現(xiàn)在的特征或狀態(tài)。We always care for each other and help each other.我們總是互相關心、互相幫助。3)表示客觀真理。The sun rises from the east.太陽從東邊升起。4)某些動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時可以表示按計劃、安排將要發(fā)生的事情,這種用法常常用于介紹火車時刻表、飛機時刻表、作息安排表等。We must hurry up.The first class begins at 8 oclock.我們必須快點。第一節(jié)課將在8點開始。5)在時間和條件狀語從句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將要發(fā)生的動作。If it is fine

4、tomorrow, we will go to the West Lake.如果明天天氣好,我們就去西湖。2.一般過去時(1)一般過去時的構成1)一般過去時用動詞的過去式表示,其規(guī)則動詞變化如下表所示:情況規(guī)則例詞一般情況 加 -edpackpacked以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動詞 變y為ied carrycarried以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)動詞雙寫輔音字母加 -edplanplanned以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的動詞直接加 -dlikeliked provideprovided2)was用于第一、三人稱單數(shù),were用于其他人稱。3)注意以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的動詞,直接加 -ed。如:playpl

5、ayed。(2)一般過去時的用法一般過去時除了可以表示過去經(jīng)常性、習慣性的動作或狀態(tài)外,還有以下用法:1)want,hope,think,intend等動詞的一般過去時往往表示“過去原”之意。I thought he was an honest man.我原以為他是個老實人。He didnt intend to hurt you.他原本沒打算傷害你。2)wonder的一般過去時有時也可表示現(xiàn)在的行為,但語氣要比用一般現(xiàn)在時更加委婉、客氣。I wondered if you could do me a favour.我想知道你能否幫我一個忙。3)“used to+動詞原形”表示過去的習慣性動作(

6、現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再發(fā)生了)。We used to spend our vacation in the mountains.我們以前常常在山里度假。(暗示現(xiàn)在不再在山里度假了)3.一般將來時一般將來時是比較復雜的時態(tài),有多種表達形式。構成意義例句will/shall do表示(偶然,臨時)將要發(fā)生(的事情)From the design and color of our uniforms, the British friends will learn more about our school.英國朋友們將通過我們校服的設計和顏色更加了解我們的學校。 表示事物的固有屬性或必然趨勢Fish will d

7、ie without water.離開水,魚就會死。be goingto do多用在口語中,表示“計劃、打算要做(某事)”,此外,be going to do還可表示根據(jù)現(xiàn)在的跡象對未來進行推斷。注意:was go-ing to do還可表示“過去本打算做(某事),但未做”的意思He is going to speak on TV this evening.他今晚要在電視上講話。Look at the dark clouds.It is go-ing to rain.看這些烏云,要下雨了。Tom,you didnt come to the party last night?I was goin

8、g to,but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.湯姆,你昨天晚上沒來參加聚會嗎?我本打算要去的,但是我突然記起來我有作業(yè)要做。be to do表示“按計劃或安排要做的事”。這種結(jié)構也可用于過去時。was/were to do sth.表示曾經(jīng)計劃要做(某事),但不表明計劃是否被執(zhí)行,或表示命運,即命中注定要發(fā)生(的事)When are you to leave for home?你什么時候回家?She is to get married next month.她將于下個月結(jié)婚。I felt nervous because I was so

9、on to leave home for the first time.我感到緊張,因為我很快就要第一次離開家了。We were to have told you,but you were not at home.我們本來想告訴你的,但是你不在家。be to do表示“應該”,相當于should,ought toYou are to report it to the police.你應該報警。表示“想,打算”,相當于intend,wantIf we are to be there before ten,well have to go now.如果我們要在10點前到那兒,我們現(xiàn)在就得走。be a

10、boutto do表示“立即的將來(immediate future)”,不與表示將來的具體時間狀語連用,但可以和并列連詞when(=and at that time)引出的分句連用 The train is about to start.火車就要開了。I was about to leave when the telephone rang.我正要離開,突然電話鈴響了。進行時表示將來的動作有些動詞如come,go,arrive,leave,begin, start等,其現(xiàn)在進行時表示按計劃、安排近期將要發(fā)生的動作Im leaving for Beijing next month.下個月我要去北

11、京。(二)進行體1.進行體的構成(1)考綱對進行體所要求掌握的時態(tài)包括:現(xiàn)在進行時、過去進行時、將來進行時。它們的形式分別為:現(xiàn)在進行時:am/is/are+現(xiàn)在分詞過去進行時:was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞將來進行時:will/shall+be+現(xiàn)在分詞(2)現(xiàn)在分詞的構成形式:情況規(guī)則例詞一般情況 加-ingtrytrying以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)動詞雙寫輔音字母加-ingregretregretting banbanning以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的動詞去掉e,加-ing hatehating datedating2.進行體的用法(1)進行體表示某一時刻或階段內(nèi)正在進行的動作或存在的狀態(tài),具

12、有暫時性和未完成性的特點。I dont really work here;I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.我不是真的在這里上班,我只是來幫忙,直到新秘書來了(我就走)。(暫時性)(2)表示某階段正在進行的動作或發(fā)生的事,雖然當時動作不一定正在進行,常與these days,this week等時間狀語連用。 We are making model planes these days. 這些天我們在做飛機模型。(此時此刻不一定在做)(3)表示反復出現(xiàn)的或習慣性的動作,往往含有贊賞、厭惡、遺憾等情緒,常與always,co

13、ntinually,constantly,forever,all the time等連用。He is always thinking of others first.他總是先想到他人。He is always making the same mistake.他總是犯同樣的錯誤。(4)有些動詞的進行體可以表示將來。(見一般將來時的用法)(5)有些動詞不用于進行時態(tài),常見的有:1)感官類:look,smell,feel,sound,taste,see,hear等。 The soup tastes good.(不可說:The soup is tasting good.)這湯嘗起來不錯。 Your h

14、ands feel cold.(不可說:Your hands are feeling cold.)你的手摸起來很涼。2)情感類:like,love,prefer,admire,hate,fear,adore等。 I love my dad and my mum.(不可說:I am loving my dad and my mum.)我愛我的爸爸媽媽。3)心態(tài)類:wish,hope,want,need,believe,understand,agree,know,remember,for-get等。 I dont believe my eyes.(不可說:I am not believing my

15、 eyes.)我不相信我的眼睛。4)存在狀態(tài)類:appear,lie(位于),remain,belong,have等。 Those books belong to Mr.Li.(不可說:Those books are belonging to Mr.Li.)那些書是李先生的。(三)完成體1.完成體的構成(1)考綱對完成體所要求掌握的時態(tài)包括:現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時、將來完成時。形式分別為:現(xiàn)在完成時:have/has+過去分詞過去完成時:had+過去分詞將來完成時:will/shall have+過去分詞(2)規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞的構成方法同過去式的構成方法,詳見一般過去時部分“規(guī)則動詞變化方法

16、”。(3)不規(guī)則動詞的過去式和過去分詞構成詳見“附錄二”。2.完成體的用法(1)現(xiàn)在完成時1)表示一個動作開始于過去,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(也許還將持續(xù)下去)。表示從過去延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一段時間的狀語有:lately,recently,in the last/past few days/years(在過去的幾天/年里),since then,up to now,so far(至今)等。In the past few years,great changes have taken place in my hometown.在過去的幾年里,我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大變化。He has written 8 b

17、ooks so far.到目前為止,他已經(jīng)寫了8本書。2)表示發(fā)生在過去的事情對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響,注意這時說話者說話的重心在過去的事情對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響上。The concert has started.(=The concert is on now.)音樂會已經(jīng)開始了。I have already seen the film.(=I know the film now.)我已經(jīng)看過那部電影了。3)在“最高級+名詞”或“It/This is+the first/second.time”之后的定語從句中,謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時。This is the first time(that)I have co

18、me here.這是我第一次來這里。This is the best tea(that)I have ever drunk.這是我喝過的最好的茶了。4)瞬間動詞又叫非延續(xù)性動詞、終止性動詞。瞬間動詞可以用于完成時態(tài),但不可以接表示一段時間的狀語;若要接表示一段時間的狀語,需要做一些相應的變換。瞬間動詞的否定式可以接表示一段時間的狀語。()He has come to Beijing since last year.()He has lived in Beijing since last year.()He has joined the army for 3 years.()He has ser

19、ved in the army for 3 years.()He joined the army 3 years ago.()He has been a soldier for 3 years.()It is 3 years since he joined the army.()He has joined the army.常見的瞬間動詞(詞組)有:come,go,get to/reach/arrive at/in,leave,buy,sell,open,close,get up,join/take part in,begin/start,return/give,borrow/lend,bec

20、ome/turn,bring/take,die,finish/end,receive/hear from,marry,break,lose,jump 等。部分非延續(xù)性動詞(詞組)和延續(xù)性動詞(詞組)的轉(zhuǎn)換:買buyhave借borrowkeep結(jié)婚get marriedbe married認識get to knowknow離開leavebe away回來come backbe back生病fall illbe ill死亡diebe dead關閉turn offbe off打開turn onbe on動身leave forbe off to變成becomebe返回returnbe back開始b

21、eginbe on睡覺go to bedsleep穿put onwear來/去come/gobe in/away參加joinbe a member of感冒take/get/catch a coldhave a cold入睡go to sleepbe asleep到達get to/arrive in/reachbe in(2)過去完成時1)一件事情發(fā)生在過去,而另外一件事情先于它發(fā)生(即表“過去的過去”),那么發(fā)生在前的動詞要用過去完成時。過去完成時表示時態(tài)的對比關系。She had learned some English before she came to the institute.她

22、在來這個機構前已學過一些英語了。He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.他說他在國外待了3年了。2)表示從過去某一時間開始,一直延續(xù)到過去的另一時間的動作,常用的時間狀語有:by/until/before/by the end of+表過去的某一時間。By then he had learned English for 3 years.到那時為止,他已學了3年英語了。Until then he had known nothing about it yet.到那時為止,他對此仍一無所知。3)表示愿望、打算的詞,如:hope,expect,mean,

23、intend,want,suppose 等,其過去完成時表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的愿望或意圖。I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)I had meant to help you,but I was too busy at that moment.我本打算幫你的,但那時我太忙了。I had thought you would come the next day.我原以為你第二天會來。4)用于某些固定句型中:Hardly/Scarcely/Barely.when.和No sooner.than.句型中,when和than從句用一般過去

24、時,主句用過去完成時,且用倒裝,表示“剛剛就”。Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.我剛到家,大雨就傾盆而下。Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre.我們才剛剛開動,汽車的輪胎就癟了。It was/had been+一段時間+since 從句中,since 從句的謂語用過去完成時。It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.我們有10年沒這么高興過了。That/It/This

25、was the first/second.time+that 從句中,that 從句的謂語要用過去完成時。It was the third time(that)he had made the same mistake.那是他第三次犯同樣的錯誤了。That was the first time that I had passed the exam.那是我第一次考試及格。(3)將來完成時將來完成時表示到將來某一時間某一動作將會完成,常用的時間狀語為“by+將來的某個時間”。By this time of next year,all of you will have become college s

26、tudents.到明年的這個時候,你們大家就都成為大學生了。(四)完成進行體1.考綱對完成進行體所要求掌握的時態(tài)為現(xiàn)在完成進行時,其形式為:have/has+been+doing。2.現(xiàn)在完成進行時是現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在進行時的組合,因此,它既具備現(xiàn)在完成時的特征,又具備現(xiàn)在進行時的特征,如:它具備進行體的“未完性、暫時性、感情色彩”的特點。He has been learning English for 6 years.他學英語已經(jīng)六年了。(從過去某一時間開始學英語,強調(diào)到現(xiàn)在還在學)It has been raining for 3 days.已經(jīng)下了三天雨了。(強調(diào)說話者“抱怨”的感情色彩)

27、(五)動詞時態(tài)的呼應1.主將從現(xiàn)所謂“主將從現(xiàn)”,即主句表將來(不一定為一般將來時,祈使句、“情態(tài)動詞+動詞原形”也可表將來),從句(包括時間、條件、讓步狀語從句)用現(xiàn)在時(不一定是一般現(xiàn)在時,現(xiàn)在進行時、現(xiàn)在完成時也可在這類從句中表示將來)。Whatever you say,I will not change my mind.無論你說什么,我都不會改變主意。If she is still waiting,tell her to go home.如果她還在等,就讓她回家。I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work.我一完成工作就和

28、你一起去。2.含賓語從句的句子的時態(tài)一致問題賓語從句中的動詞時態(tài)常受主句謂語時態(tài)的制約,如果主句謂語為現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r,賓語從句中的謂語可以不受影響。 He says his father is/was/will be a teacher.他說他父親現(xiàn)在是/過去是/將會成為老師。如果主句的謂語動詞是過去時,賓語從句的謂語動詞一般需用過去的某種時態(tài),即一般過去時、過去進行時、過去完成時、過去完成進行時、過去將來時、過去將來進行時等。I was sure he was in bed.我確信他在床上睡覺。(be in bed與was sure同時發(fā)生)He thought he was working

29、 for the people.他認為他正在為人民工作。(表示thought發(fā)生時work正在進行) I wondered if she had got well.我想知道她是否痊愈了。(get well先于won-dered發(fā)生)He wanted to know what she had been doing.他想知道她一直在做什么。(do從過去發(fā)生,直至wanted且在wanted時還在進行) I hoped Id find a job soon.我希望我不久就會找到工作。(find在hoped之后發(fā)生) I thought shed be going by bus.我以為她會乘公交車去

30、。(go在thought之后發(fā)生)注意:(1)當主句為過去時,賓語從句有明確的表過去的時間狀語時,可不必用過去完成時而用一般過去時。I knew he was born in 1991.我知道他生于1991年。(2)當賓語從句表達永恒的真理時,謂語動詞不必變?yōu)檫^去時,而繼續(xù)采用一般現(xiàn)在時。This proved that the earth is round.這證明地球是圓的。3.含虛擬語氣的句子的時態(tài)一致問題(1)在“would/should/ought to/could/might/neednt/would like to.+have done sth.,but.”句型中,but后面的分句

31、表示的不是虛擬語氣而是陳述事實,所以謂語動詞需用一般過去時或過去進行時。He should have turned up but he had an unexpected visitor.他本應該到場,但他那里來了一個不速之客。(2)在“But for the fact+that從句”中,that從句的謂語動詞時態(tài)要根據(jù)后面句子謂語動詞所表示的時間而定。But for the fact that he is busy now,he would be here.要不是他現(xiàn)在很忙,他就在這里了。But for the fact that you were ill,I would have had

32、you print the papers.要不是你生病了,我就讓你去打印這些文件了。(3)It is time+that從句,that從句中謂語動詞需用一般過去時或should+動詞原形。It is time that we went to bed.我們該睡覺了。一般過去時所表示的動作發(fā)生在過去,與現(xiàn)在無聯(lián)系。常有表示過去的時間狀語現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響或動作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(六)易混時態(tài)的區(qū)別1.一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時的用法區(qū)別2.一般過去時和過去完成時的用法區(qū)別一般過去時指過去的動作或情況。有時候有表示一段時間的時間狀語He lived in Hangzhou for 10 yea

33、rs.他在杭州生活過10年。He went to Ningbo yesterday.他昨天去了寧波。過去完成時指過去的一個動作或時間之前發(fā)生的事。過去完成時的時間狀語常用by或before 引導的短語或句子表示,如by that time,by the end of,before 2010,by the time+句子(一般過去時)等He had learned 3,000 English words before he came to this school.他來這個學校之前就已經(jīng)學了3,000個英語單詞了。He had finished writing the book by the en

34、d of last month.到上個月月底為止,他已經(jīng)寫完這本書了。3.過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時的用法區(qū)別比較下面的說法:題組訓練用所給動詞的正確時態(tài)填空The supermarket keeps(keep)some of its stores open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays.現(xiàn)在完成時表示的是過去的動作延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或過去的動作對現(xiàn)在有影響過去完成時表示的是在過去某時之前已經(jīng)完成或延續(xù)到過去某時的動作Her study shows Americansmade(make)61 billion visits to restaurants last

35、 year.Jane cant attend the meeting at 3 oclock this afternoon because she will be teaching(teach)a class at that time.The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody has seen(see)them since.Hi,lets go skating.Sorry,Im busy right now.I am filling(fill)in an application form for a new job.Heburied(bury)hi

36、mself in mathematics and began developing a math-ematical theory that would later become calculus(微積分).During the last three decades,the number of people participating in physical fitness programs has increased(increase)sharply.The men said theyhad heard(hear)a tiger growling(低聲吼叫)some-where nearby,

37、but they didnt know from which direction the noise had come.They made up their mind that they would buy(buy)a new house once Larry changed jobs.Sofia looked around at all the faces:she had the impression that she had seen(see)most of the guests before.They stop to think about what they will do (do)n

38、ext. The three of us traveled(travel)around Europe for about a month last summer.At that time yesterday, he was working(work)in his office.This time next Friday, we will be studying(study)in school together.二、主謂一致主謂一致即在句子中謂語動詞的數(shù)必須和主語的數(shù)保持一致。一般可根據(jù)三個原則來確定:語法一致原則(主語的單復數(shù)決定謂語動詞的單復數(shù))、意義一致原則(形單意復的名詞或形復意單的名詞

39、,要根據(jù)其意義來決定謂語動詞的單復數(shù))、就近一致原則(謂語動詞的單復數(shù)取決于離它最近的主語)。(一)語法一致1.主語是單數(shù),謂語動詞用單數(shù);主語是復數(shù),謂語動詞用復數(shù)。The results of the research are to be published soon.研究結(jié)果不久將被發(fā)表。His suggestion has been accepted.他的建議被接受了。2.many a(許多)+單數(shù)名詞/more than one(不止一個)+單數(shù)名詞作主語,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Many a student comes into the classroom.很多學生進了教室。More th

40、an one student wants to join the army.不止一個學生想?yún)④姟?.復合不定代詞anyone,somebody,everything,nothing等作主語,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。If anyone sees Lisa, ask her to call me.如果有人看到Lisa,讓她給我打個電話。(二)意義一致1.形式為單數(shù)但意義為復數(shù)的police,cattle等作主語時,謂語動詞用復數(shù)。The police have not made any arrests. 警方未逮捕任何人。2.表示一類人的the poor/rich/dead/injured/wounded

41、等作主語時,謂語動詞用復數(shù)。The rich are to help the poor.富人應該幫助窮人。3.表示某國人的總稱的the Chinese,the British,the Irish等作主語時,謂語動詞用復數(shù)。The Chinese are hard-working.中國人民是勤勞的。4.以-s結(jié)尾但意義為單數(shù)的news,maths,physics,politics等作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。The news is exciting.這則消息激動人心。5.單復數(shù)同形的名詞sheep,deer,means等作主語時,謂語動詞的單復數(shù)與實際意義一致。Three sheep are ea

42、ting grass there.3只羊正在那里吃草。A sheep is lying there.一只羊正躺在那里。Not every means is useful.不是每種方法都有用。6.表示時間、距離、金額等的復數(shù)名詞作主語,通?？醋髡w,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Twenty years is a long time in ones life.二十年在人的一生中是很長的一段時間。Twenty thousand dollars is not a small sum of money.兩萬美元不是一筆小數(shù)目。(三)就近一致either.or., neither.nor.,not only.but

43、also.在句子中連接并列主語的時候或者在there be句型中,謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式要和就近的主語的單復數(shù)保持一致。Neither you nor I am wrong. 你和我都沒錯。There is a cup of tea and some apples on the table.桌上有一杯茶和一些蘋果。Not only the students but also the teacher reads English every day. 不僅是學生,老師也每天朗讀英語。(四)主謂一致的幾個難點1.并列主語的主謂一致(1)兩個單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞用and連接,表示兩個不同的概念時,謂語動

44、詞用復數(shù)。Steam and ice are different forms of water.蒸汽和冰是水的不同形式。(2)兩個單數(shù)名詞用and連接,表示同一人、同一物或同一個概念,或表示不可分的整體時,謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)。Trial and error is the source of our knowledge.反復試驗是我們獲得知識的源泉。(3)被every,each,many a,no等限定的名詞由and連接作主語時,謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)。Each boy and each girl has an apple.每個男孩和每個女孩都有一個蘋果。Many a teacher and many

45、a student has seen the film.許多老師和學生都看過這部電影。(4)一個單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞被幾個用and連接的并列形容詞修飾時,可以指一件事或幾件事,這種名詞作主語時,要根據(jù)意義一致的原則決定謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式。English and American literature are appealing to her.英國文學和美國文學都對她有吸引力。Simple and plain living is a fine quality.簡樸生活是一種優(yōu)良的品質(zhì)。2.單數(shù)名詞作主語,后跟with,along with,together with,as well as,ra

46、ther than,but,except等加其他名詞時,謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式。Dr.Smith,together with his wife,is to arrive on the evening flight.史密斯博士及其夫人將乘夜班飛機抵達。Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the laboratory.只有一個老師和三個學生在實驗室里。3.某些名詞作主語時的主謂一致(1)集體名詞family,class,crew,team,group,public,audience,crowd,government,committee等作

47、主語時,謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式要根據(jù)主語所指的意義而定。當把集體名詞作為一個整體來看待時,謂語動詞常用單數(shù)形式;如果指其中各個成員時,謂語動詞常用復數(shù)形式。The class consists of twenty-five boys and twenty girls.這個班由25個男生和20個女生組成。The class are doing experiments.全班學生正在做實驗。(2)由兩部分構成的表示物體的名詞,如trousers,pants,jeans,compasses,glass-es,shoes等作主語時,謂語動詞常用復數(shù)形式。但如果這類名詞前用了a pair of或two/th

48、ree.pairs of來修飾,謂語動詞的單復數(shù)往往取決于pair的單復數(shù)形式。These trousers need cleaning.這些褲子需要洗了。This pair of trousers is mine.這條褲子是我的。4.數(shù)詞與量詞作主語時的主謂一致(1)分數(shù)和百分數(shù)修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式還是復數(shù)形式取決于它們所修飾的名詞。試比較:Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.昨天只干了60%的活。About 20 percent of the students are absent today.今天大約有

49、20%的學生缺席。(2)“a number of(許多)”和“a variety of(各種各樣的)”修飾名詞作主語時,謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。但是“the number of(的數(shù)目)”和“the va-riety of(的種類)”修飾名詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。試比較:A number of students are from the south.許多學生來自南方。The number of students from the north is small.來自北方的學生人數(shù)很少。題組訓練用所給詞的適當形式填空The tourism of Hangzhouhas seen(see)a r

50、apid growth over the last decade.Either you or one of your studentsis(be)to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.Thereis(be)also a lovely cafe and restaurants.Chinas high speed railways have grown (grow) from nothing to more than 30,000 km in the past few years. Nobody but us knows (know) the sec

51、ret.About 70 percent of the work is done/has been done(do)now.The teacher together with his students is planting (plant) trees now a-long the river.The singer and dancer is going to give/will give (give) us a performance this Friday.Collecting stamps is (be) his hobby.Not only the workers but also t

52、he boss wishes (wish) for a holiday.All of the apple is (be) rotten.His family are (be) all music-lovers.A number of books are lent( lend) out from the library every day.The number of the students present is (be) not known.A total of 60 scientists were invited (invite) to take part in the discussion

53、.No sound and no voice is (be) heard.The young are (be) students from Tsinghua University.Thirty miles is (be) a long distance.Twenty years has (have) passed since his father died.In front of the girl are (be) three boys.The United States was founded (found) in 1776.All the possible means were used

54、(use) in order to solve the problem.The steel works is closed (close)for the holidays.A chemical works has been set (set) up by the river.The two chemical works have been closed (close)now.His first works were sold (sell) for 1,000 dollars.考點二動詞的語態(tài)一、被動語態(tài)1.被動語態(tài)的構成英語中的及物動詞一般都有主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)兩種形式。被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be

55、+過去分詞”構成。助動詞be隨著主語的人稱、數(shù)和句子的時態(tài)、語氣的不同而變化。幾種常見時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)形式見下表:時 體現(xiàn)在過去將來過去將來一般is/am/are donewas/were donewill/shall be donewould/should be done進行is/am/are being donewas/were being done完成has/have been donehad been done完成進行2.被動語態(tài)的用法被動語態(tài)主要用于以下幾種情況:(1)不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者,或沒有必要指明誰是動作的執(zhí)行者。The window hasnt been cleaned f

56、or weeks.窗戶有好幾周沒擦了。(2)需要強調(diào)或突出動作的承受者或事件本身。These heroes are respected by everybody in the country.這些英雄人物受到全國人民的尊敬。The Chinese Communist Party was founded in Shanghai in 1921.中國共產(chǎn)黨是1921年在上海成立的。A new teaching building is being built in our school.我們學校正在建一幢新教學大樓。3.注意動詞短語的被動語態(tài)和含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài) That old man was

57、 often laughed at.那位老人常被人嘲笑。The plan will be given up.這項計劃就要被放棄了。Bad habits have been done away with.壞習慣已經(jīng)被改掉了。(在被動結(jié)構中,切不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞)He must be prevented from going.必須阻止他去。The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible.這項計劃應該盡早執(zhí)行。(謂語結(jié)構是:情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞)4.“get+過去分詞”可以表示被動,此結(jié)構比較口語化The patient

58、 gets treated once a week.那位病人一周治療一次。He fell off the car and got killed.他從汽車上掉下來,摔死了。二、主動形式表被動意義1.“系動詞look,sound,feel,smell,taste,appear,seem,go,prove等+形容詞/名詞”構成系表結(jié)構The steel feels cold.鋼摸起來很涼。It has gone bad.它已經(jīng)變質(zhì)了。2.表示開始、結(jié)束、運動類的動詞,如begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,shut,run,move 等Work began a

59、t 7 oclock this morning.今天早上7點鐘開始工作的。The shop closes at 6 p.m.every day.這個商店每天下午6點關門。3.表示主語的某種屬性特征的動詞,如read,write,cut,drive,sell,wash,clean,wear,lock,dry等。這類動詞一般不單獨使用,常有一個修飾語This coat dries easily.這件外套容易干。Nylon cleans easily.尼龍容易洗干凈。Your article reads very well.你的文章讀起來很不錯。This material has worn thin

60、.這個材料已經(jīng)磨薄了。4.“介詞in,on,under 等+名詞”構成介詞短語表被動意義表示方位或目的的介詞與含動作意義的名詞合用,含被動之意,其意義相當于該名詞相應動詞的被動形式,名詞前一般不用冠詞。常見的有:under control 受控制under treatment 在治療中under repair 在修理中under discussion 在討論中under construction 在施工中beyond belief 令人難以置信beyond ones reach 夠不著beyond ones control 無法控制for sale 待售for rent 出租in print