北京版高考英語高中總復(fù)習(xí)專題八書面表達(dá)講解練教與學(xué)

1、第三部分 書面表達(dá)專題八 書面表達(dá)高考英語 北京專用考點(diǎn)一應(yīng)用文應(yīng)用文寫作包括書信、通知和演講稿等,書信是近幾年考查頻率最高的類型。以2015年為例,北京市高考英語書面表達(dá)第一節(jié)考查的是邀請信,給出了介紹的內(nèi)容,所介紹內(nèi)容與中國傳統(tǒng)文化相關(guān)。2016年則加大了開放度,要求考生用英語介紹一位中國歷史人物,只規(guī)定寫作任務(wù)包含的范圍,沒有提供具體的寫作內(nèi)容,需要考生自己調(diào)動已有的文史知識,添加相關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)完成寫作任務(wù)。試題鼓勵考生最大限度地利用其知識儲備、發(fā)揮其語言運(yùn)用能力,拓寬考生個性化展示的空間,這要求考生具有一定的人文素養(yǎng),既要了解我國偉大的歷史人物的貢獻(xiàn)和成就,又能夠思考其給自己帶來的啟示,從

2、而升華對中華民族優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化的情感。方法技巧寫書信時應(yīng)保證以下內(nèi)容:1.寫信原因或目的;2.解釋原因或目的;3.再次強(qiáng)調(diào)寫信的目的或自己的想法、態(tài)度等; 4.結(jié)尾?？忌趯懽髦幸欢ㄒ⒁飧袷揭?guī)范、語氣合理、交際感強(qiáng)。應(yīng)用文寫作不需要過長的句子,達(dá)意是最主要的目標(biāo)。此外,還應(yīng)注意行文流暢,感情真摯?？傊?應(yīng)用文寫作要做到:切合題意、簡明扼要、要點(diǎn)全面、交際得體。常見寫作題型模板如下:一、投訴(抱怨)信 Dear, I feel bad to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a complaint.The reason for my

3、dissatisfaction is(總體介紹).In the first place,(抱怨的第一個方面).In addition,(抱怨的第二個方面).Under these circumstances,the devastating effect could be multiplied if this problem cannot be immediately solved.(如該問題不能立即解決,它將產(chǎn)生更壞影響).I would appreciate it very much if you could(提出建議和請求),preferably(進(jìn)一步的要求),and I would l

4、ike to have this matter settled by(設(shè)定解決事情的最后期限).Thank you for your consideration and I will be looking forward to your reply. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 二、邀請信 Dear,(開門見山提出事件/活動、地點(diǎn)、時間).It would be pleasant/hon-ored to have you here.During the party/conference,we will have lots of activities you will be

5、interested in.First,(要舉行的活動內(nèi)容一).Second,(要舉行的活動內(nèi)容二).I know/believe that you will be very interested in.First/For one thing,(受邀請人參加的理由一).Second/For another,(受邀請人參加的理由二).The party/conference would not be complete without you! The party/conference will begin at (時間)and we do hope you can come. Yours sin

6、cerely, Li Hua 三、請求信Dear,I am writing to formally request to(請求的內(nèi)容).The reason foris that(給出原因).I,so I (給出細(xì)節(jié)).I would also like to request(提出進(jìn)一步的要求).I am sorry for any inconvenience I have caused.Thank you for your attention to these requests.If you have any questions,do not hesitate to contact me a

7、t(電話號碼).I look forward to a favorable reply. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 四、道歉信Dear,I am sorry to say/tell you that(直接說出道歉事由).Now,I am writing you this letter of apology to show my deep regret.Please accept my sincere apology.I hope you will understand me and excuse me for(請求對方原諒的事由).The reason for my de

8、lay/absence was that(過失的原因 ).I had no way out because(自己當(dāng)時的處境和情況).Therefore,its not in my power to(過失導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果).Naturally,I want to suggest(提出建議).I shall be obliged if you will kindly write and tell me when and where you(約定下次見面的時間和地點(diǎn)).We may meet again and I hope to see you soon. Yours sincerely, Li Hua

9、 五、感謝信 Dear,I am now writing these few lines to express my sincere thanks for(感謝事由).Id like you to know how much you meant to me.You have a positive genius for(對收信人某一方面的贊美).I not only enjoyed,but also.I shall ever rememberas one of the mostin my life.I will feel very honored and pleased if you(表達(dá)自己回

10、報的心愿).I am looking forward to seeing you next time! I repeat my thanks again for your.Please give my kind regards to your. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 六、建議信 Dear,You have asked me for my advice with regard to,and I will try to make some conductive suggestions here.In my humble opinion,you would be wise

11、to take the following actions:(建議的內(nèi)容).I hope you will find these proposals useful,and I would be ready to discuss this matter with you to further details.Good luck with your(祝愿)! Yours sincerely, Li Hua 七、求職信 Dear Sir or Madam,I write this letter to apply for the position that you have advertised in

12、(報紙名稱)of(廣告發(fā)布時間).Not only do I have the qualifications for this job,but I also have the right personality for a(工作名稱).On the one hand,(第一個原 因).On the other hand,(另一個原因).Should you grant me a personal interview,I would be most grateful.If you need to know more about me,please feel free to contact me

13、at any time at(電話號碼).Thank you for considering my application,and I am looking forward to meeting you. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 八、詢問信 Dear, I am(自我介紹).I am writing to see if it is possible for you to provide me with information regarding(要詢問的內(nèi)容).First of all,what is(第一個問題)?Secondly,when will(第二個問題)?T

14、hirdly,is(第三個問題)?I would also like to inquire(將最重要的問題單獨(dú)說明).Could you be kind to send me some relevant booklets on the above-mentioned aspects?Thank you for your kindness,and your prompt attention to this letter will be highly appreciated. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 九、祝賀信 Dear, I have learned with delig

15、ht that you(祝賀事由).I would like to extend you my utmost congratulations on.You must be.And I feel very happy for you.(所取得的成績)is quite exciting news! I know this is surely owing to(被祝賀人過去的努力).It is a reward you richly deserve for your(被祝賀人的優(yōu)點(diǎn)).Kindly let me know when you(咨詢對方何時有空).I hope(表達(dá)自己的愿望).My b

16、est wishes for your further success. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 十、通知例1:NOTICE A meeting to deliver a work report by the general manager is to be held at 2 pm,Wednesday,February 9 in the auditorium.All staff members are requested to be present on time.February 6,2008 General Managers Office 例2:NOTICE Al

17、l professors and associate professors are requested to meet in the college conference room on Saturday,August 18,at 2:00 p.m. to discuss questions concerning international academic exchanges.August 12,2008 Principals Office十一、便條例1: Aug. 11,2013 Dear Alice,Here is a piece of good news for you.The Rus

18、sian National Ballet Troupe will give a performance in the National Grand Theater in Beijing tomorrow evening.I am sure that you will be happy to watch it.The performance will begin at seven oclock sharp.I will wait for you at the theater entrance.Please let me know whether you can come as soon as p

19、ossible. Yours Truly, Li Hua例2: April 18,2014Dear Amelia, Its so kind of you to invite me to the dinner party.I would like to come.I will go to the place right after I finish my work at about 5 p.m. this evening.I shall be very happy to call at your house at 6:30 this evening.Thank you again for you

20、r wonderful hospitality and I am looking forward to seeing you soon. Yours sincerely, Li Hua考點(diǎn)二情景作文情景作文屬于北京高考的常規(guī)類型,一般用文字介紹背景,用四幅圖畫來介紹事情發(fā)生的整個過程。情景作文一直使用考生所熟悉的體裁與形式,圖片內(nèi)容清晰、沒有歧義,審題和作文架構(gòu)難度不大。此外,圖中所發(fā)生的事情也是非常貼近學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)和生活的,雖然我們在備考時會提醒考生注意體現(xiàn)中國傳統(tǒng)文化,但是請考生不必焦慮,題目絕不會生搬硬套,需要體現(xiàn)文化的地方自然流露,不必刻意為之。考生在答題時需注意審圖,以2015年為例,

21、首幅圖的要點(diǎn)是“歡迎藝術(shù)家”,第二幅圖的要點(diǎn)是“觀看藝術(shù)家表演”,第三幅圖的要點(diǎn)是“在藝術(shù)家的指導(dǎo)下捏面人”,最后一幅圖的要點(diǎn)是“合影留念”。對于考生的最低要求是將這四個要點(diǎn)用準(zhǔn)確的語言進(jìn)行表達(dá),做到要點(diǎn)齊全。但是,只寫全要點(diǎn)是不夠的,還需關(guān)注細(xì)節(jié)描寫。良好的細(xì)節(jié)支撐是行文連貫的基礎(chǔ),它使行文豐滿流暢,同時考生也要注意細(xì)節(jié)適當(dāng)發(fā)揮即可,勿跑題。另外,充沛的情感表達(dá)也是評判作文優(yōu)秀與否的關(guān)鍵參考點(diǎn)。總之情景作文還是考查考生用英語描述事情的能力,建議考生平時學(xué)好語法,多寫、多修改、認(rèn)真研究范文,這樣才能練就扎實(shí)的寫作功底。下面以2015年的高考英語北京卷情景作文為例詳細(xì)列舉寫作步驟: 假設(shè)你是紅星

22、中學(xué)高三學(xué)生李華。請根據(jù)以下四幅圖的先后順序,介紹在“傳統(tǒng)文化進(jìn)校園”活動中,向面人藝術(shù)家學(xué)習(xí)捏面人的過程,并以“A Day with a Craftsman”為題,給?？坝⒄Z角”寫一篇英文稿件。注意:詞數(shù)不少于60。提示詞:一個面團(tuán)a piece of dough 面人dough figurine一、審題1.審文字:介紹活動、校刊、稿件。2.審文體:記敘文。3.審人稱:we, he。4.審時態(tài):一般過去時為主。5.審詞數(shù):不少于60。二、要點(diǎn)確定每幅圖的主要行為:用一兩個詞或短語寫出每幅圖的要點(diǎn)。greeted, welcomed(第一幅圖)showed, taught(第二幅圖)trie

23、d, made(第三幅圖)took a picture(第四幅圖)三、細(xì)節(jié)圍繞每幅圖的要點(diǎn)合理擴(kuò)展細(xì)節(jié),不要跑題。1.學(xué)校邀請藝術(shù)家、提前準(zhǔn)備、心情、歡迎熱烈程度等。2.藝術(shù)家的技藝精湛、我們認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)、感嘆傳統(tǒng)文化魅力等。3.嘗試中遇到問題、獲得悉心指導(dǎo)、成品受到表揚(yáng)等。4.紀(jì)念、活動意義等。四、邏輯按照要點(diǎn)適當(dāng)分段落,首段適當(dāng)添加背景,結(jié)尾提出感想。中間文字注意行文邏輯,巧用連接詞和過渡句。如:開頭:Last Tuesday, our class invited an old craftsman to teach us how to make dough figurines.結(jié)尾:Looki

24、ng at the figurines, we were all very excited.過渡:When the craftsman came into.,First, he showed.,Then we started to.,Finally, we put the figurines.參考范文:Last Tuesday,our class invited an old craftsman to teach us how to make dough figurines.When the craftsman came into the classroom,we gave him a war

25、m welcome and two boys helped him with the tool box.First,he showed us the basic steps and skills of making dough figurines.We stood around him and watched attentively.Then we started to have a try ourselves.The old man walked around andhelped us patiently. Finally,we put the figurines we made on th

26、e table and took pictures with the old craftsman.Looking at the figurines,we were all very excited.We hope we can have more activities of this kind!五、語言要盡量避免語言錯誤,檢查句法、語法有無問題;特別是動詞的形式、單詞拼寫、大小寫和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號。語言質(zhì)量是寫作中的一大考查點(diǎn),語言質(zhì)量的高低取決于考生平時的練習(xí)和積累,主要體現(xiàn)在語法和句型的準(zhǔn)確運(yùn)用上。在第二節(jié)中,考生更要注重用詞的精準(zhǔn)和句式的變化,盡可能展現(xiàn)出自己的英語寫作水平,建議考生尤其要在能夠

27、體現(xiàn)出要點(diǎn)的句子上多下功夫。在考試前準(zhǔn)備一些自己平時寫得不錯的句式,寫作時盡量將句式進(jìn)行編排,不要扎堆體現(xiàn),比如連著三個句子都含定語從句,或者前后幾句話的主語都是相同的,某一個表達(dá)法反復(fù)使用,以上這些例子在寫作中都是不可取的。下面提供一些常用語,僅供參考:開場白:Last Friday left me a deep impression, which I will never forget.Last week, I had an unforgettable experience.In order to improve our abilities of facing danger, our sc

28、hool organized an ac-tivity. Early in the morning, we met at the school gate and went to.by bus.One Sunday morning, my classmates and I went to the park for a picnic.過渡:After doing., we went to do.After having done., we.And then, we.結(jié)束語:I was tired, but I was happy that I did a good deed.I have lear

29、ned a great deal through the activity/this.It is an unforgettable day/experience.評論/感慨:I think the activity is both necessary and meaningful. It not only makes us aware of the importance of self-protection/helping others but also develops our abilities of dealing with things/communicating with other

30、s.The activity can develop/promote our sense of social responsibility.心情:We were in high spirits.With excitement filling our hearts, we said thanks/goodbye to.With our hearts filled with excitement, we.To our delight, we saw.六、注意1.如果開頭的句子已給出,考生一定要注意上下句的銜接,即加入考生的感情、評價等,使行文連貫通順。同時列出作文主要的寫作內(nèi)容或方向迅速進(jìn)入主題,

31、讓閱卷老師能夠較快地讀出自己的寫作傾向或思路。2.圖片中的要點(diǎn)如人物的表情、動作,事情發(fā)展的時間和地點(diǎn)以及影響事情發(fā)展的相關(guān)情節(jié)都需要寫清楚。細(xì)節(jié)添加注意合理性,不要跑題,注意詳略得當(dāng)。3.圖與圖之間的銜接一定要連貫,切忌整篇文章看起來是在單獨(dú)描繪一幅圖。寫出的作文應(yīng)該讓讀者在看不到圖片的條件下能夠清楚地了解完整的故事。考點(diǎn)三寫作的基本原則一、長短句原則 一個短小精悍的句子,通?？梢云鸬疆孆堻c(diǎn)睛的作用,尤其當(dāng)我們把短句放在段首時,它不僅可以承上啟下,還可以揭示主題,如:As a creature,I eat;as a man,I read.Although one action is to m

32、eet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of my mind,they are in a way quite similar.如上所見,長短句結(jié)合,可以給人抑揚(yáng)頓挫之感。因此,許多專家建議:在文章第一段(開頭)用一長一短,且先長后短;在文章主體部分,要先用一個短句解釋主要意思,然后在闡述幾個要點(diǎn)的時候采用先短后長的句群形式,這樣主體部分定會讓人賞心悅目;文章結(jié)尾只需用一長一短。二、主題句原則 一篇文章的開頭(有時也可在結(jié)尾)有一個主題句,也就有了中心,然后圍繞主題展開相關(guān)

33、內(nèi)容,這樣的文章思路清晰,讓人一目了然。否則,若把主題隱藏在文章中間,很可能使讀者感覺云里霧里,不知所云。如:To begin with,you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the ex-am.(主題句)Without sufficient preparation,you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.開頭一句赫然醒目,直接點(diǎn)題。三、條理性原則 一般來說,如果一篇文章以第一、第二、第三或首先、其次、再次等羅列要點(diǎn)會讓人感覺

34、層次分明、條理清晰、邏輯性強(qiáng)。強(qiáng)烈推薦下列詞:1.to begin with,then,furthermore,finally 2.to start with,next,in addition,finally3.first,besides,last but not least4.most important of all,moreover,finally 5.for one thing,for another6.on the one hand,on the other hand(用來說明不同的理由或原因)四、短語優(yōu)先原則 寫作時,尤其是在考試時,如果正確使用短語,有兩個好處:一是用短語會給文章

35、增光添彩,自然會增加得分點(diǎn);二是學(xué)生在考場上有時過于緊張而造成思維短路,但還得湊夠詞數(shù),那么用短語替代一個單詞不失為好辦法!比如:I cannot bear it.可以用短語表達(dá)為:I cannot put up with it.又如:I want it.可以表達(dá)為:I am looking forward to it.這樣詞數(shù)明顯增加,表達(dá)也非常準(zhǔn)確。 五、多實(shí)少虛原則 寫文章還是應(yīng)該寫一些實(shí)際的東西,不能空話連篇。這就要求一定要多用實(shí)詞,少用虛詞。這里所說的虛詞就是指那些比較大的詞。比如我們想表達(dá)一個人或事物很好的時候,不應(yīng)該總用nice這樣空洞的詞,而是要使用一些諸如generous,h

36、umorous,interesting,smart,gentle,warm-hearted,hospitable 之類的形容詞。 可見,用了這些生動形象的詞語一定會讓你的文章大放異彩,令人耳目一新。六、多變句式原則1.并列(串聯(lián))我們有時希望自己像個 native speaker一樣能寫很長的句子,但又怕寫錯。要解決這一問題,最保險的寫長句的方法是:在句子之間加and,但它們之間最好是先后關(guān)系或者并列關(guān)系。比如說:I enjoy music and he is fond of playing the guitar.如果二者是并列的,我們可以用一個高級句式:not only.but also.。

37、如: Not only is the fur coat soft,but it is also warm.表示并列關(guān)系的詞還有: besides,furthermore,moreover等。2.轉(zhuǎn)折(拐彎抹角)用表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞,可以使文章要點(diǎn)明確,重點(diǎn)突出。如:The car was quite old,yet it was in excellent condition.The coat was thin,but it was warm.表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞或短語還有:however,nevertheless,in spite of,despite等。3.因果 文章中使用了表示因果關(guān)系的連詞后,可以讓你的

38、句式變得豐富多彩,語言富于變化,更具說服力。如:The snow began to fall,so we went home.表示因果關(guān)系的詞或短語還有:therefore,consequently,accordingly,as a re-sult,for this reason,so that等。4.失衡句(頭重腳輕,或者頭輕腳重)有時突然出現(xiàn)一個不合乎常理的句子,必然會吸引別人的注意力,顯得與眾不同。其實(shí)就是使用了主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句等的變形。如:This is what I can do.Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.5

39、.附加 定語從句和同位語從句或者是插入語的恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用,也會讓人感覺你有深厚的語法功底和極強(qiáng)的語言表現(xiàn)力。如:The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.I dont enjoy that book you are reading.Mr. Liu,our oral English teacher,is easy-going.6.排比文學(xué)作品中最吸引人的地方莫過于排比句,如果要讓你的文章更加精彩的話,可以使用多個排比句、多個對偶句、多個不定式、多個動詞、多個短語等,如此表達(dá)將會使你的文章有排山倒海之勢。如:Whether your taste

40、s are modern or traditional,sophisticated or simple,there is plenty in London for you.Nowadays,energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil,coal,natural gas,solar heat,wind and ocean tides.We have got to study hard,to enlarge our scope of knowledge,to realize our potential and to pay f

41、or our life.七、挑戰(zhàn)極限原則 挑戰(zhàn)極限聽似很難,但并非高不可攀。 學(xué)生的文章中,很少發(fā)現(xiàn)諸如獨(dú)立主格之類的結(jié)構(gòu),因?yàn)閷W(xué)生要么想不到,要么怕寫錯。其實(shí)這項(xiàng)語法并不難,它只是分詞的一種特殊形式,分詞要求前后主語一致,而獨(dú)立主格則有自己的邏輯主語。如: The weather being fine,a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills. Africa is the second largest continent,its size being about three times that of China. 這種

42、句子出現(xiàn)在文章中一定令人刮目相看,很自然地成了一個加分點(diǎn)。考點(diǎn)四寫作基礎(chǔ)知識一、英語基本句型1.主語+系動詞+表語(SVP)常見的系動詞有:be(是),become(變成),look(看上去),seem(看起來),appear(顯得),get(變得),feel(摸起來),grow(變得),turn(變成),remain(仍然是),fall(變成),keep(保持),stand(保持),stay(保持),smell(聞起來),sound(聽起來),taste(嘗起來)等。常用作表語的有:名詞、形容詞、非謂語動詞、介詞短語、從句等。如:This machine is in good conditi

43、on.這臺機(jī)器狀況良好。The garden smells pleasant.這座花園香氣怡人。2.主語+動詞(SV)這一句型中的謂語動詞是不及物動詞,沒有直接賓語,但常帶有狀語。如:The water is boiling.水開了。The train will leave soon.火車馬上就要開了。3.主語+動詞+賓語(SVO)這一句型中的謂語動詞是及物動詞,它必須帶有自己的賓語。在英文中,當(dāng)一個動詞(包括單個動詞和動詞短語)作及物動詞用時,它必須要有自己的賓語(除非賓語在上下文里很明確地提到過,為避免不必要的重復(fù),才會省去),否則會視為“句子不完整”。如:He has a sister.

44、他有一個妹妹。They wanted to have a rest.他們想休息一會兒。4.主語+動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語(SVOO)這一句型中常見的謂語動詞有:give(給某人),bring(帶給某人),tell(告訴某人),send(寄給某人),leave(留給某人),pass(遞給某人),read(給某人讀),write(給某人寫),take(給某人拿),show(給某人看),teach(教某人),get(給某人弄到),award(授予某人),lend(借給某人),rent(租賃給某人),buy(給某人買),pay(支付某人),hand(遞給某人)等。如:She brought me a

45、shirt.她給我?guī)砹艘患r衣。Pass him the dictionary,please.請將詞典遞給他。5.主語+動詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語(SVOC)此句型概括了這樣一種情況:有些及物動詞的后面常帶復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)(即賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語),在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中,賓語補(bǔ)足語與前面的賓語存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系或系表關(guān)系。賓語補(bǔ)足語可由名詞、形容詞、動詞不定式、分詞或介詞短語擔(dān)當(dāng)。常帶復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)的及物動詞有:elect(選舉),feel(感覺到),find(發(fā)現(xiàn)),get(使得),have(使,讓),hear(聽到),imagine(想象),keep(保持),make(使),notice(注意到),see(

46、看見),let(使),smell(聞到),start(使開始),watch(注視,看),appoint(任命),believe(相信),call(稱),catch(發(fā)現(xiàn)),allow(允許),ask(請求,要求),cause(使得),consider(認(rèn)為),expect(預(yù)計),know(知道),tell(告訴),think(想,認(rèn)為),want(想要),wish(希望),listen to(聽),look at(看,瞧)等。如:We elected him our monitor.我們選他當(dāng)班長。The president appointed John manager of marketi

47、ng.總裁任命約翰為營銷部經(jīng)理。The news made me happy.那則消息使我很高興。我們記住以上五個句型并不難,重要的是要利用這五個句型去閱讀或?qū)懹⑽木渥印＿@樣,再長、再復(fù)雜的句子也可以被看成那么“幾塊”,即主語、謂語、賓語、補(bǔ)語、表語再加上定語、狀語。這就如同“造框架建筑”,先定型,再完善。我們學(xué)語言也應(yīng)該先從語言架構(gòu)著手,再去解決細(xì)節(jié)問題。這就大大地提高了學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)度,從而也避免了那種“只見樹木,不見森林”的錯誤傾向。二、句子的分類 通常,我們可以從兩個不同的角度對句子進(jìn)行分類:一是按句子的用途;二是按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。按句子的用途分類,所有的英語句子可以分成四個種類:陳述句(Decl

48、arative Sentence),疑問句(Interrogative Sentence),祈使句(Imper-ative Sentence)和感嘆句(Exclamatory Sentence)。如果按照句子的結(jié)構(gòu)分類,英文句子可分為三個類別:簡單句,并列復(fù)合句和主從復(fù)合句。這里所說的結(jié)構(gòu),主要是指句子中主語和謂語之間的關(guān)系。1.簡單句簡單句只有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。句子可能有兩個或更多的主語,也可能有兩個或更多的謂語,但是句子中的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)只有一個。如:China and Chinese people are incredibly progressing in many aspects.(兩個主語,一

49、個謂語)中國和中國人民在很多方面正以難以置信的速度在進(jìn)步。 Computers mean a lot to human beings and are paid more and more attention by people.(兩個謂語,一個主語)計算機(jī)對人類很重要,并越來越受到人們的重視。2.并列復(fù)合句并列復(fù)合句有兩個或兩個以上的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。這些主謂結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系是并列的、對等的。從語法上講,所謂“并列、對等”是指任何一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)都能獨(dú)立地表達(dá)意思,互不從屬。盡管如此,這些主謂結(jié)構(gòu)在意思或邏輯上也有一定程度的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。否則,它們就可以被分別寫成簡單句,而沒有必要寫在一起構(gòu)成并列句了。在并列句

50、中,要使兩個或兩個以上的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)(或者說分句)連接在一起,就要用并列連詞。并列連詞用來連接平行對等(即互不從屬)的分句。按其表示的不同關(guān)系主要有下面幾種: (1)表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系:but,yet。如:Everything in the world is outside you but health belongs to yourself.世界上的一切都是身外之物,只有健康屬于自己。He has learned English for only one year,yet he can communicate with people in English.他才學(xué)了一年英語,但已能用英語與人交流了。(2

51、)表示因果關(guān)系:for,so。如:Youd better take an umbrella with you,for its going to rain.要下雨了,你最好帶把傘。Ive got a meeting to attend,so I must be going now.我要去開個會,所以現(xiàn)在得走了。(3)表示并列、選擇、遞進(jìn)等關(guān)系:and,or,either.or,neither.nor,not only.but(also)。如:Do it this way or youll be in trouble.就這么辦,不然你會有麻煩的。Either you tell him the tr

52、uth or I do it.要么你告訴他事實(shí),要么我來告訴他。He doesnt know your address,and neither/nor do I.他不知道你的地址,我也不知道。3.主從復(fù)合句主從復(fù)合句明顯不同于簡單句,因?yàn)樗袃蓚€或兩個以上的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。從表面上看,它與并列句相似,其實(shí)不然。并列句的幾個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系是并列的、對等的,而復(fù)合句的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系不是并列的、對等的,其中只有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)是主要的,其他的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)都從屬于主要的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。主要的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)稱作句子的主句;其他的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)稱作句子的從句或子句。主從復(fù)合句的子句(或從句)包括定語從句、狀語從句、名詞性從句(即

53、主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句及同位語從句)。 三、高考書面表達(dá)常用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號英語標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(Punctuation)與漢語標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號有所不同。只有正確地使用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號來寫作,才能使你的英語作文錦上添花。亂用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號不僅使你的作文大打折扣,而且會嚴(yán)重地影響作文得分。英語書面表達(dá)中常用的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號有句號、逗號、分號、引號、冒號、問號和感嘆號。注意:英語中沒有書名號“”。英語中的書名、報刊名、雜志名及其他出版物一般用斜體表示,也可用引號。1.句號(Full stop/Period) 句號表示說完一句話后的停頓,用在句子末尾。英語句號的寫法是一個實(shí)心點(diǎn),有別于漢語的空心點(diǎn)。所以英語作文不能隨便點(diǎn)點(diǎn),以免造成誤解。除一句話結(jié)束時用句號以外,在縮略詞后面也用句號。和漢語不同,英語中的句點(diǎn)表示一個基本句型已經(jīng)結(jié)束,而漢語的句號表示一個意思已經(jīng)完整。如:我是老師,而他是學(xué)生。(I am a teacher.He is a student.或I am a teacher,while/but he is a student.)e.g.(=for example)2.逗號(Comma) 逗號表示一句話沒有說完而暫時停頓