英美文化欣賞

一．連線題1.Shakespeare：TheMerchantofVenice 《威尼斯商人》RomeoandJuliet《羅密歐與朱麗葉》Hamlet《哈姆雷特》Othello《奧賽羅》KingLear《李爾王》Macbeth《麥克白》2.AlexenderPopeAnEssayonCriticism《批評(píng)論》3.JonathanSwiftGulliver ’sTravels《格列佛游記》4.WilliamWordsworthLyricalBallads 《抒情歌謠集》IWanderedLonelyasaCloud 《云中漫步》5.JaneAustenPrideandPrejudice《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》Emma《愛(ài)瑪》CharlotteBront?JaneEyre《簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)》EmilyBront?WutheringHeights《呼嘯山莊》8.GeorgeEliotTheMillontheFloss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》9.ThomasHardyTessoftheD’Urbervilles,aPureWomanFaithfullyPortrayed《德伯家的苔絲》NathanielHawthorneTheScarletLetter《紅字》HermanMelvilleMobyDickBillyBuddEmilyDickinson13.MarkTwainTheAdventuresofTomSawyerTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn14.TheodoreDreiserSisterCarrie《嘉麗妹妹》AnAmericanTragedy《美國(guó)的悲劇》15.ErnestHemingwayTheSunAlsoRises《太陽(yáng)照樣升起

》ForWhomtheBellTolls 《喪鐘為誰(shuí)而鳴》FarewelltoArms 《永別了,武器》Theoldmanandsea《老人與海》GreenHillsofAfria 《非洲的青山》16.RobertBurns: ARedRedRose二．詩(shī)歌1、ShallIcomparetheetoaSummer ’sday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,AndSummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate.Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimm ’d;Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychance,ornature ’schangingcourse,untrimm ’d;ButthyeternalSummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow ’stNorshallDeathbragthouwander ’stinhisshade,Whenineternallinetotimethougrow ’st.Solongasmencanbreathoreyescansee,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee讓我如何來(lái)把你比作夏天你比夏天還要可愛(ài)，而且柔軟暴風(fēng)的五月摧殘了鮮嫩的蓓蕾夏天那無(wú)情的賃期，又實(shí)在是太短有時(shí)候太陽(yáng)的照耀又會(huì)太烈，而且那輝煌的面孔也難免烏云的遮掩；每一種美麗，都會(huì)有衰謝的一天或者由于無(wú)常，或者因?yàn)樽匀?。可是你的夏天卻不會(huì)凋謝你的美麗，也永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)消散雖然驕傲的死亡可以在夏天投下陰影但是不朽的詩(shī)行將照亮你的鮮妍。只要有一個(gè)人還在呼吸，還能閱讀這首詩(shī)就活著，讓你的青春生動(dòng)依然。2、Toseeaworldinagrainofsand,Andaheaveninawild flower,Holdinfinityinthepalmofyourhand,Andeternityinanhour.一花一世界一沙一天國(guó)，君掌盛無(wú)邊，剎那含永劫。3、RobertBurns 羅伯特·彭斯ARedRedRosebyRobertBurnsOmyluve'slikeared,redrose.That'snewlysprunginJune;Omyluve'slikeamelodieThat'ssweetlyplay'dintune.Asfairartthou,mybonnielass,SodeepinluveamI;AndIwilllovetheestill,myDear,Tilla'theseasgangdry.Tilla'theseasgangdry,myDear,Andtherocksmeltwi'thesun:Iwillluvetheestill,myDear,Whilethesandso'lifeshallrun.AndfaretheeweelmyonlyLuve!Andfaretheeweelawhile!AndIwillcomeagain,myLuve,Tho'itweretenthousandmile!一朵紅紅的玫瑰?啊，我的愛(ài)人象朵紅紅的玫瑰，六月里迎風(fēng)初開(kāi)，啊，我的愛(ài)人象支甜甜的曲子，奏得合拍又和諧。?我的好姑娘，多么美麗的人兒！請(qǐng)看我，多么深摯的愛(ài)情！親愛(ài)的，我永遠(yuǎn)愛(ài)你，縱使大海干涸水流盡。?縱使大海千涸水流盡，太陽(yáng)將巖石燒作灰塵，親愛(ài)的，我永遠(yuǎn)愛(ài)你，只要我一息猶存。?珍重吧，我唯一的愛(ài)人，珍重吧，讓我們暫時(shí)別離，但我定要回來(lái)，哪怕千里萬(wàn)里！4、IWanderedLonelyasaCloudIwanderedlonelyasacloud我孤獨(dú)地漫游，像一朵云Thatfloatsonhigho'ervalesandhills,在山丘和谷地上飄蕩，WhenallatonceIsawacrowd,忽然間我看見(jiàn)一群Ahost,ofgoldendaffodils;金色的水仙花迎春開(kāi)放，Besidethelake,beneaththetrees,在樹(shù)蔭下，在湖水邊，F(xiàn)lutteringanddancinginthebreeze.迎著微風(fēng)起舞翩翩。Continuousasthestarsthatshine連綿不絕，如繁星燦爛，Andtwinkleonthemilkyway,在銀河里閃閃發(fā)光，Theystretchedinnever-endingline它們沿著湖灣的邊緣Alongthemarginofabay:延伸成無(wú)窮無(wú)盡的一行；TenthousandsawIataglance,我一眼看見(jiàn)了一萬(wàn)朵，Tossingtheirheadsinsprightlydance.在歡舞之中起伏顛簸。Thewavesbesidethemdanced,butthey粼粼波光也在跳著舞，Out-didthesparklingwavesinglee:水仙的歡欣卻勝過(guò)水波；Apoetcouldnotbutbegay,與這樣快活的伴侶為伍，Insuchajocundcompany:詩(shī)人怎能不滿心歡樂(lè)！Igazed--andgazed--butlittlethought我久久凝望，卻想象不到Whatwealththeshowtomehadbrought:這奇景賦予我多少財(cái)寶，——Foroft,whenonmycouchIlie每當(dāng)我躺在床上不眠，Invacantorinpensivemood,或心神空茫，或默默沉思，Theyflashuponthatinwardeye它們常在心靈中閃現(xiàn)，Whichistheblissofsolitude;那是孤獨(dú)之中的福祉；Andthenmyheartwithpleasurefills,于是我的心便漲滿幸福，Anddanceswiththedaffodils.和水仙一同翩翩起舞。6.Idiedforbeauty,butwasscarceAdjustedinthetomb,WhenonewhodiedfortruthwaslainInanadjoiningroom.HequestionedsoftlywhyIfailed?"Forbeauty,"Ireplied."AndIfortruth,-thetwoareone;Webrethrenare,"hesaid.-----IDiedforBeauty,butwasScarcebyEmilyDickinson我是為美而死——被人安置在這個(gè)墳冢 ,有人是為真理而亡的 ,也被葬在旁邊的穴中 .他曾輕聲問(wèn)道“你為何而死”？“為美，”我回答“我，為真理——兩者都一樣;我們是兄弟， ”他說(shuō)話.7、AnExcerptFromChapterIofPride&PrejudiceChapter1、2必看Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledged,thatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.眾所周知，一個(gè)擁有美好前程的單身男青年需要的就是一名能與他相匹配的妻子。Howeverlittleknownthefeelingsorviewsofsuchamanmaybeonhisfirstenteringaneighborhood,thistruthissowellfixedinthemindsofthesurroundingfamilies,thatheisconsideredastherightfulpropertyofsomeoneorotheroftheirdaughters.這樣的單身漢，每逢新搬到一個(gè)地方，四鄰八舍雖然完全不了解他的性情如何，見(jiàn)解如何，可是，既然這樣的一條真理早已在人們心目中根深蒂固，因此人們總是把他看作自己某一個(gè)女兒理所應(yīng)得的一筆財(cái)產(chǎn)。8、Doyouthink,becauseIampoor,obscure,plain,andlittle,Iamsoullessandheartless?Youthinkwrong!—Ihaveasmuchsoulasyou—andfullasmuchheart!AndifGodhadgiftedmewithsomebeautyandmuchwealth,Ishouldhavemadeitashardforyoutoleaveme,asitisnowformetoleaveyou.Iamnottalkingtoyounowthroughthemediumofcustom,conventionalities,norevenofmortalflesh:itismyspiritthataddressesyourspirit;justasifbothhadpassedthroughthegrave,andwestoodatGod'sfeet,equal—asweare!你以為我窮，不好看，就沒(méi)有感情嗎？我也會(huì)的。如果上帝賦予我財(cái)富和美貌，我一定會(huì)使你難以離開(kāi)我，就象現(xiàn)在我難以離開(kāi)你，上帝沒(méi)有這樣?？晌覀兊木袷峭鹊?，就如她同你跟我經(jīng)過(guò)墳?zāi)梗瑢⑼瑯拥恼驹谏系鄣拿媲埃?、“MygreatmiseriesinthisworldhavebeenHeathcliff'smiseries,andIwatchedandfelteachfromthebeginning:mygreatthoughtinlivingishimself.Ifallelseperished,andHEremained,Ishouldstillcontinuetobe;andifallelseremained,andhewereannihilated,theuniversewouldturntoamightystranger:Ishouldnotseemapartofit.-MyloveforLintonislikethefoliageinthewoods:timewillchangeit,I'mwellaware,aswinterchangesthetrees.MyloveforHeathcliffresemblestheeternalrocksbeneath:asourceoflittlevisibledelight,butnecessary.Nelly,IAMHeathcliff!He'salways,alwaysinmymind:notasapleasure,anymorethanIamalwaysapleasuretomyself,butasmyownbeing.”在這個(gè)世界上，我的最大的悲痛就是希刺克厲夫的悲痛，而且我從一開(kāi)始就注意并且感受到了，在我的生活中，他是我思想的中心。如果別的一切都?xì)缌?而他還留下來(lái)，我就能繼續(xù)活下去，如果別的一切都留下來(lái)，而他給消滅了，這個(gè)世界對(duì)于我將成為一個(gè)極陌生的地方。我就不像是它的一部分。我對(duì)林敦的愛(ài)像是樹(shù)林中的葉子：我完全曉得，在冬天改變樹(shù)木的時(shí)候，時(shí)光便會(huì)改變?nèi)~子。我對(duì)希刺克厲夫的愛(ài)恰似下面的恒久不變的巖石，雖然看起來(lái)它給你的愉快并不多，可是這點(diǎn)愉快卻是必需的。耐莉，我就是希刺克厲夫！他永遠(yuǎn)永遠(yuǎn)地在我心里.'Youteachmenowhowcruelyou'vebeen-cruelandfalse.WHYdidyoudespiseme?WHYdidyoubetrayyourownheart,Cathy?Ihavenotonewordofcomfort.Youdeservethis.Youhavekilledyourself.Y es,youmaykissme,andcry;andwringoutmykissesandtears:they'llblightyou-they'lldamnyou.Youlovedme-thenwhatRIGHThadyoutoleaveme?Whatright-answerme-forthepoorfancyyoufeltforLinton?Becausemiseryanddegradation,anddeath,andnothingthatGodorSatancouldinflictwouldhavepartedus,YOU,ofyourownwill,didit.Ihavenotbrokenyourheart-YOUhavebrokenit;andinbreakingit,youhavebrokenmine.SomuchtheworseformethatIamstrong.DoIwanttolive?Whatkindoflivingwillitbewhenyou-oh,God!wouldYOUliketolivewithyoursoulinthegrave?'“你現(xiàn)在才使我明白你曾經(jīng)多么殘酷——?dú)埧嵊痔搨?。你過(guò)去為什么瞧不起我呢？你為什么欺騙你自己的心呢，凱蒂？我沒(méi)有一句安慰的話。這是你應(yīng)得的。你害死了你自己。是的，你可以親吻我，哭，又逼出我的吻和眼淚：我的吻和眼淚要摧殘你 ——要詛咒你。你愛(ài)過(guò)我——那么你有什么權(quán)利離開(kāi)我呢？有什么權(quán)利 ——回答我——對(duì)林惇存那種可憐的幻想？因?yàn)楸瘧K、恥辱和死亡，以及上帝或撒旦所能給的一切打擊和痛苦都不能把我們分開(kāi)，而你，卻出于你自己的心意，這樣做了。我沒(méi)有弄碎你的心 ——是你弄碎了的；而在弄碎它的時(shí)候，你把我的心也弄碎了。因?yàn)槲沂菑?qiáng)壯的，對(duì)于我就格外苦。我還要活嗎？那將是什么樣的生活，當(dāng)你 ——啊，上帝！你愿意帶著你的靈魂留在墳?zāi)估飭幔?”四、簡(jiǎn)答題1、簡(jiǎn)奧斯丁寫(xiě)作主題及特征ThemeAusten'smainliteraryconcernisabouthumanbeingsintheirpersonalrelationships.Sheisparticularlypreoccupiedwiththerelationshipbetweenmenwomeninlove.Storiesoflove&marriageprovidethemajorthemesinallhernovels.JaneAustenis oneoftherealistnovelists.Themoststrikingthingaboutherworksistheseemingobviousnesstothebigsocialandpoliticalupheavalsintheoutsideworldofhertime.Shedrewvividandrealisticpicturesofeverydaylifeofthecountrysocietyinhernovels.Austen’sworkhasaverynarrowliteraryfield.SheonlyconfinesherselftotheeverydaylifeofsimplecountrysocietywithvividdescriptionHerinterestiscenteredchieflyuponloveandmarriage.*Herplotsarestraight-forward;thereislittleaction.*Hercharactersarelikereallivingcreatures,withfaultsandvirtuesmixedastheyareinreallife.Herproseflowseasilyandnaturally.Herdialogueisadmirablytruetolife.Hernovelsshowawealthofhumor,witanddelicatesatire.2、簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)的性格JaneEyre'scharacterJaneEyre,anorphanchildwithafieryspirit&alongingtolove&beloved,apoor,plain,littlegovernesswhodarestolovehermaster,amansuperiortoherinmanyways,evenisbraveenoughtodeclaretothemanherloveforhim,cutsacompletelynewwomanimage.InthisnovelCharlottecharacterizesJaneEyreasanaive,kind-hearted,noble-mindedwomanwhopursuesagenuinekindoflove.JaneEyrerepresentsthosemiddle-classworkingwomenwhoarestrugglingforrecognitionoftheirbasicrights&equalityasahumanbeing.Thevividdescriptionofherintensefeelings&herthought&innerconflictsbringshertotheheartoftheaudience.JaneEyreisthegreatestgovernessimageintheliteraturehistory;canyouanalyzethecharacterofher?JaneEyrewasalittleplaingovernesswithquickwit,honesty,frankness,lovingheartandthespiritofindependenceandself-dignity.? Inliterature,sheisanindividualconscioustoself-realization.Shewaslonelyandneglectedyoungwomanwithafiercelongingforlove,understandingandafull,happylife.? Inauthormind,’sman’lifesiscomposedofperpetualstrugglebetweensinandvirtue,goodandevil.Theheroines’joy,comesfromthesacrificeofselfandtheovercomeofsomeweakness.ByJane’sexperience,wecanseethecruelty,hypocrisy,andotherevilsoftheupperclassesandthemiseryandthesufferingofthepoor,andthefalsesocialconventiononloveandmarriage.3、呼嘯山莊的主題MajorThemesOfthemajorthemesin WutheringHeights ,thenatureoflove —bothromanticandbrotherlybut,oddlyenough,noterotic —appliestotheprincipalcharactersaswellastheminorones.Contrastingthecapacityforloveistheabilitytohate,therearisesanothermajorthemeinWutheringHeights—revenge.Hateandrevengeintertwinewithselfishnesstoreveal the conflicting emotions that drive peopleto dothings that arenotparticularlyniceorrationale.WutheringHeights isalsoasocialnovelaboutclassstructureinsocietyaswellasatreatiseontheroleofwomen.Onthesurface, WutheringHeights isalovestory.Delvingdeeper,readersfindbothasymbolicandpsychologicalnovel.Bront? explorethemesofgoodversusevil,crimeand punishment, passion versus rationality, revenge, selfishness, division andreconciliation, chaosandorder,nature andculture, healthandsickness,rebellion,andthenatureoflove.Thesethemesarenotindependentofeachother;rather,theymix,mingle,andintertwineasthestoryunfolds.4、《苔絲》作者的寫(xiě)作風(fēng)格WritingStyleMostofhisworkshavethegloomy,sullenlandscapeofWessexinthebackground.Theunderlyingthemeofhisnovelsisthestruggleofmanagainstthemysteriousforcewhichrulestheworld,bringsmisfortuneintoman ’slifeandpredetermineshisfate.Thisfatalismisstronglyreflectedinhiswritings.Inhisworksthestrongelementsofnaturalismiscombinedwithatendencytowardssymbolism,whichsomewhatspoilthemainrealisticeffectofhisart.Hisnovelsmoverapidlyinaseriesofepisodicdescriptionswithdetailswhichalwaysresultinleavingsufficientroomforthereaders ’imagination.Questions:1. ThesubtitleofthenovelisAPureWomanFaithfullyPortrayed.Allthingsconsidered,wasTessapurewoman?WhyorWhynot?Tesswasapurewoman.a.pureherenotreferstothephysicalmeaningbutthespiritualone.Throughoutthenovel,Tesswasloyaltohertruefeelings.SheremainedherloyaltytoAngel.Aleconlyclaimedherbody.ShewasspirituallywithAngelallthetime.b.Sheisresponsibleanddoesherbestforthefamily.c.Sheishonest.d.Shecouldfacehertragedywithgreatdignity.WhydowesayTess’stragedyisapersonalaswellasasocialone?6、浪漫主義的獨(dú)特特征TheuniquecharacteristicsofAmericanRomanticismAlthoughgreatlyinfluencedbytheirEnglishcounterparts,theAmericanromanticwritersrevealeduniquecharacteristicsoftheirownintheirworksandtheygrewonthenativelands.TheAmericannationalexperienceof"pioneeringintothewest"provedtobearichsourceofmaterialforAmericanwriterstodrawupon.(2)ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.WiththegrowthofAmericannationalconsciousness,Americancharactertypesspeakinglocaldialectsappearedinpoetryandfictionwithincreasingfrequency.ThentheAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritageexertedgreatinfluencesoverAmericanmoralvaluesandAmericanRomanticism.Besides,apreoccupationwiththeCalvinisticviewoforigina1sinandthemysteryofevilmarkedtheworksofHawthorne,Melvilleandahostoflesserwriters.7、歐洲浪漫主義對(duì)美國(guó)浪漫主義的影響及表現(xiàn)在哪方面TheimpactofEuropeanRomanticismonAmericanRomanticismForeignliterarymasters,especiallytheEnglishcounterpartsexertedastimulatingimpactonthewritersofthenewworld.Bornofonecommonculturalheritage,theAmericanwriterssharedsomecommonfeatureswiththeEnglishRomanticists.Theyrevoltedagainsttheliteraryformsandideasoftheperiodofclassicismbydevelopingsomerelativelynewformsoffictionorpoetry.Theyputemphasisupontheimaginativeandemotionalqualitiesofliterature,whichincludedalikingforthepicturesque,theexotic,thesensuous,thesensational,andthesupernatural.TheAmericansalsoplacedanincreasingemphasisonthefreeexpressionofemotionsanddisp1ayedanincreasingattentiontothepsychicstatesoftheircharacters.ThestrongtendencytoexalttheindividualandthecommonmanwasalmostanationalreligioninAmerica.WriterslikeFreneau,Bryant,andCoopershowedagreatinterestinexternalnatureintheirrespectiveworks.Theliteraryuseofthemorecolorfu1aspectsofthepastwasalsotobefoundinIrving'sefforttoexploitthelegendsoftheHudsonRiverregion,andinCooper'slongseriesofhistoricaltales.Inshort,AmericanRomanticismis,inacertainway,derivative.8、霍桑的寫(xiě)作主題及寫(xiě)作特色Hawthorne'sthematicconcernshis"black"visionoflifeandhumanbeings:hisconcernwithhumansinandevil.Hawthorne'sviewofPuritanism:Hawthorne'sviewofmanandhumanhistoryoriginates,toagreatextent,inPuritanism.HewasnotaPuritanhimself,buthehadPuritanancestorswhop1ayedanimportantroleinhislifeandworks.另一個(gè)答案Histhemesinwritingare:Manwasbornwithevilandsin,onesourceofthemisover-reachingintellect,whoseimagewasalwaysvillain;(Chllingworthe.g.)HawthornewasinfluencedgreatlybyPuritanism,whilehecriticizeditbitterly;HebelievedCalvinisticideas,thinkingmanwasdepravedandcorrupted;theyshouldobeyGodforsavingthespirits;4)Heconcernedthemorallifeofmanandhumanhistory;5)Hewaskeenonthedescriptionofman ’sdevelopmentofpsychology.Hawthorne'swritingstyleAsamanofliterarycraftsmanship,Hawthorneisextraordinaryinthat(1)Thestructureandtheformofhiswritingsarealwayscarefullyworkedouttocaterforthethematicconcern.Withhisspecia1interestinthepsychologica1aspectofhumanbeings,thereisn'tmuchaction,orphysicalmovementgoingoninhisworksandheisgoodatexploringthecomplexityofhumanpsychology.Hawthorneisalsoagreatallegoristandalmosteverystorycanbereadallegorically.(4)Hawthorneisamasterofsymbolism,whichhetookfromthePuritantraditionandbequeathedtoAmericanliteratureinarevivifiedform.Thesymbolservesasaweapontoattackandpenetratereality.Thesymbo1canbefoundeverywhereinhiswriting.(5)ThescarletletterAisambiguous.Peoplecomeupwithdifferentinterpretationsandtheydonotknowwhichoneisdefinite.So,ambiguityisoneofthesalientcharacteristicsofHawthorne'sart.9、白鯨的象征意義symbolicmeanings? Pequod:aminiaturesocietybyindividualizingatrainofcharacters.Itisasymbolofthewholeworldwithpeopleofeverylandsailingacrossthewatersoflifeinquestofitsmystery.ItisoneoftheAmericansoul,amicrocosmofAmericansociety.Thevoyageitselfisametaphorforthesearchfortheultimatetruthofexperience.? MobyDick:Totheauthor,itsymbolsnature,itiscomplex,unfathomableandbeautiful;TothecaptainAhab,itisevilness,isawall.Sohewillleadallhiscrewtocutthroughthewalltodigoutalltheunknown,mysteriousthingsbehindit.Tothenarrator,Ishmael,itisamystery.Itswhiteness:alsoaparadoxicalcolor,signifyingasitdoesdeathandcorruptionaswellaspurity,Hiswritingisconsciouslyliterary.Hisrichrhythmicalproseandpoeticpowershowhishighcraftsmanship.Hisgrammaticalstructureisradicallycomplexandlong,butfullofpoeticrhythms.Hisstyleishighlysymbolicandmetaphorical.Thereisathreefoldqualityinhiswriting:thestyleoffact,thestyleoforatoryce