新編劍橋商務(wù)英語(yǔ)高級(jí)第三版第8.1節(jié)

1、Module 8environment problems8.1 being responsible1 in which of the following areas are you environmentally conscious? What things doyou do which are not so environmentally friendly? Give examples.Action with impact on theenvironmentfriendlyless friendly1 saving energyI use low-energylight bulbs.2 us

2、ing public transport3 limiting how much you fly4 conserving water5 recycling waste6 purchasing green products7 supporting local shops andBusinesses2 which of these environment problems:A are natural?B are man-made?C could be either?Earthquakes oil spills at sea nuclear radiation leaks hurricanesland

3、slidessmog declining fish stocks drought extinction of different speciesFlooding chemical explosions volcanic eruptions3 which of these problems has your country experienced in recent years? How werethey handled? What precautions have been taken against future occurrences?Reading4 of these groups in

4、 society, who can do most to combat pollution nd climate change?A individual consumersB large companiesC governments5 below is an extract from the little earthesting a possible way to controlman-made pollution. Read the text quickly. Which of these sentences do you think theauthor would agree with?A

5、 Americans pollute more because they produce more of the world s wealth.B the USAs pursuit of wealth is damaging the planet for everyone else.C there are more important problems than damage to the environment.D damage to the environment is the most important problem in the world E we can solve the p

6、roblem if we all do something to help in our own lives.F this problem requires concerted action from governments and internationalorganisations.Trading pollution quotasHow can we eliminate pollution? The biggest threat the world has ever faced isthe rising level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

7、. We must reduceemissions to a level that the world can sustain. There is no alternative. Theegases are n essential part of a balanced ecosystem; it is only in excess that theybecome dangerous. But to get them back to a safe level, emissions will have tobe reduced by over 60%. Since financial market

8、s are so powerful, they shouldbe designed to reward countries for reducing emissions. A mechanism for doingthis is quirt simple and obvious, and is only obscured by industrial countriesattempting to avoid paying a fair price for their resources. Here is how such amarket could operate. On average eve

9、ryone in the world is responsible for 4.21 tonnes of carbonemissions year. If the atmosphere can only sustain limited quantity of carbon dioxide,should one person be allowed to emit a lot more than another? Everyone shouldhave an equal allowance, ie 4.21 tonnes at present, but reducing with time. an

10、 Indian emits 0.81 tonnes on average and therefore has surplus of 3.4tonnes available for sale. an average American emits 19.53 tonnes. He therefore needs to buy 15.32tonnes in order to maintain his lifestyle.Multiplied by population this means that India has 3.2billion tonnes of CO for2sale and the

11、 US needs to buy 4.1 billion tonnes. The US needs to buy the wholeofIndiassurplus and more besides. Alternatively the US must reduce itsemissions. Trading on this basis means that money would flow from the richnations, which are causing the climate havoc, to poor nations that re sufferingfrom it. Th

12、e UN development programme commented,such flows would beneither aid nor They would be the outcome of a free-market mechanismthat penalises the richer .Thus fair market system for tradable quotawould result in a fairer world. Each nations allowance could then gradually bereduced on an equal percapita

13、 basis to a globally sustainable level.6 underline the sentences in the text that support your answer to exercise 4 above.7 which of the sentences in exercise 5 above do you agree with?8 do you think such a trading system would work? Why? Why not?9 how do you pronounce the following figures?1 60%2 4

14、.21tonnes per year3 3.2bn tonnes of CO2Reading1 read the conclusion to the passage”trading pollution quotasblow. In most linesthere is an extra word that is unnecessary or grammatically incorrect. But some linesare correct. I there is an extra word write the word in the margin. if there is no extra

15、word in the line write CORRECT in the margin.TRADING POLLUTION QUOTAS0 not practical? Rich nations my not like it the thought of inhabiting a fairit00 and equitable world, but multi-nationals might not object-if a millionaire correct1 become being a billionaire he is not going to drink any more coca

16、 cola, but2 n India rising out of poverty becomes a marketing But that s3 another story-and perhaps another clutch of problems. What are there the4 alternatives? Regions that they suffer catastrophic loss due to pollution by5 the rich nations should have a case in international law. If so, their cla

17、im for6 damages would be considerably more than the third world debt.Grammaruse of prepositions with statistics2 choose the best preposition to complete each sentence.1 at/on average, an Indian emits 0.81 tonnes of carbon per year.2 emissions will have to be reduced for/by60% to get them back to a s

18、afe level.3 threeout of/from ten of the worlds cars driven by Americans, producing half theworlds exhaust fumes.4 over/throughthe last 30 years we have seen a rise in/ofglobal temperaturesby/ofmore than C.5 the UK has set a target of maintaining its emissionswith/at 1990 levels.6 by/on the end of th

19、e century se levels will rise between/from two and four metres.3 these statements are from a us scientist who thinks the environmentalists areexaggerating. Complete them by putting one preposition in each space.1 the number of bald eagles gas risen_1500% since 1965.2 air pollution fell in America la

20、st year_the lowest level ever recorded.3 us forests expanded_ 9.5 million acres_ 1990and 2000.4 wetland areas have also increased_ the last five years.5 there will be a decline_ emissions from cars_80%,= in the next 30years.6 fish stocks have stabilised_ their 1995 levels.7 two_ _ three of the targe

21、ts set by the clean air act have beenreached.8 _average, Americans now cause less pollution than five years ago.4 look at the graph describing the disposal of waste in the USA between 1970 andthe present. Write five more sentences about the facts it shows using theprepositions on page 78.Since 1970,

22、 the total amount of waste produced in the usa has increased byalmost 300%.Trends in waste disposal10080604020東部西部北部0度度度度季季季季一二三四第第第第Writingdescribing graph5 the two graphs below show global temperature changes and carbon dioxideemissions from 1880 to 1990. Study the graphs and discuss with your par

23、tner thedevelopments in each and the relationship between the two. Is there a connection? using information given in the graphs, write a short report (120-140 words)describing these changes and the possible connections between them. begin like this:The graphs show the changes in global temperatures

24、and the mount of carbondioxide emitted by different countries over the period 1880 to 1990. taking globaltemperature first, we can see that.Listeningcorporate social responsibility1 stakeholders are all those people who play a part in or are affected by a companysactivities. Which group(s) of stakeh

25、older are most affected in each of these cases?Employeessuppliersthe local community1 an oil company overstates its profits in its half-yearly financial report.2 a big supermarket decides to label the salt and sugar content in all its foods.3 A manufacturer of washing machines sets up a recycling sc

26、heme to take oldwashing machines back at the end of their useful lives.4 a brewer and distributor of beer makes a TV advertisement that children find very5 a high street bank lays off 350 permanent staff and re-employs 200 of them ontemporary contracts.6 an electronics retailer increases its payment

27、 terms to trade creditors from 30 to 60days.2 you will hear the CEO of a company talk about a particular approach to corporatesocial As you listen, complete the notes to the talk. can use up tothree words per space.CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITYThe theory1 the new concept is called _.2 the three ar

28、eas in which to measure a company s performance are financial,social and _.3 these three legs are_The reasoning behind it4 peoples lives are affected more by business than by_5 the environment is under great_.6 business can play a part in _.7 businesses don t always take into account the impact of t

29、heiractions_.The practice8 to make a difference companies have to _.9 they must recongnise their responsibilities to all their_.10 they must also submit to financial, environmental and social_.11 companies have to be honest and open about_.12 it s not easy for a private company to disclose their _.C

30、an this approach work? What could be the disadvantages of it?Grammargerunds and infinitives3 gerunds and infinitivesSome words and expressions in English are followed by the gerund (-ing) and someare followed by the infinitive (to).In this example from the listening on page 80, the wordcommitted is

31、followed bythe prepositionto and the gerund.They must also be committed to respecting their employees.in this other example from the listening on page 80, the phraseits not enough isfollowed by the infinitive.Its not enough to say you are going to follow a 4 look at these English saying. Put the verb in the correct form; gerund(-ing)orinfinitive (to)1 it take all sorts _(make) a world.2 you can t make an omelette without _(break) eggs.3 it s no use _(cry) over spilt milk.4 if a jobs worth _(do), its worth _(