英美概況解答題復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、英美概略解答題1.WhyistheclimateofBritainmuchmilderthanofmanyplacesinthesamelatitudeTheclimateofBritainismoderatedbytheAtlanticGulfStream.b.Itisinfluencedbythewestwindbelt,whichblowoverthecountryalltheyearroundandbringwarmandwetairfromtheAtlanticOcean.c.TopographyofGreatBritain.Britainissurroundedbyseawater

2、s,whichcanbalancetheseasonaldifferencesbyheatingupthelandinwinterandcoolingitoffinsummer.WhatarethecharacteristicsoftheBritisheconomya.Britainisoneoftheworldsmostadvancedmanufacturingandtradingnations.b.Itscurrency,thepoundsterling,istheexchangecurrencyforaboutonethirdoftheworldsforeigntrade.c.theBr

3、itisheconomywasthefirsttohavebeenfullyindustrialized.d.Britishagriculturedoesnotproduceenoughfoodtomeetthecountrysbasicneeds,andthereforepartofallvitalfoodstuffshastobeimported.e.theBritishlabourforceisremarkablyhomogeneous.WhydoBritishpeoplethinkofthemselvesasEnglishmen,Scotsmen,WelshmenandIrishmen

4、,notasBritonsthatispeculiarlyBritish.Innormaltimestheytakethenationaldivisionverymuchforgranted.Theyhavetheirownwaytraditions.Forexample,Scotlandhasitsownnationalchurchanditsownsystemoflaw.Walespossessesalanguageandacultureofitsown.WhatweretheconsequencesoftheNormanConquesta.TheNormanConquestcausedi

5、mportantconsequences.Itincreasedtheprocessoffeudalism.WilliamtheConquerorestablishedastrongmonarchyinEngland.c.In1086WilliamtheConquerorhadhisofficialsgothroughEnglandandmakeageneralsurveyoftheland,knownastheDomesdayBook.AftertheconquestWilliamretainedmostoftheoldEnglishcustomsofgovernment.TheNorman

6、Conquestalsobroughtaboutchangesinchurch.AlongwiththeNormanscametheFrenchlanguage.InwhatwaysdidHenryIIconsolidatethemonarchya.HenryIItooksomemeasurestoconsolidatethemonarchy.Firstly,hecarriedoutaseriesofreformstostrengthenhispower.HestrengthenedtheGreatCouncil.ButthemostimportantstepisthattheRoyalpow

7、ersofjusticesweregreatlyexpanded.b.Asforadministration,themajorreformofhisreignwastheInquestofSheriffsin1170.c.In1181Henryissuedthe“AssizeofArms”.HenryIIwantedtorestoretherelationshipbetweenchurchandstatethathadexistedundertheNormankings.WhatwerethecommentsandthenatureoftheGreatCharterComments:(1)Th

8、ekingwasnottoexactextrapaymentsfromthefeudalvassals(ortowns)withouttheirconsent;(2)thatlawswerenottobemodifiedbyarbitraryactionoftheking;(3)ifthekingshouldattempttofreehimselffromthelaw,thevassalshadtherighttoforcethekingtoobeyit,bycivilwarorbyotherwise.Nature:(1)TheGreatCharterwasessentiallyafeudal

9、document.(2)Ithadaprogressivesignificance.(3)Thebasicmassofpeasantry,whoconstitutedfive-sixthsofthepopulationwasnottakenintoconsideration.WhereistheUKlocatedItislocatedinnorthwesternEurope,lyingtothenorthofFranceandthewestoftheNetherlandsandDenmark.WhatdoyouknowabouttheRomaninfluenceonBritainTheRoma

10、noccupationlastedforalmost350years.TheresultinggrowthofitsromanizedandtransformedintoRomanlandlordsandofficials.YettheRomanscametogovernandtotrade,nottosettle;andtheyweretoofewinnumbertochangethelanguageandcustomsofthepeopleastheydidinFranceandSpain.SomeofthenativepeoplebecameslavesoftheRomans;trues

11、lavesocietywasintroducedintoEngland.WhyandhowdidtheEnglishParliamentcomeintobeing(1)TheEnglishParliamentoriginatedintheGreatCouncil;(2)themainpurposeofthekingssummoningparliamentwastogetconsentfortaxation;(3)HenryIIIextendedthemembershipofparliament;(4)HenryhopedthatwithRomeshelphecoulddefeatthelord

12、sandtheircharter;(5)thebaronsroseupinoppositionundertheleadershipofSimondeMontfort,thekingsbrother-in-law,theyforcedhimtodismisshisforeignadvisersandtoaccepttheirowncouncilofadvisersinstead;(6)in1264MontfortdefeatedtheroyalarmyatLewesandtookthekingprisoner.Inthefollowingyear,hecalledParliament.Thepa

13、rliamentof1265whichisknownasthe“AllEstatesParliament”isgenerallyconsideredthe“beginningofparliament”.10.ThereasonsoftheHundredYearsWar:a.theclaimofEdwardIIItobetherightfulKingofFranceb.therealcausesweredeeperandmorecomplex,becauseoflands(territory)c.theeconomicinterestsofEnglandandFranceclashedinFla

14、ndersd.theEnglishnationalidentityhadtakenshapefasterthanthatofFrance11.ThereasonsofWatTylersRising:a.theconditionsofthepeasantswerenotimproved,thevilleinsstruggledforfullfreedom.b.thegovernmentofEdwardIIIandtheParliamentissuedordersandpassedstatutes(“StatutesofLabourers”).Thisarousedageneralhatredag

15、ainsttheministers,lawyers,andlandlords.c.lollards,providedideologicalpreparationforthelabourmovementofthe14thcenturyfuseoftherisingWhatdoyouknowaboutthenatureandconsequencesoftheWarsoftheRosesNature:itwasafeudalcivilwar,thewarofpowerandwealthandatlastforpossessionoftheCrownbetweentheLancastriansandt

16、heYorkists.Consequence:thewarsoftheRoseslasted30yearsandendedin1485withtheaccessionsofHenryTudorasHenryVII,thefounderoftheTudorMonarchy.HowdidHenryVIIstrengthenhismonarchyHenryVIIfirstconfinedhisrival-Edward.2.HealsopromisedpardontothosewhohadstoodonthesideonthesideoftheHouseofYork.3.In1486Henrymarr

17、iedElizabethofYork,thusunitingtherivalHousesofYorkandLancaster.4.Henryfacedfourseparatearmedrebellions,butallofthemwereputdown.5.Hearrangedhissonsanddaughtersmarriagesinsuchawaytostrengthenhispositionabroadandpreventhelpbeinggiventoclaimantstohiscrown.14.WhatarethereasonsoftheReformation1.TheChurcho

18、ftheMiddleAgeshadnotbeenonlyareligiousbody;ithadbeenapoliticalandlegalpoweraswell.ThegreedandlazinessoftheChurchwashinderingthesocialandpoliticalprogressofEngland.HenryVIIIwantedtoexalthisownauthorityintheChurchaswellasintheState.4.TheParliament,whichrepresentedtheinterestsofthebourgeoisie,supported

19、him.ThelowerclassesalsotookitssideintheReformationbecauseoftheirhatredtowardstheChurch.EvenmanyhonestleadersoftheChurchitselfwereinfavourofitsreform.7.TheexternalpretextfortheReformationwasHenryVIIIsdivorcecase.WhatdoyouknowabouttheEnglishRenaissance“Renaissance”means“rebirth”-Europerediscoveringits

20、originsinthedisintegratingmovements,butalsoliberatingones,andtheywereconsistentlyrelated,bycauseandeffect,toliberatingmovementinpolitics,commerce,andsocietyineverycountry.Thethinkers,whoworkedforfreedomandenlightenment,werecalled“humanists”.ThegreatestEnglishhumanistwasSirThomasMore,whowrotehismaste

21、rpieceUtopia.TheEnglishRenaissancewaslargelyliterary,WilliamShakespearewasthegreatestdramatistoftheage.ThelatepartoftheRenaissanceinEnglandwasalsotheperiodofmaterialism,whoseprogenitor,accordingtoMarx,wasFrancisBacon.WhatsthenatureoftheconflictbetweenCatholicismandtheEnglishChurchThestrugglebetweent

22、heEnglishChurchandCatholicismwasessentiallyastrugglebetweenthenew“nobility”ofmoneyandbourgeoisieontheonehandandtheremainsoffeudalismontheother.Whatsthemeansofprimitiveaccumulationofcapitala.EnclosureMovementforeigntradecolonialplunderslavetradeWhatstheimportanceofEnglishRevolutiona.theEnglishRevolut

23、ionisanepoch-makingeventinthehistoryoftheworld.b.Itconcludedthemedievalperiodtheperiodoffeudalism,andmarksthebeginningofthemodernperiodtheperiodofcapitalism.c.ItpavedthewayfortherapidgrowthofcapitalisminEngland.19.WhatdoyouknowaboutOliverCromwellHewastheleaderoftheIndependentsduringtheBritishBourgeo

24、isRevolution.IntheCivilWarheledhisnewarmy“NewModelArmy”anddefeatedthekingsarmy.In1649hesignedtoexecutedCharlesIandestablishedCommonwealth.HesuppressedtheDiggers.InAugust1649,Cromwellconfiscatedthelandofthe“rebels”,anddrovetheIrishtothepoorpartoftheisland.HealsodefeatedScottisharmy.In1653Parliamentwa

25、sdissolvedandCromwellwasmadeLordProtectorforlifeandstartedhismilitarydictatorshipopenly.TheCommonwealthbecametheProtectorate.Hediedin1658.20.WhatdoyouknowaboutthedevelopmentofForeignAffairsForeigntradewasfurtherdeveloped.Thewooltradecontinuedtoenjoyprosperity.Inadditiontothis,silkarticleswereexportedtotheContinentandcottongoodstotheWestIndiesandtheAmericancolonies.Theslavetradeincreasedafterthemiddleofth