自考英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)課件第1、3章

1、英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)Introduction Lexicology 這門課是哪一種學(xué)科的分支?lexicology is a branch of linguistics. Lexicology和那些重要的學(xué)科建立了聯(lián)系:1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicography 研究lexicology 的兩大方法:1) Diachronic approach : 歷時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)2) Synchronic approach : 共時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)，wife；縱觀歷時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)的方法論，woman 詞義的變化算是詞義變化的哪一種模式？ Woma

2、n 的詞義的變化算Narrowing or specialization 英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)Introduction Chapter 1 Chapter 1 What is word ?詞具有哪些特點(diǎn)？詞的特點(diǎn)也就是對(duì)詞的名詞解釋。1) A word is a minimal free form of a language;2) A sound unity or a given sound 3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.以上詞的四個(gè)特點(diǎn)也就是詞的名詞解釋詞的分類（classification o

3、f a word）詞根據(jù)發(fā)音可以分為哪兩種詞？或者說(shuō)詞根據(jù)拼寫可以分為哪兩類詞？1) simple words 2) complex words單音節(jié)詞例子：e.g. Man and fine are simple多音節(jié)詞例子：e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmail management 可以次劃分為manage 和ment misfortune 可以次劃分為mis- 和 fortune blackmail 可以劃分為black 和 mail What is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)Ther

4、e is no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented bydifferent sounds.What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the wr

5、itten record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oralform, such as English language.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English3)With the development of the language, more and more differences occur between the two. What is relationship betw

6、een sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form, such as English language.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English3)With the development of the language, more

7、 and more differences occur between the two. What is word ?詞具有哪些特點(diǎn)？詞的特點(diǎn)也就是對(duì)What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship or irregularity between sound and form?1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate let

8、ter tore present each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn farapart.3) A third reason is that some of the

9、differences were created by the early scribes.4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary. 要記住以上四句話中的關(guān)鍵詞：1) influenced by Romans2) Pronunciation changed3) early scribes4) borrowing 你能不能舉出外來(lái)語(yǔ)對(duì)英語(yǔ)發(fā)音,拼寫造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eure

10、ka (Gr), kimono (Jap)外來(lái)語(yǔ)對(duì)英語(yǔ)造成的最大的影響就是sound and form 不一致。 What is vocabulary? Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given dis

11、cipline and the words possessed by an individual person. What are the great changes tha Classification of Words (本課重點(diǎn)) What is the classification of words? How to classify words in linguistics? Three criteria :1) By use of frequency 2) By notion 3) By origin By use of frequency 可劃分為：1) The basic wor

12、d stock 2) Nonbasic word vocabulary By notion 可劃分為：1) Content word2) Functional word Content words are also known as notional words . (Content words 的別稱)Functional words are also known as empty words, or form words. (Functional words 的別稱)Functional words possesses a characteristic of basic word stoc

13、k, i.e. stability According to Stuart Robertson ,et al (1957),* (年年考試必考) the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,you What are the characteristics of basic word stock?1) All national character2) Stability3) Productivity4) Polysemy5) Collocability要把握住All nation

14、al character詞,就是和我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钕⑾⑾嚓P(guān)的，最普通詞穩(wěn)定性是基本詞的一個(gè)很大特點(diǎn)，請(qǐng)你舉例說(shuō)明？e.g. man, woman , fire, water e.g. machine, video, telephone e.g. bow, chariot , knightStability is relative, not absolute. 根據(jù)詞的use frequency 劃分出的基本詞之外，還有一類詞叫作None basic vocabulary, 非基本詞有幾大特點(diǎn)？或者是幾大分類？1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra2) Jargon

15、e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon ) 3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang ) 4) Argot e.g. persuader5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE= blood)6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will)7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms )beaver 是girl 的slang 表達(dá)方式，但是二者之間存在著Stylistic difference Which constitutes th

16、e larger number among English vocabulary, content words or functional words ?Answer : Content words What is native words? Answer : (1) By origin, English words can be classified into native words and borrowed words.(2) Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German trib

17、es: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus know asAnglo-Saxon words. (3) Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number ,amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language 根據(jù)詞的use frequency What is na什么叫borrowed wor

18、ds?Answer: (1) words taken over from foreign languages are know as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.(2) It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary (3) The English language has vast debts In any dictionary some 80% of the e

19、ntries are borrowed. 什么叫Denizens?Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. In other words they have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling, such as port from portus (L).Denizens的例子都要記：Port from portus (L), cup from

20、 cuppa (L),shift from skipta (ON), shirt from skyrta (ON), change from changier (F), pork from porc (F). 什么叫Translation-loans ?Translation-loans are words and expressions formed form the existingmaterial in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language, such as long ti

21、me no see from haojiumeijian (Ch) 什么叫Semantic-loans ?words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form ,But their meaning are borrowed , in other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language ,such as the word dream ,which originally meant joy and mu

22、sic , and its modern meaning was borrowed later from the Norse.什么叫borrowed words?英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)Chapter 3 Word Formation 構(gòu) 詞 英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)Chapter 3 Word Formati3.1 Morphemes 詞素 These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes. In other words, the morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of wo

23、rds 這些最小的有意義單位稱為詞素。 換言之，詞素是“構(gòu)詞中最小功能單位” 3.1 Morphemes 詞素 These minima3.1 AlloMorphs 詞素變體Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning. 詞素（形位）是抽象的單位，是由分立的形素在話語(yǔ)中具體實(shí)現(xiàn)的。“形素”是實(shí)際說(shuō)出來(lái)的最小的意義攜帶體。The morpheme is

24、to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone. 形位與形素的關(guān)系同音位與因素的關(guān)系一樣。 3.1 AlloMorphs 詞素變體Morphemes a3 - These morphemes coincide with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence. Words of this kind are called monomorphemic words. 這些詞素與詞一致，因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)诰渥又锌梢元?dú)立起作用，這類詞叫單語(yǔ)素詞。3 - These morp

25、hemes coincide w 4 - Some morphemes, however, are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. 有些詞素根據(jù)它們?cè)谠~中的位置不同可有一個(gè)以上的不同形素實(shí)現(xiàn)，這些不同的形素叫詞素變體。 4 - Some morphemes, however, 5 - There are cases where the allomorphs of the plural mo

26、rpheme are realized by the change of an internal vowel or by zero morph. 名詞復(fù)數(shù)詞素的變體也有一些特殊情況，可以通過(guò)改變內(nèi)部元音或零形素來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。 5 - There are cases where the3.3 Types of morphemes 詞素的類型 The popular method is to group into free morphemes and bound morphemes. 最流行的方法把詞素分成自由詞素和粘著詞素。3.3 Types of morphemes 詞素的類型 3.3.1

27、free morphemes Free Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. They are identical with root words, as each of them consists of a single free root, we might

28、as well say that free morphemes are free roots. 彼此之間相互獨(dú)立的詞素叫自由語(yǔ)素。這些詞素本身具有完整的意義，在句子中用作自由語(yǔ)法單位。自由詞素與根詞一致，因?yàn)楦~就是由單個(gè)的自由詞素構(gòu)成的。因此，我們不妨說(shuō)自由詞素就是自由根詞。3.3.1 free morphemes 3.3.2 Bound morphemes 粘著詞素Bound Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are so named because they are bound to other

29、morphemes to form words. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words. 不能獨(dú)立成詞的詞素叫做粘著詞素。之所以叫粘著詞素是因?yàn)樗鼈円掣皆趧e的詞素上才能構(gòu)成詞。粘著詞素主要出現(xiàn)在派生詞里。 3.3.2 Bound morphemes 粘著詞素Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and affix. 粘著詞素有兩類：粘著詞根和詞綴。 Bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental

30、 meaning just like a free root. Unlike a tree root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other 6 morphemes to make words. 粘著詞根，就如自由詞根一樣，是帶有基本意義的詞的組成部分。與自由詞根不同的是，粘著詞根是一種粘附形式，必須與別的詞素結(jié)合在一起才能構(gòu)成詞。 Bound morphemes include two tyIn English, bound roots are either Latin or Greek. Although they are lim

31、ited in number, their productive power is amazing. They give birth to thousands and thousands of derived words in modern English. 英語(yǔ)中粘著詞素不是來(lái)源于拉丁語(yǔ)就是來(lái)源于希臘語(yǔ)。粘著詞根雖然數(shù)量不多，但卻有驚人的能產(chǎn)性，構(gòu)成數(shù)以千計(jì)的現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)詞匯。 In English, bound roots are eiAffixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.詞綴是附著于詞或詞元素并對(duì)其意義或者功能作修飾的形式。 According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two groups：inflectional and derivational affixes. 根據(jù)詞綴的功能，可講詞綴分為兩組：屈折詞綴和派生詞綴。Affixes are forms that are