復(fù)旦《社會(huì)醫(yī)學(xué)主題英語(yǔ)教程》期末試卷及答案

PAGEPAGE14復(fù)旦大學(xué)外文學(xué)院大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)部楓林分部本科醫(yī)學(xué)五年制07級(jí)2008-2009學(xué)年第一學(xué)期（2008.9-2008.12）《社會(huì)醫(yī)學(xué)主題英語(yǔ)教程》期末考試December29,2008請(qǐng)考生填寫(xiě)姓名(漢語(yǔ))ID#課程代碼ENGL110022.01/02/03課程名稱社會(huì)醫(yī)學(xué)主題英語(yǔ)教程教材1.SocialMedicine—athemeEnglishcourse2.多媒體課件任課教師□梁正溜□唐偉□凌秋虹考試形式閉卷考試時(shí)間2hrsFortheinstructoronlyITEMSPERFORMANCE20%ORALTEST10%WRITTENTEST70%GradeSCORESSIGNATURE注意事項(xiàng)：1．本試卷總共12頁(yè)。拿到試卷后請(qǐng)檢查有沒(méi)有印刷不清楚、破損和缺頁(yè)。如果發(fā)現(xiàn)上述任何一種情況，請(qǐng)舉手示意。2．答卷時(shí)注意書(shū)寫(xiě)，如果書(shū)寫(xiě)太潦草，要適當(dāng)扣分。WRITTENTESTI.LISTENINGCOMPREHENSION(10%)得分扣分Directions:YouaregoingtowatchavideoclipTWICE,andwhilewatchinglistencarefullyforinformation.Putdownyouranswerstothefollowingquestionsaccordingtotheinformationyouhaveheard.Thepresentproblem:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Thesolution:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Theinstructor’sexpectations:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Thelearners’feedbacks:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Theinstructors’feedbacks:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________II.VOCABULARY(10%)得分扣分Directions:Fillintheblanksrespectivelywithaword(s)accordingtoitscorrespondingmeaningorequivalentinChinese.to_____________(用文獻(xiàn)證明)one’ssuccessesthehuman__________(aspect,side)ofsciencephysician______________(職業(yè)道德)to_________________with(等同于)averagelife______________(span)________________(久坐的)behaviorprimary__________________(使命)to______(調(diào)動(dòng))thebody’sdefensesthisdrugof__________(最后一招的)cutsand_________________(擦傷)general__________________(自滿)good____________________(衛(wèi)生)safe_____________(鎮(zhèn)靜劑,止痛藥)_______________(間歇的)cellulites______________(周期的)depressiveepisodes________________(皮下的)atrophythe___________(法醫(yī)學(xué)的)standard_________________(循征)medicinediagnosticandtherapeutic_______(干涉)awitty,well-known____________(專家小組)anaggressively_________(好訴訟的)the__________(神圣)ofhumanlifeTheweighingof_______________(choices,options)___________________organs(內(nèi)臟)fertilized_________________(體外)the___________(道德)ofsurrogacybiological________________(遺傳)toestablisha_____________(先例)atalow/high____________(分辨率)anewpublichealth_____________(model)thediseasesofour______________(文明)tostay________________(正確方向)inthis_______(惡劣的)environmenta______________(匯合)ofinterestsatelephone_______________(會(huì)診)to__________(strengthen)immunefunctionsthe___________________(畢業(yè)典禮)speakerforeverbe___________(grateful)toyouarichlycollaborative___________(effort)tohavethe_____________(特權(quán))ofIII.INTEGRATION(10%)得分扣分Directions:Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandcompleteeachtaskaccordingtoitscorrespondingorder.Asaprimitivesurvivalmechanism,thefight-or-flightresponseservedourancestorswellasameansofmobilizingthebody’sdefensesintimesofemergency.Why,then,hasstressbecomesuchaproblem1)in_____________________?Inthecaseoftheprimitivehunter,oncethedangerhadbeendealtwithbyfightingorfleeing,theproblemwasresolved2)andthestress____________________.However,ifwelookaroundustoday,wenoticethattheoptions3)of____________________________arerarelyappropriateinourmodernworld.Forexample,ifyouhaveanargumentwithyourboss,youmayfeelallthesymptomsofstress—butyoucan’trelieveyourstressbystrikingoutathim,4)nor__________________________.Andsothelevelofangerandarousalpersists5)_______________________asociallyacceptableoutlet,andattheendoftheconfrontationyoustillfeel6)_______________youwanttofightsomeoneorrunaway.Thefight-or-flightresponsehasnowbecomeaninternalizedfeelingthatyoucarryaboutwithyou,likeatickingtimebomb.7)Ifthefight-or-flightresponseisactivatedwithoutusingtoitsintendingpurpose,itcanbecomeamajorsourceofdistress.Ifitisfiredofftoooften,orpersiststoolong,thebodywillremaininastateofcontinualalarmormobilization,andthepotenthormonesreleasedinthestressresponsecanactually8)____________________thebody’svitalorgans,nervoussystem,andimmunemechanisms.Ironically,it9)_______________thatthestressresponse,whichwasavitalsurvivalmechanismforourremoteancestors,mayinfactbekillingustoday.10)Beforeit____________________,stresscanmakeusfat.1)Completetheprepositionalphraseaccordingtothecontext.2)Completetheclauseintroducedbyandaccordingtothecontext.3)Completetheof-phraseaccordingtothecontext.4)Completetheclauseintroducedbynor.5)Fillintheblankwithaphrasemeaningwithout.6)Fillintheblankwithalinkingphrase.7)Correcttheerrorswithinthesentence.8)Completetheverbalpartaccordingtothecontext.9)Fillintheblankwithaproperverb.10)Completethebefore-clauseaccordingtothecontext.IV.READINGCOMPREHENSION(20%)得分扣分Directions:Inthissectionyouaregoingtoreadfourpassages,eachofwhichisfollowedbyfivequestions.Toeachquestion,therearefoursuggestedanswers.Choosethebestoneaccordingtothepassageyouhavejustreadandputdownyouranswersinthefollowingtable.1)2)3)4)5)6)7)8)9)10)11)12)13)14)15)16)17)18)19)20)Passage1Storiesofpositiveandnegativeoutcomesinsurrogateparentingcanleavesomepeoplearousedwithnegativeemotions—rangingfromdistastetorevulsion—whileotherswouldsaythatthereisnothingwrong,inprinciple,withsurrogateparenthood.Dictionariesdefinesurrogateasasubstituteforsomethirdperson—whichinthiscasecouldbeaninfertilemother,father,orthemissingmotherorfatherinasame-sexrelationship.Theusualpracticeofsurrogatemotherhoodinvolvesamarriedcouplewhocan’tproduceachildtogetherandanotherwomanwhoisabletodoso,ifherovumisfertilized.Thefertilizationisaccomplishedbyartificialinsemination(thatis,bytheintroductionofthespermofthemanintotheuterusofthesurrogatebyotherthannaturalmeans).Ifeverythinggoesaccordingtoplan,thesurrogatemothercarriesthefetustoterm,deliversthebaby,andgivesittothecouple,wholegallyadoptsitasitsown.Inthissituation,themanisthebiologicalfather,thesurrogatemotheristhebiologicalmother,andthemarriedwomanistheadoptivemother.Thecouplemakesacashpaymenttothesurrogateincompensationforherservicesandtocoverthemedicalcoststhataccompanythepregnancy.Thetermsurrogatemotherissomewhatinaccurate,sincethewomantowhomitrefersisthebiologicalmotherofthebaby:shesuppliestheovum,carriesthefetus,andgivesbirth.Shewouldbecalledtheregularmother—atermcoinedbyHerbertT.Krimmelinhis1983bookIsSurrogateMotherhoodMoral?Accordingtotheparagraph,peoplearedividedover________.thepositivereactionsstirredupbysurrogateparenthoodthenegativeemotionsarousedbysurrogateparentingthepracticeofsurrogatemotherhoodthedefinitionofsurrogateThewordsurrogate________.hasawiderdefinitioninmeaningthaninpracticeishardtodefinethankstoitswiderangeofpracticeisdefinedasasubstituteforinfertilityvariesinmeaningwithaparticulardictionaryIntheusualpracticeofsurrogatemotherhood,________.themarriedmanistheadoptivefatherthemarriedmanistreatedforhisinfertilitythesurrogatewomanisthebiologicalmotherthemarriedwomanreceivesthefertilizedeggItseemsthatthebabyislegallyadopted________.asa“product”asacompensationwithtwobiologicalmothersalloftheaboveItwouldbebettertocallthesurrogateregularmotherfor________.themisunderstandingonthepartofthegeneralcommunitythemedicalcostsherpregnancycoversthecompensationshereceivesherbiologicalservicesPassage2Thestudyofthetypesofculturesfoundtheworldovergivestheimpressionofanenormousdiversityofforms.Thedifferencesaresogreatthatwemaybeinclinedtothinkthateveryoneoftheseculturesdevelopedquiteindependentlyandthatthepeculiargeniusofthepeoplehasfoundexpressionintheformsunderwhichtheylive.Thisimpressionisstrengthenedbythefactthatthepeoplethemselvesdifferinappearance.TheAfricanNegro,theAustralian,theSiberiannative,thepeopleofthePacificIslands,eachhavetheirownpeculiarbodilybuildandtheirownpeculiarculture. Addedtothisistheobservationthatthepeopleconstitutingeveryoneofthesesocietiesconsiderthemselvesasindependentunits,specificallydistinctfromalltheirneighbors.Thisfindsitsstrongestexpressioninthefactthatmanyprimitivepeopledesignatethemselvesashumanbeings,whilealltheirneighborsaredesignatedbyspecificnamesinthesamewayasanimalsaredesignatedbynames.ThustheEskimoscallthemselveshumanbeings,theIndianswhomtheyknowinsomeregionsonlybyhearsayareconsideredasdoglikeanimals,andthewhitepeoplewithwhomtheycameintocontactinlatertimesareconsideredasdescendedfromdogs.Thespecificdifferencesarekeenlyfelt,whilethesimilaritiesareneglected. Theobjectivestudyofculturesandoftypesofmanshowsthatnotwithstandingalltheseapparentlyfundamentaldifferencesculturalstrainshavepassedfromonepeopletotheother,thatnoculturecanbeassumedtobeself-developedandnotypetobepure,unmixedwithforeignstrains.Theauthordoesnotbelievethatthereissuchthing________.asaculturaldiversityasahighlymixedcultureasawidevarietyofculturalformsasapurelyautonomouscultureTheauthorarguesthatthedifferentappearancesofpeopleintheworld________.helpusbetterunderstandhumancivilizationtendtomakeusbelieveintheself-developmentofacultureinclineustothinkcriticallyaboutourculturalexpertisegiveustheimpressionofthepeculiarityoftheirbodilybuildThefactthattheEskimoscallthemselveshumanbeingsexclusivelyillustratesthatmanyprimitivepeople________.considerthemselvestobedistinctfromalltheirneighborsonlyknowtheirownexistencedon’tcontactwithalltheirneighborsAlloftheaboveItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthoristrying________.todrawourattentiontotheculturalsimilaritiestodirectourattentiontotheculturaldissimilaritiestohelpusbetterunderstandthediversityofculturalformstoconfirmtheimpressionofawidevarietyofculturalformsTheauthorismostprobably________.anartistasociologistaphilosopherananthropologistPassage3Ifyoubegantheyearwitharesolutiontogiveupsmoking,youdon’tneedtobetoldthatitwilltakealltheluckanddeterminationyoucanmuster.Ifyouarestillpersevering,takeheart:youarealreadyaheadofthegame.Accordingtothestatistics,twooutofthreepeoplewhotriedtogiveupwillhaverelapsedbynow.Bytheendoftheyear90percentwillbesmokingagain. So,despitevariouscurbsoncigaretteadvertisingandsmokinginpublicplaces,thepublichealthbattleisfarfromwon.Manyhealthofficialsfeelthetimeisripeforthenextphase,andforgovernmentstowrestcontrolofthecontentofcigarettesfromthemanufacturers. Movesinthisdirectionarealreadyafoot.Inacoupleofmonths’time,healthofficialsinBrusselswillcirculatedraftsforrulesthatwillgovernhowmuchtarandnicotineEurope’scigarettesmaycontain,andwhatinformationabouttheirchemicalmake-upshouldbeprintedonthepackets.AndintheUS,theFoodandDrugAdministrationhasforyearsmadenosecretofitsdesiretoregulatecigarettesinthesamewayaspharmaceuticals. However,acquiringthepoliticalandlegalpowertoredesigncigarettesisonething.Decidinghowtoredesignthemtomakethemsaferisquiteanother.Thisiswherethingsgetabittrickier—andwhereitcouldallgohorriblywrong. Someofthemanyimprovementsthatareonthecards(很可能的)areuncontroversial.Theideathatmanufacturersshouldrevealtheidentityandquantityoftheingredientsoftheircigarettes—andthesmokethattheyproduce—isagoodwayofgivingthemanincentivetocleanuptheirproducts.Cigarettesmokecontainsspecificcancer-causingchemicals.Consumerssurelyhavearighttoknowwhichbrandscontainthehighestorlowestlevelsofthesechemicals.Andwhocouldargueagainstrulesforbiddingtheuseofsugaryadditivesdesignedtoappealtoyoungsters?Oradditivesthatopenuptheairwaystoallowmoresmokein? Butofficialsmustresisttheurgetoenforcethegradualremovalofnicotinefromcigarettestocreatethetobaccoequivalentofdecaffeinatedcoffee.TheAmericanMedicalAssociationisabigfanofthisapproachanditiscertainlytechnicallyfeasible.Somedenicotinizedcigarettesarealreadyonsale.Theproblem,asstudyafterstudyshows,isthatwhensmokersaregivencigaretteslowinnicotine,theycompensatebysmokingmorecigarettesorinhalingsmokemoredeeply.Ultimately,smokerswantachemicalfixandtheyareunlikelytostopuntiltheygetit. Advocatesofthenicotine-freeapproachsaytheproblemofcompensationwouldvanishifthenicotinelevelsweresolowthatnoamountofpuffingcouldcreatethebuzzsmokerscrave.Butwouldanyonebuysuchcigarettes?Morelikelytheywouldturntotheblackmarketforanillicitsupply. Fortunately,thereisanalternativeroutetoasafercigarette:keepthenicotinebutcutdownthecancer-causingchemicalsinthesmoke.Betterstillremovethesmokeorasmuchofitaspossible.Manufacturershavealreadydevelopedexperimental“non-burning”cigarettesinwhichnicotineisreleasedasavaporbytheactionofheatonthetobacco.Governmentsshouldmakesuresuchdevelopmentsreachthemarketplace. Ofcourse,thisapproachrequiresustoacceptthatinoneshapeorformnicotineisalwayslikelytobewithus.Peoplewithmoralobjectionstotherecreationaluseofdrugswillfindthathardtoswallow.Butifweareseriousaboutcurbingtheharmsmokingdoes,pragmatismishepathtofollow. Prohibitionwasadismalfailurewithalcohol.Thereisnoreasonwhyitshouldworkanybetterwithnicotine.Bycontrollingthecontentofcigarettes,accordingtohealthofficials,governmentscan________.winthepublichealthbattlewithouteffortimposeabanoncigaretteadvertisingmakeiteasiertogiveupsmokingmakethemsaferTheauthordoubtsthatredesigningcigarettes________.istogainpoliticalandlegalpoweristomakethemsaferwilldothetrickisworthatryWhichofthefollowingseemstobecontroversial?Thecancer-causingchemicalsincigarettes.Sugaryaddictivestocigarettes.Denicotinizedcigarettes.Decaffeinatedcoffee.Fromnicotine-freecigarettestonon-burningones,theauthor________.raisesthequestionoftheiracceptanceatthemarketplaceprovesitimpossibletomakethemsaferguidessmokerstotheharmofsmokingpinpointstherealdangersofsmokeWecandrawaconclusionfromthepassagethat________.itisunwisetotryanyapproachtomakecigarettessaferthehealthbattleagainstnicotineisfarfromwonwearedoomedtofailifwetrytostopsmokingsmokersdohavearighttosmokePassage4Twinsandtheirgenesareinthenewsagain.Americanresearchershavereanalysedhundredsofoldgeneticstudiesandchangedtheirmindsaboutthemuch-vauntedsimilarityofIQbetweenidenticaltwins.Nowtheythinkthatitislesstodowithsharedgenesandrathermoretodowiththeeffectofsharingawombinthefirstninemonthsoflife. Indeed,theresearchsuggeststhatthesinglebiggestenvironmentalinfluenceonaperson’sIQisnothomelifeormumanddad’sparentingskills,oreventheschooltheyattend,butthequalityofthosefirstninemonths.Iftheresearchersareright,whathappenstousinthewombcouldaccountforupto20percentofvariationinIQs. Thegeneralideahereseemssoundenough.Thereisincreasingevidencetosuggestthatmalnourishedfetusesaremorelikelytodevelopheartdisease,diabetesand—accordingtotheverylatestfinding—havepermanentlyimpairedimmunesystems.Sowhyshouldn’tintelligence(oratleastthepartofitthatIQtestsmeasure)alsobeshapedinthewomb?Itishere,afterall,thatthebrain’sarchitectureisestablishedandthefirstofitstrillionsofsynapsesforged. Thenewsisnotasgoodasitmightseemforambitiousparents.WhateverAmericanentrepreneursmightsayaboutthenewresearch,itdoesn’tmeanwecanturnfetusesintopotentialgeniusesbystimulatingthemwithcassettedevicesstrappedtopregnantwomen.Nordoesitmeanweshouldnowbeabletodeveloplessobviouslysuspectmethodsforproducingsuperbabies.Itisonethingtoeliminatethenegativeeffectsofmalnutrition,smoking,drugs,alcoholandbadhousingonfetalintelligence;quiteanothertothinkwecanboostthebrainsofperfectlyhealthyfetusesbyaccentuatingthepositive. Thisisbecauseresearchershavelittleideawhat“positive”meansinthiscontext.Itmaybethesizeorpositionoftheplacentathatmatters.Orasubtleinterplaybetweendietandthemother’sgeneticmake-up.Orsomethingdifferentagain. Noristhistheonlyreasonforremainingskepticalabouttheideathatwecanradicallyimprovehealthychildren’sIQsinthewomb.Thenewstudy’sfigureof20percentisbasedontheIQsoftwins,whoseprenatalenvironmentisscarcelytypical.Thepresenceoftwofetuses,eachcompetingforresources,sometimesfromasharedplacenta,couldleadtoallsortsofvariationsinthequalityofprenatallifethatseldomeffectsinglefetuses. Andlet’snotforgeteitherthatwhiletheresearchhighlightsacomponentofnurturethathassofarbeenoverlooked,natureremainsverymuchpartoftheIQequation.Thenewstudyconfirmswhatmostgeneticistsalreadybelieve—thatgeneticdifferencesexplainabouthalfofallvariationsinIQ. Prospectiveparentsneednotresignthemselvestothemiseryofgeneticfatalism.ButneithershouldtheybuyintotheideathatlittleTimmy’splaceatOxfordwillbewonorlostinthewomb.Twinssharemuch-vauntedsimilarityinIQ,accordingtoAmericanresearchers,mainlybecauseof________.theirjointenvironmentthewombtheysharedtheirsharedgenestheirparentsThenotionreasonsthat________.thewombcanshapeintelligencepermanentlyboththewombandintelligenceareshapedsimultaneouslymalnourishedfetusescansufferpermanentlyimpairedimmunesystemsjustasfetusescanbenutritionallyaffectedinthewomb,socantheirintelligencebeaffectedthereResearchersarenotinaposition________.todefinethepositiveandnegativeeffectsonfetuses’intelligencetoeliminatethenegativeeffectsonintelligenceinthewombtopinpointthepositiveeffectsonintelligenceinthewombtodoanythingtohelppregnantwomenTheotherreasonforremainingskepticalabouttheideathatwecanradicallyimprovehealthychildren’sIQsisthat________.thenewstudyneglectedthevariationsofthequalityofprenatallifethenewstudyfailedtocoversinglefetusesthenewstudy’sfigureisscarcelytruethenewstudy’sfigureistoolowWecandrawaconclusionfromthepassagethat________.prospectiveparentscandomuchtoboostthebrainsoftheirfetusesbothnatureandnurturehaveahandinIQvariationsnatureoverweighsnurtureinIQvariationsthereisnosuchathingasIQV.KNOWLEDGE-BASEDQUESTIONS(10%)得分扣分Directions:Putdownyouranswertoeachofthefollowingquestionsinthespacegiven.Makesurethatyouranswertoeachquestionisconcise.1.Whatisthebasicmissionofmedicine?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.Clarifytherelationbetweenthefoodchainandantibioticresistance.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.Whatisastressor?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4.Whatis“informedconsent”?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5.Justifythescienceandsocietyrelationship.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________VI.WRITING(10%)得分扣分Directions:WriteONEparagraphtodevelopthetopicgivenbelow.Becauseofscience,thereishope.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________