文學84文藝復興、莎士比亞課件

1、Chapter One. The Renaissance Period Renaissance（14-16世紀） refers to the period of transition from the medieval to the modern world. It was sparked off（激發(fā)，導致） by a combination組合of historical factors, such as the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman classics, the religious Reformation, explorations i

2、n geography and science, and the economic expansion.The Renaissance first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature. It did not arrive in England till the last part of 15th C and the early years of 16th C.Against the medieval feudal value and blind faith in after-lif

3、e, the humanists 人文主義believed in mans capability of self perfection and emphasized the importance of personal worth and the joy of the present life. I. Historical and cultural background:1. Historical background:The 16th C was a period of the breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of t

4、he foundations of capitalism. 16世紀是封建社會瓦解，資本主義社會形成的時期。Breaking and establishingA. The War of Roses (Lancaster and York)B. Economic developmentC. The great religious Reformation(c). At home, there was an intensification強化，加劇 of economic exploitation of the peasants, including the large-scale大規(guī)模的 encl

5、osure圍場 of common land, which caused violent peasant uprisings極端農(nóng)民起義.C. The great 16th C religious reformation: King Henry VIII declared the breaking with Rome, confiscated充公，沒收 the property of Church and proclaimed 宣稱himself head of Church of England. In this way, the new bourgeois 資產(chǎn)階級nobility 貴族w

6、as enriched. The Reformation was in essence本質(zhì)上 a political movement of the bourgeois class for power.本質(zhì)上是一次，資產(chǎn)級政治改革運動。2. Cultural backgroundA. Humanism人文主義 suggests any attitude, which tends to exalt提升 the human element to stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural 超自然的

7、and divine 圣神的elements. 提倡人性，反對神性。1. There was a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and an expression of the general dissatisfaction at the Catholic and feudal ideas. 對古典文學的強烈渴望和表達了對天主教和封建思想的不滿。2. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.人文主義是文藝復興的主旋律。III. Stages of the Renaissance1

8、. The beginning 2. The flowering period 3. The Jacobean period詹姆士一世 1. The beginning: Last years of 15th Cfirst half of 16th CThomas MoreThomas WyattThe Jacobean periodBen Jonson本瓊斯The King James BibleShakespeare(1564-1616)I. LifeStratford-on-Avon斯特拉特福德，在埃文Grammar schoolAnne Hathaway安妮海瑟薇LondonRetir

9、edReturned to Stratford斯特拉特福德II. WorksHe created 38 plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long poems.III. DramasThe Mature HistoriesThe Great ComediesThe Great TragediesTragedyTragedy: A type of play characterized by the depiction描寫 and dramatic treatment of misfortunes, disasters, and/or the death of the main p

10、rotagonists主角. The opposite of comedy. The main protagonist(s) is often afflicted折磨，使苦惱 by a “tragic flaw”悲劇性缺陷, a character problem which is related to the tragic outcomes.性格缺陷導致悲劇結(jié)局ComedyComedy: the opposite of tragedy, characterized by the portrayal描繪 of amusing situations featuring ordinary peop

11、le in ordinary situations. Comedy often begins with a sad or difficult situation but ends happily. The endings of comedies frequently feature marriages or reunions of characters formerly separated by adverse circumstances.結(jié)局通常是之前被不利的情境分開的人結(jié)婚了或重聚了。TragicomedyTragicomedy: a play that combines elements

12、 of tragedy and comedy, either by providing a happy ending to a potentially tragic story or by some more complex blending混合 of serious and light moods.給一個潛在的悲劇一個好的結(jié)局，或者更多的將輕快的和嚴肅的情緒加以混合。1. The Mature HistoriesTheme: The principle idea of these plays is the necessity for national unity under one king

13、.這些劇作主要是國家團結(jié)的需要。Henry IV3. The Great Tragedies OthelloKing LearMacbethHamletIn tragedies, Shakespeare used the fall of a notable顯要人物 person as the main focus. The tragic hero is always a noble person but possesses some moral weakness or flaw which will leads to his downfall. External外部的 circumstance

14、s and some evil agents also play a part in the heros fall.4. Elements of DramaSetting背景: the time and place of the story.Act一幕: the basic division of drama.Scene: a subdivision分部 of an act.Conflict: with naturewith another personwith society within himself.Dialogue, soliloquy獨白, aside旁白Structure or

15、plot結(jié)構(gòu)或情節(jié)ThemeHamletThe Summit 頂點of Shakespeares plays1. Story: a Danish丹麥的 storyHamletGertrude格特魯?shù)翪laudius克勞迪斯Polonius波洛尼厄斯Ophelia奧菲利亞Laertes雷歐提斯2. Humanism reflected in Hamlet A.“人類是一件多么了不得的杰作！多么高貴的理性！多么偉大的力量！多么優(yōu)美的儀表！多么文雅的舉動！在行為上多么像一個天使！在智慧上多么像一個天神！宇宙的精華！萬物的靈長！” Act II Scene II, line 316-320B. Sol

16、iloquy (Act III Scene I, Line 64-98)生存還是毀滅，這是一個值得考慮的問題；默然忍受命運的暴虐的毒箭，或是挺身反抗人世的無涯的苦難，通過斗爭把它們掃清，這兩種行為，哪一種更高貴？ 死了；睡著了；什么都完了；要是在這一種睡眠之中，我們心頭的創(chuàng)痛，以及其他無數(shù)血肉之軀所不能避免的打擊，都可以從此消失，那正是我們求之不得的結(jié)局。 死了；睡著了；睡著了也許還會做夢；嗯，阻礙就在這兒：因為當我們擺脫了這一具朽腐的皮囊以后，在那死的睡眠里，究竟將要做些什么夢，那不能不使我們躊躇顧慮。 人們甘心久困于患難之中，也就是為了這個緣故；誰愿意忍受人世的鞭撻和譏嘲、壓迫者的凌辱、傲

17、慢者的冷眼、被輕蔑的愛情的慘痛、法律的遷延、官吏的橫暴和費盡辛勤所換來的小人的鄙視，要是他只要用一柄小小的刀子，就可以清算他自己的一生？ 誰愿意負著這樣的重擔，在煩勞的生命的壓迫下呻吟流汗，倘不是因為懼怕不可知的死后，懼怕那從來不曾有一個旅人回來過的神秘之國，是它迷惑了我們的意志，使我們寧愿忍受目前的磨折，不敢向我們所不知道的痛苦飛去？ 。這樣，重重的顧慮使我們?nèi)兂闪伺撤颍瑳Q心的赤熱的光彩，被審慎的思維蓋上了一層灰色，偉大的事業(yè)在這一種考慮之下，也會逆流而退，失去了行動的意義。 且慢！美麗的奧菲利婭！女神，在你的祈禱之中，不要忘記替我懺悔我的罪孽。 CommentThe soliloquy

18、(獨白) discusses the attitude of a Renaissance humanist toward life and death.The speech conveys傳達 a sense of world weariness厭倦 as well as the authors incisive深刻的，敏銳的 comments on the social reality社會現(xiàn)實 of his time.3. The character of Hamlet(1) Hamlet is not a mere scholar, but a man of genius, highly

19、accomplished and educated, a man of far-reaching perception深遠的洞察力. His image reflects the versatility多才多藝 of the men of the Renaissance.A. Hamlet is a humanist, a man who is free from medieval prejudices and superstitions迷信. He has love for the world instead of the heaven. Like other humanists, he c

20、herishes a profound reverence崇敬 for man and a firm belief in mans power and destiny. B. Starting from his humanist love of man, he loves good and hates evil. He cares for nothing but human worth and shows a contempt輕視 for rank 等級and wealth. A king and a beggar are all one to him. His democratic tend

21、ency is based on his humanist thought.他的民主傾向基于他的人文主義思想。C. His intellectual genius is outstanding.他的聰明才智十分突出。He is a close observer of men and manners. He easily sees through people and penetrates 看透the truth of matters. (2). The key-note of Hamlets character is melancholy使人悲傷的. But his melancholy is

22、 not negative消極的 and it is his penetrating habit of manner.而是他的行為洞察力。A.At the beginning, he decides to revenge the wrong of murder, usurpation篡奪 and seduction誘惑. But in his repeated meditation冥想 upon the crime of his uncle, he perceives something rotten in the state affairs國務. Revenge is easy, but t

23、he more important is to expose the roots of the social evils and to establish a reign of justice建立公正的司法統(tǒng)治.B. Hamlet arranges the plan of having players act a scene of murder before the King and Queen. His device proves a complete success. But what he really shrinks from is the responsibility for the

24、 result of killing the king, because the abrupt唐突的 death of the king might cause panic to the people and danger to the state.C.In spite of his melancholy and delay in action, Hamlet still retains保持 his active energy.Hamlet is a hero of the Renaissance. His learning, wisdom, noble nature, limitation

25、and tragedy are all representative of the humanist at the turn of the 16th and 17th century.4. Significance of Hamlet“the summit of the Renaissance drama”A. no longer a simple revenge play復仇劇 of “blood and thunder”充滿兇殺情節(jié), but a tragedy of humanist ideals crushed 壓碎by social reality.B. a profound phi

26、losophical哲學的 exploration of the meaning of human existence.探究人存在的哲學意義。C. a realistic portrayal 描繪of oppressive 壓迫的，難以忍受的and ugly social realities丑陋的社會現(xiàn)實 in England at the end of the 16th century.D. Shakespeares penetrating insight into human nature, its evil capacity地位，能力 of crushing the good.沖擊美好E

27、. characterization描述 & the language語言表達能力 Puritanism清教主義Puritanism was the religions doctrine教義信條 of the revolutionary革命的 bourgeoisie ,buw:zi:資產(chǎn)階級，中產(chǎn)階級 during the English Revolution. They were serious and religious persons. They led a disciplined and simple life, devoid缺乏的，全無的 of earthly joy. They b

28、elieved in predestination pri:,destinein命運，預先注定, original sin, total depravity 墮落，邪惡and limited atonement贖罪補償彌補. On the other hand, they were practical and they worked hard for survival, profits and material實質(zhì)性的 success. John Donne約翰多恩The leading figure of “Metaphysical poets”,metfizikl形而上學的；超自然的；玄學

29、派詩歌的Questions:1. Do the metaphysical poems carry a rebellious 反抗的spirit? 2. Is the diction 用語，措詞simple or complicated? 3. What about the images? 4. What is the form? Metaphysical poets:The term refers to the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit,

30、the poets tried to break away from the conventional傳統(tǒng)的 fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple. The imagery比喻意象 is drawn拔出，抽取 from the actual life. The form is frequently an argument with the poets beloved, with God or with himself. The basic features of Metaphysical poetry are

31、 its “wit”機智 or “conceits”自負狂妄幻想 指英國17世紀以約翰多恩為首的一派詩人，還包括赫伯特、馬韋爾、克拉肖、亨利金、克利夫蘭、特勒賀恩、沃恩、考利、凱利、拉夫萊斯等。其中有些詩人在風格和內(nèi)容上也屬于騎士派，如克利夫蘭、凱利、拉夫萊斯。他們并不是一個有組織的文學團體，只有在詩歌風格上有共同點。首先用玄學派這名詞的是17世紀英國詩人、批評家德萊頓，他指出多恩這一派詩人太學究氣，他們用哲學辯論和說理的方式寫抒情詩，用詞怪僻晦澀，韻律不流暢。18世紀英國批評家約翰遜進一步分析了這一派的特點，指出玄學派詩人都是學者，他們的才趣在詩歌中的表現(xiàn)是把截然不同的意象結(jié)合在一起，從外表

32、絕不相似的事物中發(fā)現(xiàn)隱藏著的相似點，把最不倫不類的思想概念勉強地束縛在一起（即所謂奇想）。The Cavalier武士，騎士 poetsVerse詩 writers, often courtiers朝臣，奉承著 and squires鄉(xiāng)紳，大地主, who sided with站在，支持 the King against the Parliament議會國會 and Puritans清教徒.I. LifeA merchant family; Catholic familyOxford and Cambridge; no degreeLondonHis early life was passed

33、 in dissipation消耗浪費Private secretaryConvert to轉(zhuǎn)化使信仰 Anglicanism英國國教A priest牧師，神父，教士Dean of St. Pauls II. Major works1. The lyrical love poems抒情詩2. The sacred 神的，宗教的poems3. Prose散文1. The lyrical love poemsSongs and SonnetsLove is the basic theme. The nature of love is the union of soul and body. Idea

34、lism唯心主義 and cynicism犬儒主義，玩世不恭 about love coexist共存，和平共處. Donnes interest lies in the state of being in love.2. The sacred poemsHoly SonnetsOn one hand, Donne is faithful to God; on the other hand, there is an element of conflict or doubt. 3. Prose worksSermons布道，說教: physical vigor活力，盡力 and scholast

35、ic complexity. 學術的，復雜的SongGo, and catch a falling star, (Go: 詩以祈使句開始，如同對話；catch a falling star：抓住隕星，寓不可能之意) 去，抓顆流星Get with child a mandrake root, （使曼德拉草懷胎成孕）讓人行草懷孕Tell me, where all past years are, （時光無影無蹤）告訴我，過去的日子在哪里Or who cleft the Devils foot, 是誰劈開這邪惡的腿Teach me to hear mermaids singing, 教我聽懂美人魚的

36、歌聲 Or to keep off envys stinging,趕走嫉妒的惡臭And find 去弄清What wind 哪陣風Serves to advance an honest mind. 提拔老實人（ 老外中國人都喜歡借東風）If thou best born to strange sights, 如果你天生異眼Things invisible to see, 能見人所不能見 Ride ten thousand days and nights,那就策馬趕路，一萬晝夜不停Till age snow white hairs on thee, （“直到你的發(fā)線，有了歲月的痕跡”，這和我們地

37、道的中文流行歌曲如出一轍）直到發(fā)絲如經(jīng)年白雪 Thou, when thou returnst, wilt tell me 你回來時將會告訴我All strange wonders that befell thee,（befell thee=happen to you）你遇見的怪事。And swear 發(fā)誓說No whereLives a woman true, and fair.（真實美麗/ 公平？的女人不存在）If thou findst one, let me know, 假如你找到一個，一定要告訴我Such a pilgrimage were sweet;這樣的朝圣之旅芬芳無比；Yet

38、 do not, I would not go,還是別了，我是不會走你的路的Though at next door we might meet; 即使我和她近如比鄰；（天涯若比鄰的反語 - ）Though she were true when you met her;盡管當你倆相遇那一刻她是真的And last till you write your letter, （這份真誠）也就能保持到你寫信給她這一刻Yet sheWill beFalse, ere I come, to two, or three （ere = before）在我見到她之前，她將又錯了，二三個The Sun Rising

39、忙碌的老傻瓜，任性的太陽， 為什么你要穿過窗欞， 透過窗簾前來招呼我們? 難道情人的季節(jié)也得有你一樣的轉(zhuǎn)向？ 莽撞迂腐的東西，你去斥罵 上學遲到的孩童，怨尤的學徒， 去通知宮廷的獵人，國王要起駕， 吩咐鄉(xiāng)下的螞蟻完成收割人的勞作； 愛情呀，始終如一，不使節(jié)氣的變換， 更不懂鐘點、日子和月份這些時間的碎片。 為什么你竟然會自認 你的光線如此可畏和強壯？ 我只須一眨跟，你便會黯然無光， 但我不愿她的倩影消失隱遁： 倘若她的明眸還沒使你目盲， 好好瞧瞧明天遲些再告訴我， 盛產(chǎn)金銀香料的東西印度 在你今天離開的地方，還是躺在我身旁， 去問一下你昨天看到的所有帝王， 那答案準保都將是“全在這一張床上”。

40、 她便是一切國家，我是君主的君主 其余的便什么都不是。 君主們不過摹仿著我們；與此相比， 一切榮譽是丑角，一切財富是騙局。 你，太陽，只擁有我們一半歡樂， 當宇宙在這樣一個世界里聚攏； 你的年齡需要悠閑；既然你的職責 便是溫暖世界，你己對我們盡了本份。 你只須照耀我們這兒光芒就會遍及四方， 這張床是你的中心，墻壁是你的穹蒼。 III. Features of the poems1. He frequently applies conceits, i.e. extended metaphors隱喻 involving dramatic contrasts. Conceits: 自大A. easy

41、 onesimages concerning mythology神話 and natural objectsB. difficult oneimages concerning law, psychology and philosophy (learning and wit). 2. His poetry involves an argument, sometimes in rigid syllogistic三段論法的，用演繹推理的 form. He seems to be speaking to an imagined hearer, raising the topic and trying

42、to persuade and convince him. It begins with a certain idea but ends in quite contrary 相反的one. John Milton約翰米爾頓 The greatest poet and pamphleteer ,pmfliti 小冊子 during the bourgeois revolution in the mid-seventeenth century as well as the greatest author of PuritanismKey points and difficulties (重點和難點

43、) The themes of Paradise Lost (的主題) Analyze the image of Satan in Paradise Lost ( 撒旦在中的人物分析) Interpreting Miltons sonnet On His Blindness (解讀彌爾頓的十四行詩 “詠失明”) I. Life (1608-1674)1. Before the Puritan Revolution2. During the years of the Revolution3. After the Restoration1. Before the Puritan Revolution 清教徒解放Be born in London, son of a prosperous繁榮的，興旺的 lawyer, a PuritanAt 8, St. Pauls schoolAt 16, Cambridge M.A. degreeTo retire to Horton for 6 yearsLycidas: an elegy挽歌，哀歌In 1638, traveled on the EuropeIn 1639, returned2. During t