華南地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)情況特別報(bào)告-華南美國(guó)商會(huì)

1、The American Chamber of Commerce in South China2019 Special Report on the State of Business in South China華南美國(guó)商會(huì)2019 年華南地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)情況特別報(bào)告Content 目 錄56 Special Supporter特別支持機(jī)構(gòu)58 economic Conditions in South China華南地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)概況64 Guangdong Province廣東省82 Fujian Province福建省92 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region廣西壯族自治區(qū)1

2、04 Hainan Province海南省114 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region香港特別行政區(qū)120 Macao Special Administrative Region澳門(mén)特別行政區(qū)010203Preface序言Study reSultS 調(diào)查結(jié)果economic overview 經(jīng)濟(jì)概況16 Demographics受訪(fǎng)企業(yè)組成23 Revenue and Profitability收入與利潤(rùn)29 Reinvestment trends再投資趨勢(shì)42 Business environment營(yíng)商環(huán)境49 US-China Bilatera

3、l Relations美中雙邊關(guān)系08 Presidents Message會(huì)長(zhǎng)致辭Key takeaways關(guān)鍵要點(diǎn)Special Sponsor特別贊助商01Preface序言Dear Members,89Chinasextraordinary progress has provided historic opportunities for world peace and prosperity. Daily trade between theUS and China is now valued at more than US$1.5 billion per day. The two cou

4、ntries are more connected than ever before in their mutual history. If the 40th anniversary of Sino-US diplomatic relationship proves nothing else, it proves that cooperation is in the best interest for both countries while confrontation does neither country any good. To succeed, both countries must

5、 work together.In spite of all of the obstacles thrown at it last year, the state of business in South China for American investment remains robust. Almost all of the businesses who participated in our 2019 Special Report on the State of Business in South China remain profitable in China and optimis

6、tic towards the future of the economy.Chinas January export and import data, released shortly before this publication went to print, show Chinas January dollar-denominated exports rose 9.1 percent from a year ago, healthily beating a forecast of a 3.2 percent contraction. Chinas imports fell 1.5 per

7、cent over the same period proving far better than the ten-percent predicted decline. Chinas overall trade surplus of US$39.16 billion in January also outperformed the estimates.The January figures can easily confirm the findings of this Special Report as many companies have taken advantage of the 90

8、-day truce between the US and China, completing orders for rush delivery from the US and China. Those orders or deals account for 20 to 30 percent of the companies annual numbers. The good news is that President Trump announced in mid-February during trade negotiations between the two countries that

9、 he may extend a March 1 deadline for a deal and keep tariffs on Chinese goods from rising.Among many findings, the Special Report suggests most business executives have had sufficient time to assess the present and possible future impact of the trade盡管去年障礙重重，但美資企業(yè)在華南地區(qū)的投資 依然強(qiáng)勁。華南美國(guó)商會(huì)的2019華南地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)情況 特

10、別報(bào)告（下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)特別報(bào)告）顯示，幾乎所有外 資企業(yè)在華均保持盈利狀態(tài)，并對(duì)未來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展持樂(lè)觀(guān) 態(tài)度。2019年1月中國(guó)進(jìn)出口數(shù)據(jù)顯示，以美元計(jì)，中國(guó) 出口同比增長(zhǎng)9.1%，比3.2%的預(yù)期降幅要好；進(jìn)口同 比下降1.5%，遠(yuǎn)比10%的預(yù)期降幅要好。當(dāng)月貿(mào)易順 差為391.6億美元，也超出了市場(chǎng)預(yù)期。以上數(shù)據(jù)印證了特別報(bào)告的結(jié)論：眾多企業(yè)利 用美中為期90天的“休戰(zhàn)期”，交付了兩國(guó)的緊急訂 單。此類(lèi)訂單量或交易額在上述企業(yè)年度數(shù)據(jù)中的占比 達(dá)20%至30%。好消息是，特朗普總統(tǒng)在2月中旬兩國(guó) 貿(mào)易談判期間宣布，他愿意考慮將3月1號(hào)對(duì)中國(guó)加征關(guān) 稅的期限延后，并保持對(duì)華進(jìn)口稅率，暫不上調(diào)。特別報(bào)告的

11、許多調(diào)查結(jié)果也顯示，大多數(shù)企業(yè) 高管有足夠的時(shí)間來(lái)評(píng)估貿(mào)易爭(zhēng)端對(duì)企業(yè)業(yè)務(wù)的短期沖 擊及未來(lái)潛在的影響，同時(shí)相應(yīng)地?cái)U(kuò)大2019年在美中 兩國(guó)的再投資計(jì)劃。雖然中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)確實(shí)略有放緩，但仍 以超過(guò)6%的速度增長(zhǎng)。在2018年推遲再投資的企業(yè)增 加了2019年在華再投資的預(yù)算，以解決去年因此得不 到滿(mǎn)足而增加的客戶(hù)需求。然而，盡管面向中國(guó)市場(chǎng)的 生產(chǎn)再投資大幅增加，但某些企業(yè)也將出口制造的相關(guān) 部分再投資轉(zhuǎn)移至其他亞洲國(guó)家。或許這些企業(yè)是在兩方下注。同時(shí)，美中兩國(guó)的新 聞媒體充斥著雙方的高談闊論和報(bào)復(fù)性關(guān)稅的報(bào)道。大 多數(shù)受訪(fǎng)企業(yè)認(rèn)為，美中兩國(guó)的爭(zhēng)端可能會(huì)在2019年 后的很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)期內(nèi)產(chǎn)生影響。且到

12、目前為止，美中兩 國(guó)的關(guān)稅對(duì)企業(yè)的負(fù)面影響已經(jīng)超過(guò)了正面影響。然而，相比過(guò)去兩年，受訪(fǎng)企業(yè)2018年全球年收 入和中國(guó)市場(chǎng)年收入的波動(dòng)幅度很小，越來(lái)越多的企業(yè)親愛(ài)的會(huì)員：中國(guó)改革開(kāi)放40多年來(lái)，經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展取得的非凡 成就，為世界和平與繁榮提供了歷史性機(jī)遇。僅美中兩 國(guó)的日貿(mào)易額便超過(guò)了15億美元，兩國(guó)關(guān)系的緊密程度 達(dá)到歷史最高點(diǎn)。要說(shuō)美中建交40周年證明了什么，那 便是“合則兩利，斗則俱傷”。要實(shí)現(xiàn)共贏，兩國(guó)必須 協(xié)同發(fā)展。Presidents Message會(huì)長(zhǎng)致辭dispute on their businesses, and have increased their 2019 pla

13、ns for reinvestments in the US and China accordingly. While it is true that Chinas economy has slowed down slightly, it is still growing at a rate of over six percent. Companies which postponed their reinvestments in 2018 have increased their budgets for reinvestments in China in 2019 in order to ke

14、ep up with customer demanda need intensified by the postponement of their reinvestments in 2018. However, while the reinvestments in China related to the production for the Chinese market have increased substantially, a few companies have also shifted some export-manufacturing-related reinvestments

15、to other Asian countries.Perhaps these companies are hedging their bets. The news media has been full of lofty rhetoric and reports of retaliatory tariffs from both sides. Most of the respondents believe that the dispute between the US and China may have repercussions long after 2019, and that so fa

16、r, the negative impact of the combined tariffs on companies has exceeded the positive.However, compared with the past two years, companies only report very slight fluctuations in the global annual revenue and annual revenue in China in 2018. An increasing number of our respondents have gained more r

17、evenue from China, and more companies report that the percentage of their global annual revenue from China has increased compared with 2017. Most of the companies report that their overall return on investment in China is positive and will be more willing to expand the international and Chinese mark

18、ets. Indeed, this years Special Report is filled with both hope and a bit of trepidation.We believe that the US and China will eventually reach a full agreement and the waves of tariffs that truly do not help anyone will soon subside. That, coupled with the softening of FDI rules and regulations in

19、China, should ease the current question marks over the long-term viability of China-based export manufacturing firms, and buy them some time to adapt to the alternative supply chains. We are the happiest for this as our Chamber, together with the US Chamber of Commerce in Washington, DC, and other b

20、usiness associations have worked hard through diligent lobbying to bring about a resolution.在中國(guó)市場(chǎng)的利潤(rùn)率上升。相比2017年，這些企業(yè)的 在華年收入占其全球年收入中的貢獻(xiàn)率均有所上升。大 多數(shù)企業(yè)表示，其在華總體投資回報(bào)是積極的，因此愿 意進(jìn)一步拓展全球市場(chǎng)和中國(guó)市場(chǎng)。事實(shí)上，今年的特別報(bào)告充滿(mǎn)了希望，卻又夾雜著些許不安。我們相信，美中兩國(guó)最終將達(dá)成全面協(xié)議，而無(wú) 益于任意一方的關(guān)稅浪潮將很快消退。此外，再加上中 國(guó)政府對(duì)外國(guó)直接投資（FDI）政策的放寬，應(yīng)可緩解 當(dāng)前外界對(duì)中國(guó)出口制造企業(yè)長(zhǎng)期生

21、存能力的疑慮，并 為其爭(zhēng)取一些時(shí)間以適應(yīng)替代供應(yīng)鏈。對(duì)此通過(guò)萬(wàn)般游 說(shuō)、辛勤工作得來(lái)的結(jié)果，華南美國(guó)商會(huì)與總部位于美 國(guó)華盛頓特區(qū)的美國(guó)全國(guó)商會(huì)以及其他商協(xié)會(huì)均感其來(lái) 之不易。與此同時(shí)，我們也很高興地看到，廣州從35個(gè)城 市中脫穎而出，再次被我們的受訪(fǎng)企業(yè)選為中國(guó)最受歡 迎的投資目的地。這之所以意義重大，是因?yàn)閺V州是中 國(guó)最新國(guó)家發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略“粵港澳大灣區(qū)”的支柱城市之 一。大部分企業(yè)對(duì)粵港澳大灣區(qū)的未來(lái)發(fā)展持樂(lè)觀(guān)態(tài) 度。公眾普遍認(rèn)可的、有助于粵港澳大灣區(qū)實(shí)現(xiàn)成功的 三大關(guān)鍵包括政府的持續(xù)支持、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施支撐以及區(qū)域 經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，但這離不開(kāi)于今年2月18日公布的粵港澳 大灣區(qū)發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要的落地實(shí)施。雖

22、然華南地區(qū)外資 企業(yè)的發(fā)展正迎來(lái)更加美好的時(shí)代，但仍有大量工作尚 待完成。作為擁有2300多名會(huì)員的華南美國(guó)商會(huì)會(huì)長(zhǎng)，我 明白外企在華面臨的絕大多數(shù)問(wèn)題與中央政府無(wú)關(guān)。大 部分問(wèn)題的產(chǎn)生，均為基層政府的不公平對(duì)待以及外資 企業(yè)依法獲得公平聽(tīng)審和公平待遇的渠道或場(chǎng)所少之又 少的直接結(jié)果。當(dāng)外資企業(yè)與其合資伙伴出現(xiàn)法律糾紛 時(shí)，企業(yè)與政府間的界限往往不僅變得模糊，而且基層 司法體系也無(wú)補(bǔ)于事，不禁讓人體會(huì)到老話(huà)常言的“民 不與官斗”。目前，若外資企業(yè)希望脫離基層政府的控制和影 響尋求仲裁，幾乎所求無(wú)門(mén)。這些基層市政府一方面與 國(guó)內(nèi)合資伙伴方存在財(cái)政關(guān)系，一方面手持“免死金 牌”，充當(dāng)著該類(lèi)企業(yè)的決

23、策層、法官、審判員及執(zhí)行 者等角色，往往讓外資企業(yè)的申訴遭到不公平的待遇。 在當(dāng)前程序下，外資企業(yè)向上一級(jí)政府提請(qǐng)的任何訴 求，必均由上一級(jí)政府分配至下一級(jí)政府裁決。因此，我們敦促中國(guó)中央政府建立一個(gè)新的司法 平臺(tái)，讓外資企業(yè)能夠提請(qǐng)申訴，并請(qǐng)中央政府能夠效We are also pleased to see Guangzhou City was once again voted the favorite destination for investment from over 35 cities across China. This is important because Guangzho

24、u is one of the anchoring cities of the new Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA). A majority of the companies remain optimistic towards the future development of the GBA. Continued government backing, infrastructure support, and regional economic development are generally considered the

25、top three important factors to its success, which cannot be accomplished without the implementation of the Outline Development Plan for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, released on Feb 18, 2019. Good things are definitely happening for foreign business in South China, but much more st

26、ill needs to be done.As the President of a Chamber representing more than 2,300 members, it is clear to me that the vast majority of problems foreign companies are facing in China are not related to central government issues. Many of these problems are a direct result of unfair treatment by low-leve

27、l municipal governments and the fact that rarely is there a proper channel or venue where a foreign entity can get a fair hearing and treatment according to the rule of law. Too often the line between a company and the government is not just blurred but totally erased by lower-level municipal judici

28、al systems when foreign business entities have legal problems with their joint venture counterparts. Basically, the old saying “you cant fight city hall” becomes the rule of law.Currently, very few channels exist where foreign companies can seek arbitration outside the control and influence of the l

29、ow-level municipal government. These same entities often have financial connections to the domestic party in question. With a free license to kill given to these low-level municipal governments and their right as the company executive, judge, jury and enforcercomplaints by foreign companies are not

30、treated fairly. Under the current process, any issue elevated to a higher-level Chinese government by our companies is sent by the higher-level to the very culprit lower-level government for adjudication.仿知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法院的做法為其指定監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)。若中央政府 不采取具體措施，終有一日，問(wèn)題將劇烈爆發(fā)，其緊張 局勢(shì)不會(huì)遜于美中貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)。在此之前，我們必須做好準(zhǔn) 備，避免下一次緊張局勢(shì)的形成以及中國(guó)與他國(guó)

31、之間可 能爆發(fā)的新一輪爭(zhēng)端。中國(guó)中央政府必須將國(guó)有獨(dú)資企 業(yè)和國(guó)有資本控股企業(yè)與基層司法系統(tǒng)劃清界限?；鶎?司法系統(tǒng)必須不受外界影響，才能客觀(guān)公正地做到依法 執(zhí)法。此致敬禮！哈利賽亞丁博士 華南美國(guó)商會(huì) 會(huì)長(zhǎng)2017年奧斯陸商業(yè)促和平獎(jiǎng) 獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)哂芍Z貝爾和平獎(jiǎng)及經(jīng)濟(jì)獎(jiǎng)評(píng)審委員會(huì)授予暨南大學(xué) 訪(fǎng)問(wèn)學(xué)者 阿來(lái)龍能源 總裁With best regards,Dr. Harley SeyedinPresident, American Chamber of Commerce in South China Winner of the 2017 Oslo Business for Peace AwardAwa

32、rded by the Award Committee of Nobel Laureates in Peace & EconomicsVisiting Scholar, Jinan University, PRC President, Allelon Energy PartnersWe urge the central government to create a new judicial venue/vehicle where foreign companies can lodge complaints and where the oversight is designated by the

33、 central government just as it is with the IPR Courts. Without concrete steps by the central government, at some point, the pressure cooker lid will explode as it did with the US-China trade tension. Until then, we must brace ourselves for the next time the pressure builds and another set of dispute

34、s arise between other nations and China. The China central government must create greater barriers that separate government-owned and partially- owned businesses from low-level municipal judicial systems. These judicial systems must be free from outside influences so that they are able to interpret

35、laws and civil suits objectively and fairly.1011nited Airlines and United Express operate an average1213Uof nearly 5,000 flights a day to 362 airports acrosssix continents. In 2015, United and United Express operated nearly two million flights carrying 138 million customers.United is proud to have t

36、he worlds most comprehensive route network, including U.S. mainland hubs in Chicago, Den- ver, Houston, Los Angeles, New York/Newark, San Francisco and Washington, D.C.United started non-stop service to China in 1986 and to- day serves Beijing with non-stop flights to Chicago, New York/ Newark, San

37、Francisco and Washington, D.C./Dulles, Shanghai with non-stop flights to Chicago, Los Angeles, New York/New- ark and San Francisco; and Hong Kong with non-stop flights to Chicago, New York/Newark, San Francisco, Guam, Singa- pore and Ho Chi Minh City. United is a founding member of Star Alliance, th

38、e worlds largest and most comprehensive airline alliance, whose other members include Air China.United and Air China have a bilateral partnership that in- cludes code-sharing on selected routes and provides custom- ers with both carriers additional travel benefits such as airport lounge access and f

39、requent flyer program reciprocity.國(guó)聯(lián)合航空公司及聯(lián)航快運(yùn)平均每日運(yùn)美營(yíng)5,000架次航班，飛往6大洲362個(gè)機(jī)場(chǎng)。2015年，美聯(lián)航和聯(lián)航快運(yùn)的航班總數(shù)約200萬(wàn) 班次，為1.38億乘客提供優(yōu)質(zhì)的航班服務(wù)。美聯(lián)航憑 借其廣泛的網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)勢(shì)，在美國(guó)本土芝加哥、丹佛、休 斯頓、洛杉磯、紐約/紐瓦克、舊金山及華盛頓等樞紐 機(jī)場(chǎng)間運(yùn)營(yíng)著超過(guò)700條主要航線(xiàn)。美國(guó)聯(lián)合航空公司于1986年起開(kāi)始運(yùn)營(yíng)中美直飛 的航班服務(wù)，包括：北京飛往芝加哥、紐約/紐瓦克、 舊金山和華盛頓的直飛航班；上海飛往芝加哥、關(guān) 島、洛杉磯、紐約/紐瓦克和舊金山的直飛航班；成都 直飛舊金山的航班；香港

40、飛往芝加哥、關(guān)島、紐約/紐 瓦克、舊金山、新加坡以及胡志明市的直飛航班。lmost all respondents report that they areAprofitable in China, and their overall return oninvestment in China is higher than their global overall return on investment. Therefore, most remain optimistic towards the business outlook in China. However, fewer compani

41、es expect to become profitable in a short pe- riod of time than the last few years.Albeit there were many negative news stories about the Chinese market in 2018, the reinvestment statistics of the companies in our study indicate that they have not withdrawn from the Chinese market on a large scale,

42、and they still have a strong interest ininvesting in China. This is mainly because of the growing potential of the Chinese market and its relatively high return on investment. Meanwhile, more than a halfof the respondents witness year-on-year growth of employment in their companies in 2018. We also

43、find that while increasing reinvestment in China, some of the companies have shifted some reinvestment to other countries. The primary reason is the increased operating costs in China.Generally speaking, the business environment in South China is good, and the future development of Guangdong-Hong Ko

44、ng-Macao Greater Bay Area is considered positive among the companies. What isworth noticing is that increasing production costs, rising labor costs, and shortage of qualified personnel have been constraints on South Chinas further development.Even though the opinion of participating com- panies appe

45、ar polarized concerning the prospect of the US-China relationship, most of the respondents believe that the dispute between the US and China may be further expanded in 2019. As the US-China trade friction has been going on for some time, the companies participating in our study expect that the impac

46、t of the dispute on enterprises will continue. So far, the negative impact of combined tariffs on compa- nies has exceeded the positive impact. Approximately 30 percent of the respondents have lost market share due to the imposed tariffs. Most of the companies have taken advantage of the 90-day truc

47、e between the US and China to adjust their development strategies and actively respond to the uncertainties brought by the trade disputes.Key Takeaways關(guān)鍵要點(diǎn)部分受訪(fǎng)企業(yè)已在華獲得盈利，其在華的大投資回報(bào)率相比全球投資回報(bào)率更高，因此對(duì)中國(guó)市場(chǎng)的增長(zhǎng)仍保持樂(lè)觀(guān)的態(tài)度；但同時(shí)， 能在短時(shí)間內(nèi)迅速實(shí)現(xiàn)盈利的受訪(fǎng)企業(yè)大幅減少。雖然2018年中國(guó)市場(chǎng)存在許多負(fù)面消息，但我 們受訪(fǎng)企業(yè)的再投資數(shù)據(jù)表明企業(yè)并沒(méi)有大面積地撤 離中國(guó)市場(chǎng)，且對(duì)投資中國(guó)仍有濃厚

48、的興趣，主要原 因?yàn)橹袊?guó)市場(chǎng)的增長(zhǎng)潛力及其相對(duì)高的投資回報(bào)率。 同時(shí)，大部分的受訪(fǎng)企業(yè)表示他們企業(yè)的雇員人數(shù)同 比有所攀升。我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)，企業(yè)在增加在華投資的同 時(shí)，仍有一部分企業(yè)正將再投資轉(zhuǎn)移到其他國(guó)家，其 中最重要的原因?yàn)橹袊?guó)運(yùn)營(yíng)成本的上漲。受訪(fǎng)企業(yè)普遍對(duì)華南地區(qū)營(yíng)商環(huán)境表示滿(mǎn)意，對(duì) 粵港澳大灣區(qū)未來(lái)發(fā)展持積極樂(lè)觀(guān)的態(tài)度，但值得注 意的是總體生產(chǎn)成本上升、人力資源成本上漲及合格 人才的匱乏已逐漸成為制約華南地區(qū)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展的重 要因素。受訪(fǎng)企業(yè)對(duì)美中關(guān)系前景的展望呈現(xiàn)兩極分化的 趨勢(shì)，大部分受訪(fǎng)企業(yè)認(rèn)為美中兩國(guó)的紛爭(zhēng)在2019 年有進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大的可能。由于美中貿(mào)易摩擦已持續(xù)一 段時(shí)間，預(yù)期這場(chǎng)貿(mào)

49、易爭(zhēng)端對(duì)企業(yè)的影響仍將繼續(xù)， 迄今為止兩國(guó)貿(mào)易關(guān)稅給企業(yè)帶來(lái)的負(fù)面影響比正面 影響大，約三成受訪(fǎng)企業(yè)因此而丟失市場(chǎng)份額。大部 分受訪(fǎng)企業(yè)均利用美中兩國(guó)90天“休戰(zhàn)期”調(diào)整企 業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，積極應(yīng)對(duì)貿(mào)易紛爭(zhēng)帶來(lái)的不穩(wěn)定因素。Special Sponsor特別贊助商02StudyreSultS調(diào)查結(jié)果16172019 White Paper on the Business Environment in ChinaThe American Chamber of Commerce in South ChinaChapter One Demographics第一章受訪(fǎng)企業(yè)組成rom December 5,

50、 2018 to January 5, 2019, theFAmerican Chamber of Commerce in South Chinaconducted its 13th annual study of companies withestablished operations in China through simple random sampling. While 256 companies participated in the study in total, questionnaires of 240 companies were finally adopted to en

51、sure a high degree of data integrity.As this research was conducted shortly after the US and China announced a temporary 90-day ceasefire todeescalate the trade tension between the two countries, it sheds light on the influence of the trade dispute on the operation of business in South China.In gene

52、ral, the demographics of participating companies are similar to previous years, and the findings of the research depict a general picture of the economic development of companies in South China. The study participants come from all walks of life, representing a broad range of companies by industry,

53、most of which are either headquartered orhave located their main offices in South China. We see companies of all sizes, from those with fewer than 250 employees to those with more than a thousand. We also have companies of different legal entities includ- ing wholly US or European-owned companies, o

54、ther foreign-owned companies or joint ventures funded by other countries and regions, as well as Mainland Chinese companies.To better reflect the present general economic situation, we classify the industry of participating companies into primary and secondary sectors, consumption products and servi

55、ces, professional services, as well as other services and organizations. While more than a half are engaged in professional services, nearly 30 percent are in primary and secondary sectors, and around 20 percent in consumption products and services.018年12月5日至2019年1月5日，華南美2國(guó)商會(huì)通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單隨機(jī)抽樣邀請(qǐng)相關(guān)企業(yè)參加2019年華南地

56、區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)情況問(wèn)卷調(diào)查，并最終回收了256份問(wèn)卷。為確保數(shù)據(jù)的高效完整性，我們最終采 用240家企業(yè)提供的有效問(wèn)卷。由于該問(wèn)卷調(diào)查是在 美中兩國(guó)宣布短暫停戰(zhàn)90日后進(jìn)行的，它同時(shí)也反 映了美中貿(mào)易紛爭(zhēng)對(duì)華南地區(qū)企業(yè)運(yùn)營(yíng)的影響?？傮w而言，今年參加調(diào)查的企業(yè)與往年的受訪(fǎng)企 業(yè)大體一致，能代表華南美國(guó)商會(huì)會(huì)員企業(yè)在華發(fā)展 的真實(shí)情況。受訪(fǎng)企業(yè)來(lái)自各行各業(yè)，涵蓋了幾乎所 有經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域，其中大部分受訪(fǎng)企業(yè)在華南地區(qū)設(shè)立營(yíng) 運(yùn)總部或主要辦公室。從企業(yè)規(guī)模上看，既有雇員人 數(shù)少于250人的中小型企業(yè)，也有雇員人數(shù)超過(guò)千人 的大型企業(yè)。從企業(yè)類(lèi)型上看，既有美資及歐資企業(yè) 的獨(dú)資企業(yè)，也有來(lái)自其他國(guó)家及地區(qū)的外資企業(yè)

57、及 合資企業(yè)，更有本土的中資企業(yè)。為更好地體現(xiàn)中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境及受訪(fǎng)企業(yè)在華的 發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，我們將受訪(fǎng)企業(yè)所屬行業(yè)大致分為：第一 及第二產(chǎn)業(yè)、消費(fèi)產(chǎn)品及服務(wù)、專(zhuān)業(yè)服務(wù)及其他服務(wù) 及機(jī)構(gòu)等。超過(guò)一半的企業(yè)從事專(zhuān)業(yè)性服務(wù)，約百分 之三十的受訪(fǎng)企業(yè)從事第一及第二產(chǎn)業(yè)，約兩成從事 消費(fèi)品產(chǎn)品及服務(wù)。Distribution of Industry 行業(yè)分布Percentage百分比Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries and related businesses農(nóng)業(yè)、林業(yè)、畜牧業(yè)、漁業(yè)及其相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)2%Manufacturing制造業(yè)21%Ma

58、nufacture and supply of electricity, heat and water電力、熱力、燃?xì)饧八a(chǎn)和供應(yīng)業(yè)1%Construction建筑業(yè)3%Repair of metal, machinery, and equipment金屬制品、機(jī)械及設(shè)備維修業(yè)1%Wholesale and retail批發(fā)及零售業(yè)9%Accommodation and catering住宿及餐飲4%Culture, sports, and entertainment文化、體育及娛樂(lè)業(yè)6%Resident services, repair, and other services居民服務(wù)、修理

59、和其他服務(wù)業(yè)1%Water, environment, and public equipment management水利、環(huán)境及公共設(shè)施管理業(yè)1%Transportation, warehousing, postal services交通運(yùn)輸、倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)和郵政業(yè)4%Information信息傳輸4%Financial services金融業(yè)11%Real estate and development房地產(chǎn)業(yè)4%Leasing and commercial services租賃及商業(yè)服務(wù)5%Scientific research and technological services科技研究及技術(shù)服務(wù)

60、業(yè)6%Education教育8%Healthcare醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生7%Social work社會(huì)工作1%Public management, social security, social organizations or international organizations公共管理、社會(huì)安全、社會(huì)組織或國(guó)際組織2%2019 White Paper on the Business Environment in ChinaThe American Chamber of Commerce in South China本次問(wèn)卷調(diào)查中，外資及中資的企業(yè)類(lèi)型在約各占一半，超三成為外商獨(dú)資企業(yè)，約五分一為中外