商務英語閱讀Unit-10-Foreign-Trade-Association課件

1、Unit 10Foreign Trade AssociationUnit 10Foreign Trade AssociatI. Reading PracticeText A I. Reading PracticeText A Introduction Nowadays, we talk more and more about foreign trade. Then, do you know what foreign trade is, the reason why we need to increase foreign trade and the benefits of foreign tra

2、de. Now you may read the text to find out the answer. Introduction What is Foreign Trade? If you walk into a supermarket and you are able to buy South American bananas, Brazilian coffee and a bottle of South African wine, you are experiencing the effects of foreign trade. Foreign trade allows us to

3、expand our markets for both goods and services that otherwise may not have been available to us. It is the reason why you can pick between a Japanese, German and American car. As a result of foreign trade, the market contains greater competition and therefore more competitive prices, which bring a c

4、heaper product home to the consumer.What is Foreign Trade?Definition of Foreign Trade Foreign trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. This type of trade gives rise to a world economy, in which prices, or supply and demand, affect and are affected by global events. Political ch

5、ange in Asia, for example, could result in an increase in the cost of labor, thereby increasing the manufacturing costs for an American sneaker company based in Malaysia, which would then result in an increase in the price that you have to pay to buy the tennis shoes at your local mall. A decrease i

6、n the cost of labor, on the other hand, would result in you having to pay less for your new shoes. Trading globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to goods and services not available in their own countries. Almost every kind of product can be found on the international m

7、arket: food, clothes, spare parts, oil, jewelry, wine, stocks, currencies and water. Services are also traded: tourism, banking, consulting and transportation. A product that is sold to the global market is an export, and a product that is bought from the global market is an import. Imports and expo

8、rts are accounted for in a countrys current account in the balance of payments.商務英語閱讀Unit-10-Foreign-Trade-Association課件 Increased Efficiency of Trading Globally Global trade allows wealthy countries to use their resources - whether labor, technology or capital - more efficiently. Because countries

9、are endowed with different assets and natural resources (land, labor, capital and technology), some countries may produce the same good more efficiently and therefore sell it more cheaply than other countries. If a country cannot efficiently produce an item, it can obtain the item by trading with an

10、other country that can. This is known as specialization in foreign trade. Lets take a simple example. Country A and Country B both produce cotton sweaters and wine. Country A produces 10 sweaters and six bottles of wine a year while Country B produces six sweaters and 10 bottles of wine a year. Both

11、 can produce a total of 16 units. Country A, however, takes three hours to produce the 10 sweaters and two hours to produce the six bottles of wine (total of five hours). Country B, on the other hand, takes one hour to produce 10 sweaters and three hours to produce six bottles of wine (total of four

12、 hours). But these two countries realize that they could produce more by focusing on those products with which they have a comparative advantage. Country A then begins to produce only wine and Country B produces only cotton sweaters. Each country can now create a specialized output of 20 units per y

13、ear and trade equal proportions of both products. As such, each country now has access to 20 units of both products. We can see then that for both countries, the opportunity cost of producing both products is greater than the cost of specializing. More specifically, for each country, the opportunity

14、 cost of producing 16 units of both sweaters and wine is 20 units of both products (after trading). Specialization reduces their opportunity cost and therefore maximizes their efficiency in acquiring the goods they need. With the greater supply, the price of each product would decrease, thus giving

15、an advantage to the end consumer as well. Note that, in the example above, Country B could produce both wine and cotton more efficiently than Country A (less time). This is called an absolute advantage, and Country B may have it because of a higher level of technology. However, according to internat

16、ional trade theory, even if a country has an absolute advantage over another, it can still benefit from specialization. Other Possible Benefits of Trading Globally Foreign trade not only results in increased efficiency but also allows countries to participate in a global economy, encouraging the opp

17、ortunity of foreign direct investment (FDI), which is the amount of money that individuals invest into foreign companies and other assets. In theory, economies can therefore grow more efficiently and can more easily become competitive economic participants. For the receiving government, FDI is a mea

18、ns by which foreign currency and expertise can enter the country. These raise employment levels and, theoretically, lead to a growth in the gross domestic product. For the investor, FDI offers company expansion and growth, which means higher revenues. Free Trade vs. Protectionism As with other theor

19、ies, there are opposing views. Foreign trade has two contrasting views regarding the level of control placed on trade: free trade and protectionism. Free trade is the simpler of the two theories: a laissez-faire approach, with no restrictions on trade. The main idea is that supply and demand factors

20、, operating on a global scale, will ensure that production happens efficiently. Therefore, nothing needs to be done to protect or promote trade and growth because market forces will do so automatically. In contrast, protectionism holds that regulation of foreign trade is important to ensure that mar

21、kets function properly. Advocates of this theory believe that market inefficiencies may hamper the benefits of foreign trade and they aim to guide the market accordingly. Protectionism exists in many different forms, but the most common are tariffs, subsidies and quotas. These strategies attempt to

22、correct any inefficiency in the international market. (973 words) Words and Expressions1 available veilbl adj. 可用的； 有空的； 可會見的；2 exchange iksteind n. 交換； 交易；3 sneaker sni:k n. 橡皮底帆布鞋；4 expose ikspuz vt. 使暴露； 使遭受； 使曝光 5 spare sp n. 備用零件6 currency krnsi n. 貨幣； 通用，流通7 capital kpitl n. 資本； 資金；8 specializ

23、ation , spelaizen n. 特別化； 專門化；9 comparative kmprtiv adj. 比較（上）的； 按比較估計的； 相當?shù)?0 output autput n. 產(chǎn)量； 輸出；11 proportion prp:n n. 比，比率；12 specifically spisifikli adv. 特有地，明確地 13 access kses vt. 接近，進入；14 maximize mks , maiz vt. 最大化，使（某事物）增至最大限度；15 efficiency ifinsi n. 效率，效能；16 asset set n. 資產(chǎn)，財產(chǎn)17 expert

24、ise , ekspti:z n. 專門知識或技能；18 gross grus adj. 總的；毛的；19 revenue revnju: n. （國家的）歲入，稅收，（土地，財產(chǎn)等的）收入，收益，所得，（個人的）固定收入； 復數(shù)總收入；20 protectionism prteknizm n. 保護主義，貿(mào)易保護制度 21 hamper hmp vt. 妨礙，束縛，限制22 tariff trif n. 關(guān)稅； 23 subsidy sbsidi n. 補貼； 津貼；24 quota kwut n. （正式限定的）定量，定額； 配額； 指標 Notes1 Because countries

25、are endowed with different assets and natural resources (land, labor, capital and technology). 由于國家被賦予了不同的資產(chǎn)和自然資源（土地，勞動力，資本和技術(shù)）2 However, according to international trade theory, even if a country has an absolute advantage over another, it can still benefit from specialization. 根據(jù)國際貿(mào)易理論，即使一個國家擁有絕對優(yōu)勢

26、，它仍然可以受益于專業(yè)化。3 foreign direct investment (FDI) 外商直接投資4 a laissez-faire approach 一種放任自流的方式5 Protectionism exists in many different forms, but the most common are tariffs, subsidies and quotas. 貿(mào)易保護主義以許多不同的形式存在，但最常見的形式是關(guān)稅，補貼和配額。 ExercisesI. Choose the best answer to each of the following questions acc

27、ording to the passages.1 Which of the following things can be exchanged between countries in foreign trade?A goodsB raw materialsC servicesD both A and C2 Which of the following does NOT belong to services that can be traded?A bankingB politicsC tourismD transportation3 What kind of effect could pol

28、itical change result?A result in an increase in the cost of labor, then decreasing the manufacturing costB result in a decrease in the cost of labor, then decreasing the manufacturing costC result in an increase in the cost of labor, then increasing the manufacturing costD result in a decrease in th

29、e cost of labor, then increasing the manufacturing cost4 Which are accounted for a countrys current account in the balance of payments?A importsB exportsC imports and exportsD imports, exports and entrepot5 Which of the following does NOT belong to resources of global trade?A landB laborC capitalD t

30、echnology商務英語閱讀Unit-10-Foreign-Trade-Association課件6 Some countries could produce more by focusing on certain products with which they have a comparative advantage, this is known as _ in foreign trade.A globalizationB internationalizationC specializationD categorization7 Which of the following statem

31、ents are right?A Specialization increases their opportunity cost and therefore maximizes their efficiency in acquiring the goods they need.B Specialization reduces their opportunity cost and therefore maximizes their efficiency in acquiring the goods they need.C Specialization reduces their opportun

32、ity cost and therefore minimizes their efficiency in acquiring the goods they need.D Specialization increases their opportunity cost and therefore minimizes their efficiency in acquiring the goods they need.8 As for FDI, which of the following statements are NOT right?A FDI is a means by which forei

33、gn currency and expertise can enter the country.B FDI is the amount of money that individuals invest into foreign companies and other assets.C FDI offers company expansion and growth, which means higher revenues.D FDI raises employment levels and, theoretically, lead to a growth in the gross domesti

34、c product.9 Which of the following belongs to foreign trade theoryA Free TradeB ProtectionismC TraditionalismD both A and B10 Which of the following does NOT belong to the most common forms of protectionism?A tariffB subsidyC bonusD quota6 Some countries could producII. Fill in the blanks with the w

35、ords given blow. Change the form where necessary. available exchange expose currency capital comparative output efficiency revenue hamperII. Fill in the blanks with t1 Government statistics show the largest drop in industrial _ for ten years.2 Tourism is the countrys top earner of foreign _.3 The ba

36、d weather_ rescue operations.4 There are many ways to increase agricultural _ in the poorer areas of the world.5 Im going to go on an _ visit to Paris.6 The task was accomplished with _ ease.7 After the scandal was_, Dr Bailey committed suicide.8 One study said the government would gain about $12 bi

37、llion in tax _ over five years.9 There are three small boats_ for hire.10 Companies are having difficulty in raising _.1 Government statistics show tText B IntroductionMost of countries in the world pay much to foreign trade. Can you summarize the importance of foreign trade? Now, you can read the t

38、ext to find out what are writers opinions about the importance of foreign trade. Then, you can compare if you and the writer share the same opinions.Text B Importance of Foreign Trade Foreign trade is nothing but trade between the different countries of the world. It is also called as International

39、trade, External trade or Inter-Regional trade. It consists of imports, exports and entrepot. The inflow of goods in a country is called import trade whereas outflow of goods from a country is called export trade. Many times goods are imported for the purpose of re-export after some processing operat

40、ions. This is called entrepot trade. Foreign trade basically takes place for mutual satisfaction of wants and utilities of resources. Three Types of Foreign Trade Foreign Trade can be divided into following three groups : 1 Import Trade : Import trade refers to purchase of goods by one country from

41、another country or inflow of goods and services from foreign country to home country. 2 Export Trade : Export trade refers to the sale of goods by one country to another country or outflow of goods from home country to foreign country. 3 Entrepot Trade : Entrepot trade is also known as Re-export. It

42、 refers to purchase of goods from one country and then selling them to another country after some processing operations.Importance of Foreign Trade Importance of Foreign Trade Following points explain the need and importance of foreign trade to a nation. 1. Division of labor and specialization Forei

43、gn trade leads to division of labor and specialization at the world level. Some countries have abundant natural resources. They should export raw materials and import finished goods from countries which are advanced in skilled manpower. This gives benefits to all the countries and thereby leading to

44、 division of labor and specialization. 2. Optimum allocation and utilization of resources Due to specialization, unproductive lines can be eliminated and wastage of resources avoided. In other words, resources are channelized for the production of only those goods which would give highest returns. T

45、hus there is rational allocation and utilization of resources at the international level due to foreign trade. Importance of Foreign Trad 3. Equality of prices Prices can be stabilized by foreign trade. It helps to keep the demand and supply position stable, which in turn stabilizes the prices, maki

46、ng allowances for transport and other marketing expenses. 4. Availability of multiple choices Foreign trade helps in providing a better choice to the consumers. It helps in making available new varieties to consumers all over the world. 5. Ensures quality and standard goods Foreign trade is highly c

47、ompetitive. To maintain and increase the demand for goods, the exporting countries have to keep up the quality of goods. Thus quality and standardized goods are produced. 6. Raises standard of living of the people Imports can facilitate standard of living of the people. This is because people can ha

48、ve a choice of new and better varieties of goods and services. By consuming new and better varieties of goods, people can improve their standard of living. 3. Equality of prices 7. Generate employment opportunities Foreign trade helps in generating employment opportunities, by increasing the mobilit

49、y of labor and resources. It generates direct employment in import sector and indirect employment in other sector of the economy. Such as Industry, Service Sector (insurance, banking, transport, communication), etc. 8. Facilitate economic development Imports facilitate economic development of a nati

50、on. This is because with the import of capital goods and technology, a country can generate growth in all sectors of the economy, i.e. agriculture, industry and service sector. 9. Assistance during natural calamities During natural calamities such as earthquakes, floods, famines, etc., the affected

51、countries face the problem of shortage of essential goods. Foreign trade enables a country to import food grains and medicines from other countries to help the affected people. 7. Generate employment opp 10. Maintains balance of payment position Every country has to maintain its balance of payment p

52、osition. Since, every country has to import, which results in outflow of foreign exchange, it also deals in export for the inflow of foreign exchange. 11. Brings reputation and helps earn goodwill A country which is involved in exports earns goodwill in the international market. For example, Japan h

53、as earned a lot of goodwill in foreign markets due to its exports of quality electronic goods. 12. Promotes World Peace Foreign trade brings countries closer. It facilitates transfer of technology and other assistance from developed countries to developing countries. It brings different countries cl

54、oser due to economic relations arising out of trade agreements. Thus, foreign trade creates a friendly atmosphere for avoiding wars and conflicts. It promotes world peace as such countries try to maintain friendly relations among themselves. (750 words) 10. Maintains balance of pWords and Expression

55、s1 entrepot ntrpu n. 轉(zhuǎn)口，轉(zhuǎn)口港 2 inflow influ n. 流入，注入3 outflow autflu n. 流出； 流出物； 流出量4 processing prusesi n. 處理； 整理； 配置；加工5 abundant bndnt adj. 大量的，充足的； 豐富的6 optimum ptimm adj. 最優(yōu)的；最佳的；最適宜的7 unproductive nprdktiv adj.沒有產(chǎn)物的，沒有收益的，徒然的，沒有效果的8 channelise tnlaiz v. 使形成溝渠，疏導Words and Expressions1 entrepo9 u

56、tilization ju:tilaizein n. 利用，使用，效用 10 stabilise steiblaiz vt. （使）穩(wěn)定，（使）穩(wěn)固； 使穩(wěn)定平衡11 availability veilbiliti n. 可利用性； 可得到的東西（或人）12 standardise stnddaiz vt. 使標準化； 用標準校檢 13 generate denreit vt. 形成，造成； 產(chǎn)生物理反應； 產(chǎn)生（后代）； 引起14 calamity klmiti n. 災禍，災難； 不幸之事； 困苦； 不幸 15 famine fmin n. 饑荒； 饑餓； 極度缺乏 16 goodwill

57、 gudwil n. 友好，親善； 好感，青睞； （企業(yè)的）信譽，聲譽 9 utilization ju:tilaizeiNotes1 It is also called as International trade, External trade or Inter-Regional trade. 它也可稱為國際貿(mào)易，外部貿(mào)易或者地區(qū)間貿(mào)易。2 They should export raw materials and import finished goods from countries which are advanced in skilled manpower. 他們應該出口原材料，從擁

58、有熟練勞動力的國家進口成品。3 Due to specialization, unproductive lines can be eliminated and wastage of resources avoided.由于專業(yè)化，無收益的生產(chǎn)線被淘汰，也避免了資源浪費。4 Thus there is rational allocation and utilization of resources at the international level due to foreign trade.由于對外貿(mào)易，而能在國際層面上合理分配和利用資源。5 It brings different count

59、ries closer due to economic relations arising out of trade agreements. 由于貿(mào)易協(xié)定而產(chǎn)生的經(jīng)濟關(guān)系使得不同的國家聯(lián)系得更加緊密。Notes1 It is also called as InExercisesI. Tell whether each of the following statements is true( )or false( ) according to the text.( ) 1. Foreign trade is composed of International trade, External tr

60、ade or Inter-Regional trade. ( ) 2. The inflow of goods in a country is called export trade whereas outflow of goods from a country is called import trade. ( ) 3. Many times goods are imported for the purpose of re-export after some processing operations. This is called entrepot trade. ( ) 4. Export