電氣工程及其自動(dòng)化專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)第五章課文翻譯

1、Most people can formulate a mental picture of a computer, but computers do so many things andcome in such a variety of shapes and sizes that it might seem difficult to distill their common characteristics into an allpurpose definition. At its core, a computer is a device that accepts input，processes

2、data， storesdataandproducesoutput， allaccordingtoaseriesofstoredinstructions。Computer input is whatever is put into a computer system. Input can be supplied by a person, by theenvironmentorbyanothercomputer。 Examples of the kinds of input that a computer can acceptinclude the words and symbols in a

3、document, numbers for a calculation， pictures， temperatures from a thermostat, audio signals from a microphone， and instructions from a computer program. An input device, such as a keyboard or mouse， gathers input and transforms it into a series of electronicsignalsforthecomputer。 represent facts,ob

4、jects， andideas.Computers manipulate data in many ways, and we call this manipulation processing. The series of instructions that tell a computer how to carry out processing tasks is referred to as a computer programorsimplyaprogram。 These programs form the software that sets up a computer to do asp

5、ecifictask。 In a computer, most processing takes place in a component called the central processingunit （CPU)， which is sometimes describedasthe”brainofthecomputer.AcomputerstoresdatasothatitwillbeavailableforprocessingMostcomputershavemorethanonelocationforstoringdatadependingonhowthedataisbeinguse

6、d。 Memory is an area of a computerthattemporarilyholdsdatathatiswaitingtobeprocessedstored， oroutput。 Storage is theareawheredatacanbeleftonapermanentbasiswhenitisnotimmediatelyneededforprocessing。OutputistheresultsproducedbyacomputerSomeexamplesofcomputeroutputincludereports,documentsmusicgraphsand

7、pictures。 An output device displays, prints, or transmits the resultsofprocessing。Computers are versatile machines， which are able to perform a truly amazing assortment of ， ofcomputers。Computers can be categorized as personal computer， handheld computers, workstations， mainframes， supercomputers ，

8、andservers。,消滅這樣的外形和大小不同，它好像難以提煉成一個(gè)全能的定義,它們的共同特點(diǎn)。在其核心，一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)是一種裝置，它接受輸入，處理數(shù)據(jù)， 存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)，并產(chǎn)生輸出，依據(jù)對(duì)全部存儲(chǔ)一系列指示。什么是計(jì)算機(jī)輸入到計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的壓力。輸入可供應(yīng)的一人，由環(huán)境，或由另一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)。對(duì)輸入的各種例子，一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)可以接受包括文字和符號(hào)的文件,規(guī)定計(jì)算，圖片,從恒溫器的溫度數(shù)字,音頻信號(hào)從一個(gè)麥克風(fēng),從電腦程序指令。一個(gè)輸入設(shè)備，如鍵盤(pán)或鼠標(biāo)，集輸和轉(zhuǎn)換成一個(gè)電子信號(hào)的計(jì)算機(jī)的一系列。在計(jì)算中，數(shù)據(jù)是指以符號(hào)代表的事實(shí)，對(duì)象和想法.計(jì)算機(jī)操作在很多方面的數(shù)據(jù)，我們稱(chēng)之為操作處理.一系列的指令，告知計(jì)

9、算機(jī)如何進(jìn)行處理任務(wù)，被稱(chēng)為一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)程序,或只是一個(gè)“程序”.這些方案形成了軟件，建立了計(jì)算機(jī)做特定的任務(wù)。在計(jì)算機(jī)中,大部分處理發(fā)生在一個(gè)組件的地方稱(chēng)為中心處理單元(CPU），有時(shí)為“大腦的計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)形容。數(shù)據(jù)如何被使用。內(nèi)存是計(jì)算機(jī)的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域，數(shù)據(jù)是臨時(shí)持有等待處理,存儲(chǔ)或輸出。在數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)，是可以在一個(gè)地區(qū)長(zhǎng)期離開(kāi)時(shí)，沒(méi)有馬上處理所需。,文件，音樂(lè)，圖形，圖片。輸出設(shè)備顯示，打印，或傳送的處理結(jié)果。計(jì)算機(jī)的某些任務(wù)。計(jì)算機(jī)可以被歸類(lèi)為個(gè)人電腦,掌上電腦，工作站，大型機(jī)，超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)和服務(wù)器。A personal computer is a type of microcomputer， des

10、igned to meet the computing needs of an individual。 It typically provides access to a wide variety of computing applications, such as word processingphotoeditinge-mailandInternetaccess。 Personal computers are available as desktopcomputersornotebookcomputers。個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)是一種微型計(jì)算機(jī)，它能夠滿(mǎn)足個(gè)人的計(jì)算需要，它特殊供應(yīng)了適應(yīng)各種各樣計(jì)算應(yīng)

11、用的方法，比如說(shuō)文字處理、相片編輯、電子郵件以及進(jìn)入互聯(lián)網(wǎng),個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)可以被當(dāng)作臺(tái)式計(jì)算機(jī)以及筆記本電腦一樣使用A handheld computer is designed to fit into a pocket， run on batteries, and be used while you areholdingit。 Also called a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) and a palmtop computer, a computer in this category is typically used as an electronic ap

12、pointment book， address book, calculator, and notepad. With its slow processing speed and small screen， a handheld compute is not powerful enough to handle many of the tasks that can be accomplished by desktop or notebook personal computers. A handheld computer is designed to bea computing accessory

13、, rather than your primary 掌上電腦被設(shè)計(jì)成能夠放進(jìn)口袋，能依靠電池工作，并且當(dāng)你放在手上它時(shí)能夠運(yùn)行.它也被稱(chēng)PDA(個(gè)人數(shù)字助手）和手掌上的電腦，這種類(lèi)型的計(jì)算機(jī)典型性地被作為電子圖書(shū)、通訊錄、計(jì)算器以及記事原來(lái)使用.由于其速度較慢且顯示屏較小，所以掌上電腦功能不夠強(qiáng)大無(wú)法執(zhí)行臺(tái)式計(jì)算機(jī)及個(gè)人電腦所能完成的很多任務(wù).掌上電腦旨在成為計(jì)算助手而非成為你的主要計(jì)算機(jī).Computers advertised as workstation are usually powerful desktop computers designed for specialized ta

14、sks. A workstation can tackle tasks that require a lot of processing speed， such as medicalimagingandcomputeraideddesign。 Some workstations contain more than one microprocessor， and most have circuitry specially designed for creating and displaying three- dimensionalandanimatedgraphics 。Becauseofits

15、cost， a workstation is often dedicated to， photoediting,andaccessingtheWeb。被人們大力宣揚(yáng)為工作站的計(jì)算機(jī)通常是指設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)完成特定任務(wù)的功能強(qiáng)大的臺(tái)式計(jì)算機(jī)。工作站能夠處理需要快速處理的任務(wù)，例如醫(yī)學(xué)成像以及計(jì)算機(jī)幫助設(shè)計(jì).某些工作站包含不止一個(gè)微處理器，并且大多數(shù)具有特殊為產(chǎn)生和顯示三維和動(dòng)畫(huà)圖像而設(shè)計(jì)的電路.由于其成本高，所以一個(gè)工作站通常用來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)，而不是用來(lái)作為典型的微型計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)應(yīng)用,例如文字處理、圖像編輯以及網(wǎng)絡(luò)訪問(wèn)Ordinary personal computers that are connected t

16、o a local area network can also be called as workstations. A computer network is two or more computers and other devices that are connected for the purpose of sharing data and programs. A LAN (local area network) is simply a computer network thatislocatedwithin a limited geographical areasuchasascho

17、olcomputerlaborasmallbusiness與LAN（局域網(wǎng))僅僅是一個(gè)限定地理區(qū)域內(nèi)的計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò),例如一個(gè)學(xué)校計(jì)算機(jī)試驗(yàn)室或一個(gè)小商行。A mainframe computer （ or simply a mainframe” ) is a large and expensive computer that is capableofsimultaneouslyprocessingdataforhundredsorthousandsofusers。 Mainframes are ， and management for large amounts of data. Mainfra

18、mes remain the computer of choice in situations where reliabilitydatasecurity， andcentralizedcontrolarenecessary.主機(jī)（或簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)為“mainframe”）是一種大型昂貴的能夠同時(shí)為成百上千用戶(hù)處理數(shù)據(jù)的計(jì)算機(jī).主機(jī)通常由商行或政府使用用來(lái)供應(yīng)對(duì)大量數(shù)據(jù)的計(jì)算機(jī)。A computer falls into the supercomputer category if it is， at the time of construction, one of the fastest compute

19、rs in the world. Because of their speed， supercomputers can tackle complex tasks thatjustwouldnotbepracticalforothercomputers。 Typical uses for supercomputers include breaking codes, modeling worldwide weather systems， and simulating nuclear explosions. One impressive simulation designed to run on a

20、 supercomputer tracked the movement of thousands of dust particles astheyweretossedaboutbyatornado假如某種計(jì)算機(jī)在其制造的時(shí)代是世界上最快的計(jì)算機(jī)之一，那么這種計(jì)算機(jī)就屬于超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)類(lèi)型。由于它們的速度,超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)能夠處理其它計(jì)算機(jī)所不能處理的簡(jiǎn)單機(jī)上所完成的一個(gè)使人留下深刻印象的仿真是對(duì)數(shù)以千計(jì)的塵埃微粒的運(yùn)動(dòng)進(jìn)行追蹤,這些塵埃微粒就象被一場(chǎng)龍卷風(fēng)所拋擲一樣。In the computer industry， the term server has several meanings. It ca

21、n refer to computer hardware， toaspecifictypeofsoftware， ortoacombinationofhardwareandsoftware。 In any case, the purpose of a server is to serve the computers on a network （ such as the Internet or a LAN） bysupplyingthemwithdata。 A personal computer， workstation, or software that requests datafromas

22、erverisreferredtoasa client。 For example， on a network， a server might respond toaclientsrequestforaWebpage。 Another server might handle the. steady stream of email that travels among clients from all over the Internet。 A server might also allow clients within a LAN to sharefilesoraccessacentralized

23、printer.在計(jì)算機(jī)工業(yè)中，“服務(wù)器”這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)有多種含義.它可以指計(jì)算機(jī)硬件、特定類(lèi)型的軟件或是指硬軟件結(jié)合.在任何場(chǎng)合,一個(gè)服務(wù)器的目的是通過(guò)向計(jì)算機(jī)供應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)而為（例如互聯(lián)網(wǎng)或局域網(wǎng)）計(jì)算機(jī)服務(wù)。一臺(tái)個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)、服務(wù)站或者向服務(wù)器申請(qǐng)數(shù)據(jù)的軟件被稱(chēng)為客戶(hù)，例如在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上,一個(gè)服務(wù)器可能會(huì)用一個(gè)網(wǎng)頁(yè)來(lái)回應(yīng)客戶(hù)的要求.另外的服務(wù)器可能會(huì)處理來(lái)往件或可以使用同一臺(tái)中心打印機(jī)。A computer system usually refers to a computer and all of the input, output, and storage devices that are connec

24、ted to it. At the core of a personal computer system is a desktop or notebook 。一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)通常是指一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)以及與它相連的輸入、輸出以及存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備。就實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)容來(lái)說(shuō)，一個(gè)個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)就是一臺(tái)臺(tái)式計(jì)算機(jī)或一臺(tái)筆記本電腦。除個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)之間裝飾部分不同以外，一個(gè)個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)通常包括以下幾種設(shè)備：Despitecosmeticdifferencesamongpersonalcomputers,apersonalcomputersystemusuallyincludesthefollowingequipment：Compu

25、tersystemunit。 The system unit is the case that holds the main circuit boards， microprocessorpowersupplyandstoragedevices。 The system unit for most notebook computersholdsabuilt-inkeyboardandspeakerstoo。Displaydevice。 Most desktop computers use a separate monitor as a display device,whereas notebook

26、 computers use an flat panel LCD screen (liquid crystal display screen） that isattachedtothesystemunit。Keyboard。 Mostcomputersareequippedwithakeyboardastheprimaryinputdevice.1）計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)單元系統(tǒng)單元包括主電路板、微處理器、電源以及存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備,對(duì)于大多數(shù)筆記本電腦系統(tǒng)單元還包括一個(gè)機(jī)內(nèi)鍵盤(pán)和喇叭.顯示設(shè)備 大多數(shù)臺(tái)式計(jì)算機(jī)使用一個(gè)單獨(dú)的監(jiān)視器作為顯示器，然而筆記本電腦使用一個(gè)與系統(tǒng)LCD屏（液晶顯示屏）作為顯示器.鍵盤(pán) 大多

27、數(shù)計(jì)算機(jī)配有一個(gè)鍵盤(pán)作為主要輸入設(shè)備。（4)MouseAmouseisanalternativeinputdevicedesignedtomanipulateon-screengraphicalobjectsandcontrols.4)鼠標(biāo) 鼠標(biāo)是另外一個(gè)旨在顯示屏上處理圖像目標(biāo)和把握的輸入設(shè)備Floppy disk drive. A floppy disk drive is a storage device that reads data from and writes data to floppy disks. A floppy disk is a round piece of flexi

28、ble mylar plastic covered with a thin layer of magneticoxideandsealedinsideaprotectivecasing . The floppies most commonly usedpersonalcomputersare31/2diskswithacapacityof1。44MB.Harddiskdrive。 A hard disk contains one or more metallic disks encased within a disk drive， which can store billions of cha

29、racters of data in the form of magnetized spots. The storage capacityofaharddiskunitismanytimesthatofafloppydiskandmuchfaster。 It is usually mountedinsidethecomputerssystemunit.5)軟盤(pán)驅(qū)動(dòng)器 軟盤(pán)驅(qū)動(dòng)器是從軟盤(pán)上讀取數(shù)據(jù)或向軟盤(pán)寫(xiě)入數(shù)據(jù)的存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備。一個(gè)軟盤(pán)是一張松軟的聚酯薄膜塑料圓盤(pán)，圓盤(pán)上掩蓋著一層薄的磁性氧化物并被封裝在一個(gè)愛(ài)護(hù)套里。大多數(shù)通常使用在目前41/31。44MB的盤(pán)子.6）硬盤(pán)驅(qū)動(dòng)器 硬盤(pán)包含一個(gè)或多個(gè)

30、裝入硬盤(pán)驅(qū)動(dòng)器內(nèi)的金屬盤(pán)片，硬盤(pán)可以用磁道來(lái)儲(chǔ)存數(shù)十億的單元內(nèi)部.CDROMorDVDdriveACD-ROM(compactdiscreadonlymemorydriveisor audio CDs. A DVD (digital video disc) drive can read data from computer CDs， audio CDs, computerDVDsorDVDmoviedisks。 CDROM and DVD drives typically cannot be used to write dataonto disks. The ”RO” in ROM stands for ”read-only and means that the drive can read data from ， newdataonthem。7）CD-ROMDVDCD盒裝的磁盤(pán)只讀存儲(chǔ)器）CD中的數(shù)DVD（數(shù)字視頻磁盤(pán))CDCDDVDDVD電子DVD驅(qū)動(dòng)器不能用來(lái)在磁盤(pán)上寫(xiě)數(shù)據(jù)，“ROM中的“RO”表示“只