2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號68

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Doctorswarnedagainstchewingtobaccoasa___forsmoking.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.succession

B.substitute

C.revival

D.relief

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)succession“連續(xù)；繼位；繼承權(quán)；（生態(tài)）演替”；B選項(xiàng)substitute“代用品；代替者”；C選項(xiàng)revival“復(fù)興；復(fù)活；蘇醒；恢復(fù)精神；再生效”；D選項(xiàng)relief“救濟(jì)；減輕，解除；安慰；浮雕”。句意：醫(yī)生警告不要用咀嚼煙草___吸煙。本句表達(dá)“不要用咀嚼煙草代替吸煙”，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Let’sspeedupthelesson.Ifwe___toolongongrammar,we___enoughtimefororalactivities.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.spent...wouldget

B.spent...wouldnotget

C.hadspent...wouldhavegot

D.hadspent…wouldnothavegot

【答案】B

【解析】考查虛擬語氣。句意：讓我們加快上課速度。如果我們___太多在語法上，我們___足夠的時(shí)間進(jìn)行口語活動。根據(jù)句意可知提出對于現(xiàn)在的條件，主句：主語would/should/might/could＋動詞原形；從句：動詞過去式。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

We___theradiosignalsforhelpfromtheplane.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.pickedout

B.pickedoff

C.pickedat

D.pickedup

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)pickedout“挑選出”；B選項(xiàng)pickedoff“摘掉；拔去；截??；傳感器”；C選項(xiàng)pickedat“吃得很少；挑毛??；指責(zé)”；D選項(xiàng)pickedup“撿起；獲得，收到；收拾；（汽車；飛機(jī)）乘載；不費(fèi)力地學(xué)會”。句意：我們___飛機(jī)發(fā)出求救的無線電信號。本句表達(dá)“收到飛機(jī)發(fā)出的信號”，因此選D項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

IX.ForensicAppraisal

Asacategoricalmatter,thescienceofShakenBabySyndrome(SBS)cannolongersupportafindingofproofbeyondareasonabledoubtintriad-only(三聯(lián)征)cases—caseswhichrepresentasignificantnumberofSBSprosecutions.Putsimply,herechangehasraisedtherealpossibilityofpasterror.

Inthepast,themerepresenceofretinalhemorrhaging,(視網(wǎng)膜出血)subduralhematoma(硬膜下血腫),andcerebraledema(腦水腫)wastakentomeanthatababyhadbeenshakenhardenoughtoproducewhatwereconceptualizedaswhiplashforces.AccordingtotheconventionalunderstandingofSBS,theapplicationofrotationalaccelerationanddecelerationforcestotheinfant’sheadcausesthebraintorotateintheskull.Abruptdecelerationallowscontinuingbrainrotationuntilbridgingveinsarestretchedandruptured,causingathinlayerofsubduralhaemorrhageonthesurfaceofthebrain.Retinalhemorrhageswerethoughttoresultfromasimilarcausalmechanism.Mostsignificantly,thetriadofsymptomswasbelievedtobedistinctlycharacteristicofviolentshaking.

Despiteitslingeringpresenceinthepopularimagination,thescientificunderpinningsofSBShavecrumbledoverthepastdecadeasthemedicalestablishmenthasdeliberatelydiscardedadiagnosisdefinedbyshaking.Althoughnosinglenomenclaturehasemergedinitsplace,doctorsarenowinwidespreadagreementthatSBSisanunhelpfulcharacterization,andthatthepresenceofretinalhemorrhagesandsubduralhematomacannotconclusivelyprovethatinjurywasinflicted.

Althoughitmaybetemptingtoconcludesimplythatscienceevolves,andleavetheinquirythere,thestoryismorecomplex;anobjectlessoninscientificoverreachingandthechallengeofcorrection.

AnumberofforcescoalescedtotransformSBSfromacertaindiagnosisintoitscurrentstateofflux.Mostimportantly,inthemid-tolate-1990s,medicalresearch,includingtheSBSliterature,becamesubjecttoaheightenedlevelofscrutiny.Thenewevidence-basedmedicinestandardsrequireddoctorstoderivetheirresearchfrommethodsthatarescientificandstatisticallyrigorous.Thechangetriggeredareviewoftheevidencesupportinganumberofareasofmedicine,andincludedacomprehensiveefforttoexaminethescienceunderlyingSBS.

Theapplicationoftheevidence-basedframeworktotheSBSliteratureresultedinaremarkabledetermination:themedicalliteraturepublishedpriorto1998containedinadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusiononmostaspectsofcausation,diagnosis,treatment,oranyothermatterspertainingtoSBS.

83.OnelearnsfromtheparagraphsthatSBSis___.

84.Thepresenceofthefollowingsyndromesmakesthedoctorsbelievethatababywasshakenhard,except___.

85.Accordingtothelastparagraph,thefollowingstatementisNOTcorrect___.

86.Onecanforeseethataftertherecentresearchresultbasedonevidence,___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.adiseasethatcanbecaughtbyababy

B.asyndromethatcourtsusetochargeadefendantforababy’sdeath

C.asyndromethatdoctorslookattodeterminethecauseofababy’sdeath

D.anewdiscovery

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.thebabywaslessthanoneyearold

B.retinalhemorrhaging

C.subduralhematoma

D.cerebraledema

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.themedicalliteraturepublishedpriorto1998containedinadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusion

B.thepreviousconclusiononmostaspectsofcausation,diagnosis,treatment,oranyothermatterspertainingtoSBSwasnotcorrect

C.theapplicationoftheevidence-basedframeworktotheSBSliteratureresultedinadifferentresult

D.themedicalliteraturepublishedafter1998containedadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusion

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.theprosecutionofSBSdefendantwillnolongerexist

B.thepastconvictionofSBSwilldefinitelybeannouncedtobeerror

C.therewillprobablybechallengetopastconvictionforcorrection

D.doctorsaregoingtoabandonthetermSBS

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:C

【解析】83.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段第一句Asacategoricalmatter,thescienceofShakenBabySyndrome(SBS)cannolongersupportafindingofproofbeyondareasonabledoubtintriad-only(三聯(lián)征)cases—caseswhichrepresentasignificantnumberofSBSprosecutions.（作為一個絕對的問題，嬰兒搖晃綜合征的科學(xué)不再支持在三聯(lián)征案件中無可置疑地找到證據(jù)——這些案件代表了大量SBS起訴）以及最后一段Theapplicationoftheevidence-basedframeworktotheSBSliteratureresultedinaremarkabledetermination:themedicalliteraturepublishedpriorto1998containedinadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusiononmostaspectsofcausation,diagnosis,treatment,oranyothermatterspertainingtoSBS.（將循證框架應(yīng)用于SBS文獻(xiàn)導(dǎo)致了一個顯著的決定：1998年之前出版的醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)包含了不充分的科學(xué)證據(jù)，無法就與SBS有關(guān)的因果關(guān)系、診斷、治療或任何其他問題的大多數(shù)方面得出堅(jiān)定的結(jié)論）可知SBS是用來控訴被告造成嬰兒死亡的一種綜合征，選B選項(xiàng)“法庭用來指控被告造成嬰兒死亡的一種綜合癥”；A選項(xiàng)“一種可以被嬰兒傳染的疾病”，B選項(xiàng)“醫(yī)生通過觀察確定嬰兒死亡原因的一種綜合癥”和D選項(xiàng)“一項(xiàng)新發(fā)現(xiàn)”原文未涉及，排除。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

84.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段第一句Inthepast,themerepresenceofretinalhemorrhaging,(視網(wǎng)膜出血)subduralhematoma(硬膜下血腫),andcerebraledema(腦水腫)wastakentomeanthatababyhadbeenshakenhardenoughtoproducewhatwereconceptualizedaswhiplashforces.（在過去，僅僅存在視網(wǎng)膜出血、硬膜下血腫和腦水腫就被認(rèn)為是嬰兒受到了足夠大的震動，產(chǎn)生了所謂的鞭打力）可知B選項(xiàng)“視網(wǎng)膜出血”，C選項(xiàng)“硬膜下血腫”以及D選項(xiàng)“腦水腫”這些癥狀的存在使醫(yī)生相信嬰兒被用力搖晃，不符合題意，排除；A選項(xiàng)“嬰兒不到一歲”原文未涉及，符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

85.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文最后一段themedicalliteraturepublishedpriorto1998containedinadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusiononmostaspectsofcausation,diagnosis,treatment,oranyothermatterspertainingtoSBS（1998年之前出版的醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)包含了不充分的科學(xué)證據(jù)，無法就與SBS有關(guān)的因果關(guān)系、診斷、治療或任何其他問題的大多數(shù)方面得出堅(jiān)定的結(jié)論）可知A選項(xiàng)“1998年以前出版的醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)包含不充分的科學(xué)證據(jù)，無法得出確定的結(jié)論”和B選項(xiàng)“先前關(guān)于與SBS有關(guān)的因果關(guān)系、診斷、治療或任何其他問題的大多數(shù)方面的結(jié)論是不正確的”描述正確，最后一段開頭Theapplicationoftheevidence-basedframeworktotheSBSliteratureresultedinaremarkabledetermination（將循證框架應(yīng)用于SBS文獻(xiàn)導(dǎo)致了一個顯著的決定），結(jié)合下文可知這個顯著的決定和以往的內(nèi)容不同，因此C選項(xiàng)“將循證框架應(yīng)用于SBS文獻(xiàn)產(chǎn)生了不同的結(jié)果”描述正確；D選項(xiàng)“1998年之后出版的醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)包含了足夠的科學(xué)證據(jù)來得出堅(jiān)定的結(jié)論”在最后一段未提及，屬于過度推斷。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

86.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第一段最后一句Putsimply,herechangehasraisedtherealpossibilityofpasterror.（簡單地說，這里的變化增加了過去錯誤的真正可能性）以及最后一段最后一句themedicalliteraturepublishedpriorto1998containedinadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusiononmostaspectsofcausation,diagnosis,treatment,oranyothermatterspertainingtoSBS（1998年之前出版的醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)包含了不充分的科學(xué)證據(jù)，無法就與SBS有關(guān)的因果關(guān)系、診斷、治療或任何其他問題的大多數(shù)方面得出堅(jiān)定的結(jié)論）可知最近的研究結(jié)果可能會讓過去的定罪產(chǎn)生質(zhì)疑，選C選項(xiàng)“可能會對過去的定罪提出質(zhì)疑”，A選項(xiàng)“SBS被告的起訴將不復(fù)存在”和B選項(xiàng)“SBS過去的定罪肯定會被宣布為錯誤”屬于過度推斷，排除；第三段Althoughnosinglenomenclaturehasemergedinitsplace...（雖然沒有一個單獨(dú)的術(shù)語來代替它……）只能推斷出沒有另外的術(shù)語來代替SBS，無法得知SBS是否會被醫(yī)生放棄，D選項(xiàng)“醫(yī)生們將放棄術(shù)語SBS”不符合原文，排除。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

IftheUnitedStateshadbuiltmorehomesforpoorpeoplein1995,thehousingproblemsnowinsomepartsofthecountry___soserious.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.wouldn’tbe

B.wouldn’thavebeen

C.willnotbe

D.wouldhavenotbeen

【答案】A

【解析】考查錯綜時(shí)間虛擬條件句。第一句是虛擬過去時(shí)IftheUnitedStateshadbuiltmorehomesforpoorpeoplein1995(had=過去時(shí))，但第二句thehousingproblemsnow，關(guān)鍵是now，表示現(xiàn)在，時(shí)態(tài)發(fā)生改變。變?yōu)殄e綜虛擬條件句，即條件從句與主句所指時(shí)間不一致，如從句指過去，而主句即指的是現(xiàn)在或?qū)?，此時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)具體的語境情調(diào)整。句意：如果美國在1995年為窮人建造更多的住房，現(xiàn)在美國一些地區(qū)的住房問題就不會那么嚴(yán)重。本句表示如果以前怎樣，那現(xiàn)在的問題就不會那么嚴(yán)重，主句時(shí)態(tài)用情態(tài)動詞+現(xiàn)在時(shí)。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

II.LastTerm,theSupremeCourtinUnitedStatesv.Halper,unanimouslycreatedaruleoflawthatwilldisruptfederal,state,andlocalgovernments’abilitytoenforceavastarrayofimportantregulatoryschemes,includingenvironmentalprotection,securitiesregulation,andtaxcollection.ThislikelydisruptionflowsfromtheCourt’srecognitionthatcertainconstitutionalprotections,previouslythoughtonlyavailabletocriminaldefendants,areattimesequallyaccessibletocivildefendantsfromwhomgovernmentisattemptingtocollectcivilpenaltiesforproscribedactivity.WhiletheCourt’sdecisioninHalperfocusedonlyontheextensionofthedoublejeopardyclausetocivilpenaltyproceedings,itsreasoningandholdingaresufficientlybroadtoallowtheapplicationofotherconstitutionalprotectionstogovernment-initiatedcivilpenaltycases.Theseadditionalconstitutionalprotectionscouldincludetheeighthamendment,theself-incriminationclauseoftheFifthAmendment,andthetrialguaranteesoftheSixthAmendment.

TurninginitiallytothemorenarrowdoublejeopardyissueaddressedinHalper,theCourt’sapplicationofdoublejeopardyprotectiontoacivilpenaltyproceedingwasaremarkablechangeinthelaw.Byextendingthereachofthedoublejeopardyclause,JusticeBlackmun’sopinionignoredaconsistentlineofcasesrecognizingdoublejeopardyprotectiononlyinthecontextofacriminalproceeding.LookingatHalperfromamorepanoramicangle,however,itistheCourt’sreasoning,apartfromitsholdingondoublejeopardythatformsthecoreofthedisruptioncreatedforgovernmentregulatoryprograms.

Forexample,intheprocessofjustifyingitsruling,theCourtfounditnecessary:(1)toblurthelinebetweencivilandcriminalpunishmentandtodefinepunishmentforconstitutionalpurposestoincludecivilpenalties;(2)todiscardastatutoryconstructiontestusedforoverfiftyyearsindecidingwhetheralegislatureintendedacriminalorcivilpenalty;(3)torejecttheconceptofdeterrenceasalegitimateobjectiveofacivilstatute;(4)toreducetheconceptofgovernmentdamagetoamonetaryformulawhileignoringsubstantialprecedentwhichrecognizedthepossibilityofnonmeasurableharmtogovernment;(5)tocreateanaccountingprocedurefordecidingwhenthelineiscrossedbetweenremedyandpunishmentforconstitutionalpurposes;and(6)toallowindividualtrialcourtstoreplacethewilloflegislaturesindecidingtherationallevelofindemnitytogovernmentforitsloss.

1.ThenewrulecreatedbytheCourtinHalpercasewilldisruptdifferentlevelsofgovernments’abilityto___.

2.AccordingtoHalper,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

3.Whatistheremarkablechangeinthelawaccordingtothesecondparagraph?

4.Readingtheparagraphsgiven,onecanfeelthatauthor___theHalpercase.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.enforceavastarrayofimportantregulatoryschemes

B.enforcealltheimportantregulatoryschemes

C.enforcetheimportantregulatoryschemesofenvironmentalprotection,securitiesregulation,andtaxcollection

D.enforcetheimportantregulatoryschemesotherthanenvironmentalprotection,securitiesregulation,andtaxcollection

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Certainconstitutionalprotections,previouslythoughtonlyavailabletocriminaldefendants,areequallyaccessibletocivildefendants.

B.Thereasoningandholdingaresufficientlybroadtoallowtheapplicationofotherconstitutionalprotectionstogovernment-initiatedcivilpenaltycases.

C.Theeighthamendment,theself-incriminationclauseoftheFifthAmendment,andthetrialguaranteesoftheSixthAmendmentareavailabletocivildefendants.

D.TheCourt’sreasoninganddecisionfocusedonlyontheextensionofthedoublejeopardyclausetocivilpenaltyproceedings.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Tonarrowdoublejeopardyissue.

B.Toignoreaconsistentlineofcasesrecognizingdoublejeopardyprotectiononlyinthecontextofacriminalproceeding.

C.Theapplicationofdoublejeopardyprotectiontoacivilpenaltyproceeding.

D.TolookatHalperfromamorepanoramicangle.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.disagreeswith

B.hasnegativefeelingwith

C.whollysupports

D.likes

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段第一句LastTerm,theSupremeCourtinUnitedStatesv.Halper,unanimouslycreatedaruleoflawthatwilldisruptfederal,state,andlocalgovernments’abilitytoenforceavastarrayofimportantregulatoryschemes,includingenvironmentalprotection,securitiesregulation,andtaxcollection.（上一屆，最高法院在美國訴Halper案中一致制定了一項(xiàng)法律規(guī)則，該規(guī)則將破壞聯(lián)邦、州和地方政府執(zhí)行一系列重要監(jiān)管計(jì)劃的能力，包括環(huán)境保護(hù)、證券監(jiān)管和稅收征收）可知選A選項(xiàng)“執(zhí)行一系列重要的監(jiān)管計(jì)劃”；B選項(xiàng)“執(zhí)行所有重要的規(guī)管計(jì)劃”，C選項(xiàng)“執(zhí)行環(huán)境保護(hù)、證券監(jiān)管、稅收征管等重要監(jiān)管方案”以及D選項(xiàng)“執(zhí)行除環(huán)境保護(hù)、證券監(jiān)管和稅收征管外的重要監(jiān)管計(jì)劃”都不符合原文。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段ThislikelydisruptionflowsfromtheCourt’srecognitionthatcertainconstitutionalprotections,previouslythoughtonlyavailabletocriminaldefendants,areattimesequallyaccessibletocivildefendantsfromwhomgovernmentisattemptingtocollectcivilpenaltiesforproscribedactivity.（這種可能造成的干擾是由于最高法院認(rèn)識到，某些憲法保護(hù)以前被認(rèn)為只適用于刑事被告，但有時(shí)也適用于民事被告，政府正試圖對被禁止的活動收取民事處罰）可知A選項(xiàng)“某些憲法保護(hù)以前被認(rèn)為只適用于刑事被告，現(xiàn)在對民事被告也同樣適用”和原文不符；第一段WhiletheCourt’sdecisioninHalperfocusedonlyontheextensionofthedoublejeopardyclausetocivilpenaltyproceedings,itsreasoningandholdingaresufficientlybroadtoallowtheapplicationofotherconstitutionalprotectionstogovernment-initiatedcivilpenaltycases.Theseadditionalconstitutionalprotectionscouldincludetheeighthamendment,theself-incriminationclauseoftheFifthAmendment,andthetrialguaranteesoftheSixthAmendment.（雖然法院在Halper案中的裁決只側(cè)重于將雙重危險(xiǎn)條款擴(kuò)展到民事處罰程序，但其推理和裁定的范圍足夠廣泛，允許將其他憲法保護(hù)適用于政府發(fā)起的民事處罰案件。這些附加的憲法保護(hù)包括第八修正案、第五修正案的自證其罪條款和第六修正案的審判保障）可知B選項(xiàng)“推理和裁定的范圍足夠廣泛，允許對政府發(fā)起的民事處罰案件適用其他憲法保護(hù)”，C選項(xiàng)“第八修正案、第五修正案的自證其罪條款和第六修正案的審判保證對民事被告適用”以及D選項(xiàng)“法院的推理和裁決只集中于將雙重危險(xiǎn)條款擴(kuò)大到民事處罰程序”符合原文。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段第一句TurninginitiallytothemorenarrowdoublejeopardyissueaddressedinHalper,theCourt’sapplicationofdoublejeopardyprotectiontoacivilpenaltyproceedingwasaremarkablechangeinthelaw.（最初轉(zhuǎn)向Halpe案中涉及的更狹義的雙重危險(xiǎn)問題，法院對民事處罰程序的雙重危險(xiǎn)保護(hù)的適用是法律上的一個顯著變化）可知選C選項(xiàng)“雙重危險(xiǎn)保護(hù)在民事處罰程序中的適用”；A選項(xiàng)“縮小雙重危險(xiǎn)問題”，B選項(xiàng)“忽視一系列只有在刑事訴訟中才承認(rèn)雙重危險(xiǎn)保護(hù)的案件”以及D選項(xiàng)“從一個更全景的角度看Halper案”皆不是原文提到的法律上的一個顯著變化。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

4.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。定位到第二段Byextendingthereachofthedoublejeopardyclause,JusticeBlackmun’sopinionignoredaconsistentlineofcasesrecognizingdoublejeopardyprotectiononlyinthecontextofacriminalproceeding.LookingatHalperfromamorepanoramicangle,however,itistheCourt’sreasoning,apartfromitsholdingondoublejeopardythatformsthecoreofthedisruptioncreatedforgovernmentregulatoryprograms.（通過擴(kuò)大雙重危險(xiǎn)條款的范圍，布萊克門法官的意見忽視了一系列只有在刑事訴訟中才承認(rèn)雙重危險(xiǎn)保護(hù)的案件。然而，從更全面的角度來看，除了對雙重危險(xiǎn)的認(rèn)定外，法院的推理構(gòu)成了對政府監(jiān)管項(xiàng)目造成破壞的核心）可知作者認(rèn)為Halper案的處理方式導(dǎo)致了對政府監(jiān)管項(xiàng)目造成破壞的核心，可以推測作者對Halper案有負(fù)面感覺，選B選項(xiàng)“對Halper案有負(fù)面的感覺”；A選項(xiàng)“不同意”太過嚴(yán)重；C選項(xiàng)“完全支持”和D選項(xiàng)“喜歡”都不符合原文的表達(dá)。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Accordingtosociologists,thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecomerecognizedastheleaderofasocialgroupintheUnitedStates.Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.Inothercases,suchasfriendshipgroups,oneormorepersonsmaygraduallyemergeasleaders,althoughthereisnoformalprocessofselection.Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.

Althoughleadersareoftenthoughttobepeoplewithunusualpersonalability,decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”.Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.

Furthermore,althoughitiscommonlysupposedthatsocialgroupshaveasingleleader,researchsuggeststhattherearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.Groupmemberslooktoinstrumentalleadersto“getthingsdone”.Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingofasocialgroup’smember.Expressiveleaderarelessconcernedwiththeoverallgoalsofthegroupthanwithprovidingemotionalsupporttogroupmembersandattemptingtominimizetensionandconflictamongthem.Groupmembersexpectexpressiveleaderstomaintainstablerelationshipswithinthegroupandprovidesupporttoindividualmembers.

Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers.Theygiveordersandmaydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibitattainmentofthegroup’sgoals.Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup.Theyoffersympathywhensomeoneexperiencesdifficultiesorissubjectedtodiscipline,arequicktolightenaseriousmomentwithhumor,andtrytoresolveissuesthatthreatentodividethegroup.Asthedifferencesinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyadistantrespect.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingwaysbywhichpeoplecanbecomeleadersEXCEPT___.

3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphabout“naturalleaders”?

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutleadershipcanbeinferredfromParagraph2?

5.Paragraphs3and4organizethediscussionofleadershipprimarilyintermof___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theproblemsfacedbyleaders.

B.Howleadershipdiffersinsmallandlargegroups.

C.Howsocialgroupsdeterminewhowillleadthem.

D.Theroleofleadersinsocialgroups.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.recruitment

B.formalelectionprocess

C.specificleadershiptraining

D.traditionalculturalpatterns

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Fewpeoplequalifyas“naturalleaders”.

B.Thereisnoproofthat“naturalleaders”exist.

C.“Naturalleaders”areeasilyacceptedbythemembersofasocialgroup.

D.“Naturalleaders”shareasimilarsetofcharacteristics.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Apersonwhoisaneffectiveleaderofaparticulargroupmaynotbeaneffectiveleaderinanothergroup.

B.Fewpeoplesucceedinsharingaleadershiprolewithanotherperson.

C.Apersoncanbestlearnhowtobeaneffectiveleaderbystudyingresearchonleadership.

D.Mostpeopledesiretobeleadersbutcanproducelittleevidenceoftheirqualifications.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.examplesthatillustrateaproblem

B.causeandeffectanalysis

C.narrationofevents

D.comparisonandcontrast

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章第一段提出有幾種不同的方法可以使人成為某個社會群體公認(rèn)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，第二段只要具有適合某個特別群體所需要的品質(zhì)，幾乎任何人都可以成為其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，第三段表明不同的人會充當(dāng)兩種不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色，最后一段說明不同類型的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色發(fā)揮的不同作用。本篇主要討論不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者——例如instrumentalleaders以及expressiveleaders——在不同的社會群體中所充當(dāng)?shù)慕巧桶l(fā)揮的功能。選D選項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)在社會群體中的作用”；A選項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者面臨的問題”，B選項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力在小群體和大群體中的區(qū)別”以及C選項(xiàng)“社會群體如何決定誰將領(lǐng)導(dǎo)他們”不符合原文主旨。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents…Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.（在家庭中，傳統(tǒng)的文化模式賦予父母一方或雙方領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位……在較大的群體中，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人通常是通過選舉或招聘正式選出的）可知A選項(xiàng)“招聘”，B選項(xiàng)“正式選舉程序”以及D選項(xiàng)“傳統(tǒng)文化模式”符合原文；C選項(xiàng)“具體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力培訓(xùn)”原文未提及。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“naturalleaders”定位到第二段decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”.Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.（數(shù)十年的研究未能找出可靠的證據(jù)來證明那些人是“天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”?？雌饋硭坪鯖]有所有的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)都具有的固定的個人品格；相反，只要具有適合某個特別群體所需要的品質(zhì)，幾乎任何人都可以成為其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)）可知選B選項(xiàng)“沒有證據(jù)表明‘天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者’存在”；A選項(xiàng)“很少有人稱得上是‘天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者’”，C選項(xiàng)“‘天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者’很容易被一個社會群體的成員所接受”未在第二段提及；D選項(xiàng)“‘天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者’有一組相似的特征”和原文相悖。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.（看起來似乎沒有所有的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)都具有的固定的個人品格；相反，只要具有適合某個特別群體所需要的品質(zhì)，幾乎任何人都可以成為其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)）可知適合某個特別群體所需要的品質(zhì)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)不一定會適合另外某個群體，選A選項(xiàng)“看起來似乎沒有所有的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)都具有的固定的個人品格；相反，只要具有適合某個特別群體所需要的品質(zhì)，幾乎任何人都可以成為其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)”；B選項(xiàng)“很少有人成功地與他人分享領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色”，C選項(xiàng)“一個人可以通過研究領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力最好地學(xué)習(xí)如何成為一個有效的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”以及D選項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)人都想成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，但很少能拿出證據(jù)證明他們的資格”未在第二段提及。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段therearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup…Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingofasocialgroup’smember.（通常情況下，不同的個體擁有兩種不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色。工具性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)是一種強(qiáng)調(diào)社會群體完成任務(wù)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式……另一方面，表現(xiàn)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)社會群體成員的集體福祉）以及第四段Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers…Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup…Asthedifferencesinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyadistantrespect.（工具型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者與其他群體成員的關(guān)系可能是次要的……表現(xiàn)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者會與團(tuán)隊(duì)中的其他人建立一種更私人或更重要的關(guān)系……正如這兩種不同角色所表明的那樣：表現(xiàn)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)一般會從群體成員那里獲得更多的個人感情；而指導(dǎo)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，如果他們能成功地實(shí)現(xiàn)群體的目標(biāo)，可能會獲得更廣泛的尊重）可知這兩段是通過對比來表達(dá)不同群體會擁有兩種不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色，選D選項(xiàng)“對比”；A選項(xiàng)“舉例說明一個問題”，B選項(xiàng)“原因和影響分析”以及C選項(xiàng)“事件的敘述”都不符合原文。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Every___hasbeentakentoevacuatethestrandedsailorsfromHurricaneBetty.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.pleasure

B.measure

C.pressure

D.leisure

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)pleasure“快樂；希望；娛樂；令人高興的事”；B選項(xiàng)measure“測量；措施；程度；尺寸”；C選項(xiàng)pressure“壓力；壓迫，[物]壓強(qiáng)”；D選項(xiàng)leisure“閑暇；空閑；安逸”。句意：已采取一切___疏散貝蒂颶風(fēng)中擱淺的水手。本句表達(dá)“采取措施疏散水手”。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Forthepurposesoflimitingtheunauthorizeddistributionofintellectualproperty,theDMCA’sstatutoryimmunityforISPsiscarefullystructuredtoblockonlyactionsfordamages.AnothersectionoftheActprovidesforaprocessbywhichacourt,undercertainconditions,cangrantinjunctiverelief.InthecaseofasourceISP,theremaybeanorderrequiringaterminationoftheoffendingsource’saccountwiththeISPoraterminationoftherestoftheworld’saccesstotheuser’sassignedInternetdestination,iftheinfringingmaterialresidesthere.ForanOSP,aninjunctionmaybeframedasanorderrequiringterminationoftheOSPuser’saccountorremovalorblockedaccesstothematerialontheOSP’sservers.

ItmaybethisprospectofinjunctivereliefthathasledtoapracticebypublishersofaskingISPstomonitorandpoliceactivitytakingplaceontheirnetworks.Forexample,theMotionPictureAssociationofAmericasentalettertoHarvardUniversitycomplainingofallegedlyinfringingmaterialhostedbysomeoneontheHarvardnetwork.Harvard,inturn,discoveredthatthematerialinquestionwashostedbyanundergraduateonhisowncomputerattachedtotheHarvarddormitorynetwork.Harvardsentalettertothestudentalertinghimthatsuchhostingwasinviolationofitsnetworkpolicies,andthreateningsanctionsshouldthestudentcontinuetohostsuchmaterial.NoticesbypublisherstoISPsseekingactionbytheISPsagainstindividualusershavebecomeroutine,withfirmsspringinguptoaccepttheoutsourcedtaskofidentifyingpointsofinfringementwithinanetworkandgeneratingcomplaintletterstotherelevantISPs.SomepublishershaveevenattemptedtogetsourceISPs—universities,inparticular—tochangenetworkarchitecturetopreventtheuseofpeer-to-peernetworkingcompletely.Whilemosthavedeclinedtodoso,atleastoneuniversity,inthesameweekitsentalettertoapublisherrefusingtotakeaction,announcedanetworkbandwidthconservationpolicythatclampedmostout-goingInternettrafficfromstudentdormitories,effectivelydampeningtheuniversity’scontributiontoworldwidefilesharing/piracy.

Forenforcementpurposes,itmaybeeasiertofindandengageanISPregardingitslegalresponsibilitiesthanasinglesubscriberofthatISP.Butifarevelationofsubscriberidentityissought,successmerelypushestheenforcementproblembacktodealingwithapotentiallyunreachablesource.Moreover,whentheISPinquestionislocatedoverseascooperationofanysortisfraughtwithasmanybarriersasthoseforfarawayindividualsourcesofillicitmaterial.

JonathanZittrain:InternetPointsofControl

83.Accordingtothe1stparagraph,whichofthefollowingisNOTaremedyregardingISP’sliability?

84.Thesentencewhichisclosestinmeaningwiththeunderlinedsentenceofthe2ndparagraphis___.

85.TheHarvardstudentstoryinthe2ndparagraphisusedtoillustrate___.

86.Theunderlinedword“revelation”inthe3rdparagraphmeans___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.damages

B.injunctiverelief

C.anorderrequiringaterminationoftheoffendingsource’saccount

D.anorderrequiringaterminationoftheaccesstotheuser’sassignedInternetdestination

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.TheprospectofinjunctivereliefmayhaveledtheISPstomonitorandpoliceactivitytakingplaceontheirnetworks.

B.TheprospectofinjunctivereliefmayhaveledthepublisherstoaskISPstomonitorandpoliceactivitytakingplaceontheirnetworks.

C.TheprospectofinjunctivereliefmayhaveledthepublishersofaskingISPstomonitorandpoliceactivitytakingplaceontheirnetworks.

D.ItistheprospectofinjunctivereliefthathasledtoapracticebypublishersofaskingISPstomonitorandpolicewhathappensontheirnetworks.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.therelationshipbetweenauniversityanditsstudents

B.theliabilityofanetworkuser

C.actionstakenbyISPsinresponsetopublishers’requests

D.theuniversitypolicytowardsinfringement

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.repetition

B.revolution

C.surprise

D.disclosure

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:D

【解析】83.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段AnothersectionoftheActprovidesforaprocessbywhichacourt,undercertainconditions,cangrantinjunctiverelief.（該法的另一節(jié)規(guī)定了法院在某些條件下可以批準(zhǔn)禁令救濟(jì)的程序）可知B選項(xiàng)“禁令救濟(jì)”符合是針對ISP的賠償責(zé)任的救濟(jì)；第一段ForanOSP,aninjunctionmaybeframedasanorderrequiringterminationoftheOSPuser’saccountorremovalorblockedaccesstothematerialontheOSP’sservers.（對于一個OSP，禁令可能是一個命令，要求終止OSP用戶的賬戶或刪除或阻止訪問OSP服務(wù)器上的材料）可知C選項(xiàng)“要求終止違規(guī)來源賬戶的命令”和D選項(xiàng)“要求終止對用戶指定的因特網(wǎng)目的地的訪問的一種命令”符合是針對ISP的賠償責(zé)任的救濟(jì)；A選項(xiàng)“損害賠償”第一段未涉及。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

84.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段劃線句子ItmaybethisprospectofinjunctivereliefthathasledtoapracticebypublishersofaskingISPstomonitorandpoliceactivitytaki