reading寫作起源soil fertilization瑪雅衰落詞句默寫版

1、 The Origins of WritingWords & PhrasesThe Egyptians were not far behind in developing writing, but we cannot follow the history of their writing in detail because they used a perishable writing material寫出以下單詞的意思：Perishable： and from the papyrus reeds the Egyptians made a form of paper, it was excell

2、ent in quality but, like any paper, fragile寫出以下單詞的意思：a form of paper：in the form of：fragile：Mesopotamias rivers boasted no such useful reeds, but its land did provide good clay, and as a consequence the clay tablet became the standard material.寫出以下單詞的意思：Boast：As a consequence: So when a conqueror se

3、t a Mesopotamian palace ablaze, he helped ensure the survival of any clay tablets in it寫出以下單詞的意思：Conqueror：Conquer：v. Conquest：n.clay tablets：inevitably, literacy was largely limited to a small professional class, the scribes寫出以下單詞的意思:inevitably： literacy：scribe：n.primitive form of bookkeeping：to be

4、 available for reference：Now and then：SyntaxThe batches, some of which contain thousands of tablets, consist for the most part of documents of the types just mentioned: bills, deliveries, receipts, inventories, loans, marriage contracts, divorce settlements, court judgments, and so on.Which指代對象的確定；固

5、定搭配的短語出現(xiàn)開端consist就要期待后文ofSoil Fertilization（較簡單）Words & PhrasesFertilizers partially restore plant nutrients lost by erosion, crop harvesting, and leaching.寫出以下單詞的意思Fertilizers：n. Fertile：adj.Restore：v. Erosion：n. Erode：v. Leaching：n. stimulates beneficial soil bacteria and fungi寫出以下單詞的意思stimulate：v

6、. beneficial：adj. bacteria and fungi:Green manure is fresh or growing green vegetation plowed into the soil to increase the organic matter and humus (degraded organic matter) available to the next crop寫出以下單詞的意思Plow：v. Available to: It is produced when microorganisms in soil (mostly fungi and aerobic

7、 bacteria) break down organic matter such as leaves, food wastes, paper, and wood in the presence of oxygen.寫出以下單詞的意思Microorganism：n. Organism: n. organ：n. organic：adj. tissue：n. aerobic bacteria：break down organic matter：Compost is a rich natural fertilizer and soil conditioner that aerates soil, i

8、mproves its ability to retain water and nutrients, helps prevent erosion, and prevents nutrients from being wasted by being dumped in landfills.寫出以下單詞的意思aerates soil：retain water and nutrients：decompose plant and manure layers: 寫出以下單詞的意思decompose：v. compose：v. Corn, tobacco, and cotton can deplete t

9、he topsoil of nutrients, especially nitrogen, if planted on the same land several years in a row.寫出以下單詞的意思Depleteof: crop rotation：The resulting plant nutrient enrichment causes algae blooms that use up oxygen dissolved in the water, thereby killing fish.寫出以下單詞的意思Algae：n. Bloom: v. Dissolve：v. The C

10、ollapse of the MayasWords & Phrasespopulations unprecedented both in their size and density寫出以下單詞的意思unprecedented：adj. societies developed various intensive agricultural methods, including large-scale irrigation and hill-slope terracing (the cutting of horizontal ridges into hillsides so they can be

11、 farmed)寫出以下單詞的意思intensive agricultural methods：hill-slope terracing：increase yields from a given area：寫出以下單詞的意思：yield：Thus, the argument is that because of their size and ever more intensive agriculture, the Mayan and other ancient state societies were fundamentally unsustainable.寫出以下單詞的意思fundament

12、ally unsustainable：came upon the Mayan cities：they were struck by the sight of tall pyramids and elaborately carved stones among luxuriant forest growth寫出以下單詞的意思were struck by：elaborately carved stones：luxuriant：the archetypal picture of a great lost civilization寫出以下單詞的意思archetypal: adj. Interstate

13、rivalry： These exerted a powerful mediating effect on the way the Maya endeavored to cope with their difficulties.寫出以下單詞的意思exerted a powerful mediating effect on：exert：v. mediate: v. endeavor: v. subsistence capacity：SyntaxIt was not just the number of people that lived in the Mayan city-states but

14、also the relatively small area into which they were concentrated.介詞+which， which指代介詞前面的名詞，對該名詞做修飾The raised-field system of intensive cultivation (created by digging surrounding canals and using the soil removed to elevate the fields for planting) allows year-round food production through the constant supply of soil nutrients that erode into t