2003年考研英語一真題及解析

1、18年考研備考B群 18年考研備考B群 2003 年全國攻讀碩士學(xué)位研究生入學(xué)考試英語試SectionUseof Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankand mark A, B, C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes thatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveseri

2、ous 1 tohowthey canbest 2 suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand 3 ,butnotjust inwaysthatemphasizecompetition. 4 theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especiallyself-consciousandneedthe 5 thatcomesfromachievingsuccessand knowi

3、ng that their accomplishments are 6 by others. However, the typical teenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe 7 toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers, 8 ，publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, 9 student artwork, and sponsoring book discu

4、ssion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide 10 opportunitiesforleadership,aswellasforpracticeinsuccessful 11 dynamics. Making friendsis extremely important to teenagers, andmany shy studentsneed 12 of some kind of organization with a supportive adult 13 visible in the Intheseactivities,itisimp

5、ortanttorememberthattheyoungteenshave 14 attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized 15 participants canremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto 16 elsewithoutfeeling guiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants 17 .Thisdoesnotmeanthat adultsmustacceptirresponsibility. 18 theycanhelpstudent

6、sacquireasense ofcommitmentby 19 forrolesthatarewithintheir 20 andtheirattention spans and by having clearly stated rules.1.CD2.CD3.CD4.CD5.ABCDCDCDinasaCDin A displayingB describingC creatingABCD11. A B C 12.ABCD13.ABCD14.ABCD15.AifBnowCsoDeven16.ABCD17.ABCD18.AOntheBOntheCOntheDOnother19.ABCD20. A

7、 B C SectionReadingPartReadthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbelow eachtextbychoosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)TextWildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspymasterwho builttheOfficeofStrategicServicesintheWorldWar andlaterlaidtheroots fortheCIA

8、was fascinatedwithinformation.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of espionagespying as a “profession.” ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyre-madesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooks and sending mail, is reshaping Donovans vocation as well.The latest revolution isnt simply

9、 a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemense-mail.Thatkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades. In thepast three or four years, the World WideWeb has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it “open source intelligence,” and as theNetgrows,itisbecominginc

10、reasinglyinfluential.In1995theCIAheldacontest toseewhocouldcompilethemostdataaboutBurundi.Thewinner,byalargemargin, wasatinyVirginiacompanycalledOpen-SourceSolutions，whose clearadvantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among thefirmsmaking thebiggestsplashinthenew worldisStraitford, Inc., ap

11、rivateintelligence-analysisfirmbasedinAustin,Texas.Straitfordmakesby selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at HYPERLINK http:/www.S/ StraifordpresidentGeorg

12、eFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindof mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymasters dream.Lastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuuming updatabitsfrom thefar cornersoftheworldandpredictingacrisisinUkraine.“Assoonasthatreport runs, well suddenly get 500 new internet

13、sign-ups from Ukraine,” says Friedman, aformerpoliticalscienceprofessor.“Andwellhearbackfromsomeofthem.” Open-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficulttotell good information from bad. Thats where Straitford earns its keep.Friedmanreliesonaleanstaffof20inAustin.Severalofhisstaffmem

14、bers have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firms outsider status as the keytoitssuccess.StraitfordsbriefsdontsoundliketheusualWashington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takesprideinits indepen

15、dent voice.The emergence of the Net has receivedsupportfromfanslikeremoldedtheintelligencerestoredmanycommonrevivedspyingasaDonovansstoryismentionedinthetextintroducethetopicofonlineshowhowhefoughtforthegiveanepisodeoftheinformationhonorhisuniqueservicestotheThephrase“makingthebiggestsplash”(line1,p

16、aragraph3)mostprobably causingthebiggestexertingthegreatestachievingthegreatestenjoyingthewidestItcanbelearnedfromparagraph4straitfordspredictionaboutUkrainehasprovedstraitfordguaranteesthetruthfulnessofitsstraitfordsbusinessischaracterizedbystraitfordisabletoprovidefairlyreliableStraitfordismostpro

17、udofofficialnonconformistefficientmilitaryTextToparaphrase18th-centurystatesmanEdmundBurke,“allthatisneededforthe triumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.”O(jiān)nesuchcausenow seeksto end biomedicalresearchbecause ofthe theory that animalshaverights rulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtor

18、espondforcefullytoanimal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advancesinhealth knowledgeand care.Leadersof theanimalrights movementtarget biomedical research becauseit depends on public funding, and few people understand theprocessofhealthcareresearch.He

19、aringallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsin researchsettings,manyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal. Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecent streetfairwasdistributinga brochurethatencouragedreadersnot touseanything thatcomesfromoristestedinanimalsnomeat,nofur,nom

20、edicines.Askedif sheopposedimmunizations,shewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch. Whenassuredthattheydo,shereplied,“ThenIwouldhavetosayyes.”Askedwhat willhappenwhenepidemicsreturn,shesaid,“Dontworry,scientistswillfind somewayofusingcomputers.”Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdont understand. Scient

21、ists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandablewayinhumanterms,notinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.We needtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmothership replacement,afathersbypassoperation,ababysvaccinations,andevenapets shots.Tothosewhoareunawar

22、ethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethese treatments,aswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccines,animalresearchseemsatbestandcruelat Muchcanbedone.Scientistscould“adopt”middleschoolclassesandpresent theirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lest animalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedan

23、dacquireadeceptiveappearanceof truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animalsreceivehumanecare.Finally,becausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCo

24、oper,whohasmadecourageousstatements aboutthevalueofanimalresearch,butallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgood peopledonothing,there isarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.TheauthorbeginshisarticlewithEdmundBurkeswordscallonscientiststotakesome

25、criticizethemisguidedcauseofanimalwarnofthedoomofbiomedicalshowthetriumphoftheanimalrightsMisledpeopletendtothinkthatusingananimalinresearchcruelbutinhumanandinevitablebutpointlessandTheexampleofthegrandmotherlywomanisusedtoshowthediscontentwithanimalignoranceaboutmedicalindifferencetoanxietyaboutan

26、imalTheauthorbelievesthat,infaceofthechallengefromanimalrightsadvocates, scientists shouldcommunicatemorewiththeemployhi-techmeansinfeelnoshamefortheirstrivetodevelopnewFromthetextwelearnthatStephenCooperawell-knownamedicalanenthusiastinanimalasupporterofanimalTextInrecentyears,railroadshavebeencomb

27、iningwitheachother,merginginto supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the topfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotalton-milesmovedby rails.Nextyear,afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted,justfourrailroadswill control well over 90 percent of all the freight

28、 moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopoly, theyargue,isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscomplain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long d

29、istances, such as coal, chemicals, andgrain,truckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat. The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are servedbyonlyonerailcompany.Railroadstypicallycharge20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingfortheb

30、usiness. Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederal governments Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegrounds thati

31、nthelongrunitreduces everyonescost.If railroadschargedall customers thesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucks orotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulder thecostofkeepinguptheline.Itstheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe, but in practice it

32、 often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.“Dowereallywantrailroadstobearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace?”asksMartinBercovici,a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharou

33、ndofhugerate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes,stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvest tokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.Yetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionsto acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the

34、$10.2 billion bidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXto acquireConrailthisyear.Conrails netrailway operatingincomein1996wasjust$427million,lessthanhalfofthecarryingcosts ofthetransaction.Whosgoingtopayfortherestofthebill?Manycaptiveshippers fearthattheywill,asNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgripontheAccording

35、to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely .costreductionisbasedonservicescallforcross-tradeoutsidecompetitorswillcontinuetoshipperswillhavetherailwaybytheWhatismanycaptiveshippersattitudetowardstheconsolidationintherail Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3 .shipperswillbechargedlesswithout

36、arivaltherewillsoonbeonlyonerailroadcompanyoverchargedshippersareunlikelytoappealforrateagovernmentboardensuresfairplayinrailwayTheword“arbiters”(line7,paragraph4)mostprobablyrefersto .whoworkaswhofunctionaswhosupervisewhodeterminetheAccordingtothetext,thecostincreaseintherailindustryismainlycaused

37、.thecontinuingthegrowingthecheeringWalltheshrinkingTextIt is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and Californiaoptional.Smallwonder.Americanslifeexpectancyhasnearlydoubled overthepastcentury.Failinghipscanbereplaced,clinicaldepressioncontrolled, cataracts removed in a 30-min

38、ute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging populationa qualityoflifethatwasunimaginablewhenIenteredmedicine50 years ago.Butnotevenagreathealth-caresystemcancuredeathandourfailureto confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.Deathisnormal;wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisinte

39、grateandperish,even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.Shieldedbythird-partypayers fromthecostofourcare,wedemandeverythingthatcanpossiblybedoneforus, evenifitsuseless.Themostobviousexampleislate-stagecancercare.frust

40、rated bytheir inabilityto curethediseaseandfearinglossofhope inthe patienttoooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientifically In1950,theUSspent$12.7billiononhealthcare.In2002,thecostwill$1,540billion.Anyonecanseethistrendisunsustainable.Yetfewseemwilling totrytoreverseit.Somescholarsconclu

41、dethatagovernmentwithfiniteresources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain agesay83orso.FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassaying that the old and infirm “have a duty to dieand get out of the way”, so that younger, healthier people can realize th

42、eir potential.Iwouldnotgothatfar.Energeticpeoplenowroutinelyworkthroughtheir60s andbeyond,andremaindazzlinglyproductive.At78,ViacomchairmanSumnerRedstone jokinglyclaimstobe 53.SupremeCourt JusticeSandra DayOConnorisin her70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in

43、his 80s.These leadersarelivingproof thatprevention worksandthatwe canmanagethe healthproblemsthatcomenaturallywithage.Asamere68-year-old,Iwishtoage as productively as they have.Yettherearelimitstowhatasocietycanspendinthispursuit.Asaphysician, Iknowthemostcostly anddramaticmeasuresmaybeineffective a

44、ndpainful. Ialso knowthatpeopleinJapanandSweden,countriesthatspendfarlessonmedicalcare, haveachievedlonger,healthierlivesthanwehave.Asanation,wemaybeoverfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve peoples lives.WhatisimpliedinthefirstAmeri

45、cansarebetterpreparedfordeaththanotherAmericansenjoyahigherlifequalitythaneverAmericansareover-confidentoftheirmedicalAmericanstakeavainprideintheirlonglifeTheauthorusestheexampleofcanerpatientstoshowmedicalresourcesareoftendoctorsarehelplessagainstfatalsometreatmentsaretoomedicalcostsarebecomingThe

46、authorsattitudetowardRichardLammsremarkisonestrongBreservedC slightDenthusiasticIncontrastotheUS,JapanandSwedenarefundingtheirmedicalmoreBmoreCmoreDmoreThe text intends to express the idea that. Amedicine will further prolong peoples lives Blifebeyondacertainlimitisnotworthlivingdeathshouldbeaccepte

47、dasafactofexcessivedemandsincreasethecostofhealthPart B Readthefollowingtextcarefully and thentranslate theunderlined segmentsinto Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheir placeinit.Humansaret

48、houghtfulandcreative,possessedofinsatiable（41）Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thussubjecting allotherlifeforms totheir ownpeculiarideasand fancies. Therefore,itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityin acalmandsystematicmanner,withthe

49、hopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuch studiescanleadhumansto amore harmoniouswayofliving withthemselves andwith all other life forms on this planet Earth.“Anthropology” derives from the Greek words “human” and “the study of.” By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all Anthropology i

50、s one of the social sciences.（42）Social science is that branch ofintellectualenquirywhich seeksto studyhumans andtheirendeavors inthe same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeography,ec

51、onomics,political,science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisa field-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakes extensiveuseofthecomparative meth

52、od inanalysis.（43）Theemphasison data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdward Tylorsformulationofth

53、econceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectual achievementsof19thcenturyscience.（44）Tylordefinedcultureas“thatcomplex wholewhichincludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilities andhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”Thisinsight,soprofoundin itssimplicity,opened upan entirely newway ofp

54、erceiving andunderstanding human life.ImplicitwithinTylorsdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned. shared, and patterned behavior.（45）Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof“culture,”liketheconceptof “set” inmathematics,isan abstractconceptwhichmakes possibleimmenseamounts of concrete research and under

55、standing.Section46. Studythefollowingsetofdrawingscarefullyandwriteanessayentitledin which you should1）describethesetofdrawings,interpretitsmeaning,and 2）point out its implications in our life.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20第一部分英語知識(shí)運(yùn)用試題一、文章總體分文章主要論述了教師們應(yīng)該關(guān)注青少年在成長時(shí)期所經(jīng)歷的情感、心智和生理上的變

56、二、試題具體解A（give）thoughttoB（givesban/some）idea（of）使了解的情況 C（haveagood/bad）opinion(of 答案解析本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：平行句固定搭配并列Teachersneedtobeaware theyteachersyoung adults，第二句中的 give serious 1 tobe aware of（知道，意識(shí)到）也應(yīng)在意義上相呼應(yīng)。豐富，包括“想法、意思、概念、思想、意識(shí)、打算、建議”等，但通常與介詞 of 而不是 to 連用；opiniongive 搭配；advice（建議）雖然可與 give及 to 搭配，但介詞 to

57、 后應(yīng)接人，即建議的接受者，如果要表達(dá)“提出方面的建該用“giveadvice on sthgive thought to配thought 不能替換為別的詞匯，它放入句中表示“同時(shí)他們也應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)這些年輕人如何最好地 2 這例句補(bǔ)充：Igavemuchthoughttowhathesaidyesterday.（我對(duì)他昨天說的那番話做了許多思考；ThebookgivesyouagoodideaoflifeinancientGreece書能讓你對(duì)古希臘的生活有一些了解)；Everyonehasapooropinionofacoward.（每個(gè)人對(duì)懦夫的印象都不好；NowIwanttogiveyouso

58、meadviceAstrengthen 加強(qiáng)，鞏固 BaccommodateCstimulate 刺激，激勵(lì) Denhance 答案 B解析 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)賓搭配suchchanges配。suchchanges指的是第一句提到the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes。從結(jié)構(gòu)上看，空格所在部分是how一個(gè)give thought to詞賓語。句子they的是young adults（年輕人。從語意上看，考生關(guān)鍵要判斷“年輕人”對(duì)他們“情感、心智和生理上的變化 accommodate ）chage200413知識(shí)點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充：accomm

59、odate示“適應(yīng)”時(shí)，還常accommodateoneselftosth.結(jié)構(gòu)，：He has to accommodate himself to changed situation.（他不得不適應(yīng)變化Acare關(guān)心，照Bnutrition營exercise Dleisure 答案 C解析本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：上下文詞詞義辨析 3movment并列做need（即，和movment同樣都可以通過競賽的方式來實(shí)現(xiàn)。這樣只有execise合適，它與 cometiionAIf（表?xiàng)l件BAlthough（表轉(zhuǎn)折C Whereas然而，反之，但是表轉(zhuǎn)折）DBecause（表因果） 答案 D解析 本題考核的

60、知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：邏輯關(guān)系空格所在長句中包含了兩個(gè)由逗號(hào)隔開的分句： theyareadjustingteeagesareespcialy sef-cnscouthey tenagrbecuse知識(shí)點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充：a host of示：I have a host of things to do today. ( 我今天有一大堆事情要做)。Aassistance幫助，協(xié)Bguidance引導(dǎo)，指C confidence信心Dtolerance容忍 答案 C解析 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：上下文語義+名詞詞義辨析文中相關(guān)部分是（teenagers）needthe 5 thatcomesfromachieving（tha