2022年考研考博-考博英語-湘潭大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號75

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-湘潭大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Eversinceitsdiscovery,Plutohasneverreallyfittedin.AfterthepaleandglowinggiantNeptune,itislittlemorethanacosmicdustmite,sweptthroughthefarthestreachesofthesolarsystemonaplanewildlytiltedrelativetotherestoftheplanets.ItissmallerthanNeptune'slargestmoon,andthearcofitsorbitissoovalthatitoccasionallycrossesitsmassiveblueneighbor’spath.

Foryears,ithasbeenseenasoursolarsystem'soddestplanet.Yesterday,however,scientistsreleasedperhapsthemostconvincingevidenceyetthatPluto,infact,isnotaplanetatall.Forthefirsttime,astronomershavepeeredintoabeltofrocksbeyondPlutounknownuntil10yearsago—andfoundaworldthatrivalsPlutoinsize.Thescientistspositthatlargerrocksmustbeoutthere,perhapsevenlargerthanPluto,meaningPlutoismorelikelythekingofthisdistantrealmofspacedetritusthanthetiniestofthenineplanets.

Whendiscoveredin1930,’’Plutoatthatpointwastheonlything(thatfar)outthere,sotherewasnothingelsetocallitbutaplanet,"saysMikeBrown,anastronomerattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyinPasadena.“Nowitjustdoesn'tfit.”Inonesense,thequestionofPluto’splanetarystatusisarcane,theprovinceofpocket-protectedscientistsandsun-deprivedpenpushersdeterminedtodecidesomeofficialdesignationforaballofdustandice3billionmilesaway.

Yetitisalsounquestionablysomethingmore.Fromsciencefairdioramastogovernmentfunding,planetsholdaspecialplaceinthepublicimagination,andhowPlutoiseventuallyseen—bykidsandCongressalike—couldshapewhatfuturegenerationslearnaboutthismysteriousoutpostontheedgeofthesolarsystem.Thedebatehasspilttheastronomicalcommunityfordecades.EvenbeforethedistantbandofrocksknownastheKuiperBeltwasfound,Pluto'sunusualbehaviormadeitsuspicious.

Elsewhere,thesolarsystemfitintonearfamilies:therockyinnerplanets,theasteroidbelt,thehugeandgaseousouterplanets.Pluto,though,waspeculiar.WiththediscoveryoftheKuiperBelt~countlessbitsofrockandiceleftunusedwhenthewheelofthesolarsystemfirstformed—Plutosuddenlyseemedtohavecousins.Yetuntilyesterday,itheldtoitsplanetarydistinctionbecauseitwasfarlargerthananythinglocatedthere.

TherubnowisQuaoar(pronouncedKWAH-oar),1billionmilesbeyondPlutoandroughlyhalfaslarge.NamedafterthecreationforceofthetribethatoriginallyinhabitedtheLosAngelesbasin,Quaoarforecastsproblemsfortheerstwhileninthplanet,saysdiscovererDr.Brown:"ThecaseisgoingtogetalothardertodefendthedaysomebodyfindssomethinglargerthanPluto."

Tosome,theproblemisnotwithPluto,butthedefinitionof"planet".Inshort,thereisnone.TotheGreeks,whocoinedtheterm,itmeant’wanderer”,describingthewaythattheplanetsmovedacrossthenightskydifferentlyfromthestarsbehindthem.Today,withourmorenuancedunderstandingoftheuniverse,thewordnolongerhasmuchscientificmeaning.

NewYork’sHaydenPlanetariumcausedacommotiontwoyearsagobysupposedlydemotingPluto,lumpingitwiththeKuiperBeltobjectsinitshugemobileofthesolarsystem.“Inreality,however,theplanetariumwasmakingamuchbroaderstatement，’’saysNellDegrasseTyson,anastrophysicistthere.Thetextbooksofthefutureshouldfocusmoreonfamiliesoflikeobjectsthan”planets，’.ThediscoveryofQuaoarstrengthensthisidea:"Everyoneneedstorethinkthestructureofoursolarsystem,"hesays,“We'vejuststoppedcountingplanets."

Still,manyareloathtopartwiththeplanetPluto.TheynotethatPluto,infact,isdistinctfrommanyKuiperBeltobjects.Ithasathinatmosphere,forone.Itreflectsagreatdealoflight,whilemostKuiperBeltobjectsareverydark.AndunlikeallbutahandfulofknownKuiperBeltobjects,ithasamoon.”MaybePluto,then,shouldberepresentativeofanewclassofplanets,"saysMarkSykes,anastronomerattheUniversityofArizonainTucson,nIt*sthefirstexample,andwearejustbeginningtofindthiscategory?'

1.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?

2.FromwhenwasPlutoseriouslyquestionedaboutitsplanetarystatus?

3.Thesentence"Inshort,thereisnone."(Para.7)canbeparaphrasedaswhichofthefollowing?

4.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTsupportthestatementthatPlutoisour”solarsystem’soddestplanet”?

5.Theword’’commotion”intheexpression"NewYork’sHaydenPlanetariumcausedacommotiontwoyearsago”(Para.8)canbereplacedby（

）.

問題1選項

A.RockslargerthanPlutohavebeenfoundintheKuiperBelt

B.TheKuiperBeltdidnotexistwhenPlutowasfirstdiscovered

C.TheastronomersaredividedwithregardtothestatusofPluto

D.ThereisalmostnodifferencebetweenPlutoandotherKuiperBeltobject

問題2選項

A.Asearlyas1930.

B.Morethanadecadeago.

C.WhentheKuiperBeltwasdiscovered.

D.WhenQuaoarwasdiscovered.

問題3選項

A.ThereisnoproblemwithPluto'splanetarystatus

B.ThereisnotmuchdifferencebetweenPlutoandotherplanets.

C.Thereisyetnoscientificdefinitionoftheterm"planet*'.

D.Thereisnocleardistinctionbetweenplanetsandstars.

問題4選項

A.Itsorbitistoooval.

B.Itisunusuallysmall.

C.Itisfarthestfromthesun.

D.Itmainlyconsistsofdustandice.

問題5選項

A.exchangeofopinions

B.wildimagination

C.thoroughinvestigation

D.agitatedconfusion

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。題干詢問‘根據(jù)短文，下列哪個選項是正確的?’。A選項“在柯伊伯帶已發(fā)現(xiàn)比冥王星更大的巖石”和B選項“在冥王星被首次發(fā)現(xiàn)時，柯伊伯帶是不存在的”在文中沒有提及，排除；由最后一段第二句“TheynotethatPluto,infact,isdistinctfrommanyKuiperBeltobjects.他們注意到冥王星實際上不同于許多柯伊伯帶的天體?！贝_定D選項“冥王星與其它柯伊伯帶物體之間幾乎沒有差異”錯誤。由第三段第二句“Inonesense,thequestionofPluto'splanetarystatusisarcane,在某種意義上，冥王星的行星地位問題是晦澀難解的”和第四段中“Thedebatehasspilttheastronomicalcommunityfordecades.十年來，這個爭論一直困擾著天文學界，讓天文學界分成了持不同觀點的派系?！贝_定C選項“關(guān)于冥王星的地位，天文學家們出現(xiàn)了分歧”正確。

2.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘冥王星的行星地位從什么時候開始受到嚴肅的質(zhì)疑?’。

文章第一段第一句“Eversinceitsdiscovery,Plutohasneverreallyfittedin.自從發(fā)現(xiàn)它以后，冥王星事實上一直未能融入太陽系?！备鶕?jù)第二段第二句“Yesterday,however,scientistsreleasedperhapsthemostconvincingevidenceyetthatPluto,infact,isnotaplanetatall.Forthefirsttime,astronomershavepeeredintoabeltofrocksbeyondPluto…然而，昨天，科學家們發(fā)布了可能是迄今為止最令人信服的證據(jù)，證明冥王星實際上根本不是一顆行星。天文學家們第一次觀測到冥王星以外的巖石帶?！焙偷谒亩巫詈笠痪洹癊venbeforethedistantbandofrocksknownastheKuiperBeltwasfound,Pluto'sunusualbehaviormadeitsuspicious.甚至在遙遠的柯伊伯帶被發(fā)現(xiàn)之前，冥王星的異常行為就已經(jīng)讓人產(chǎn)生了懷疑?！保_定C選項“當凱伯帶被發(fā)現(xiàn)時”符合題意，正確。

3.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘他說:“簡而言之，沒有?！?第7段)可改述為下列哪一項?’，所以答案在第七段。由第七段第一句“Tosome,theproblemisnotwithPluto,butthedefinitionof’’planet’.在一些人看來，這個問題（即冥王星是否是行星的問題）與冥王星無關(guān)，而是與對‘行星’的定義有關(guān)?！薄⒌谄叨蔚诙洹癟otheGreeks,whocoinedtheterm,itmeant'wanderer",describingthewaythattheplanetsmovedacrossthenightskydifferentlyfromthestarsbehindthem.對于創(chuàng)造了“漫游者”一詞的希臘人來說，它的意思是“漫游者”，描述行星在夜空中移動的方式與它們背后的恒星不同?！奔暗谄叨巫詈笠痪洹癟oday,withourmorenuancedunderstandingoftheuniverse,thewordnolongerhasmuchscientificmeaning.今天，隨著我們對宇宙更加細致入微的理解，這個詞不再有太多的科學意義?！贝_定C選項“對術(shù)語‘行星’仍沒有科學定義”正確。

4.細節(jié)事實題。題干詢問‘下面哪個選項不支持冥王星是我們“太陽系中最奇怪的行星”的說法?’。由第一段第二句“AfterthepaleandglowinggiantNeptune，itislittlemorethanacosmicdustmite,sweptthroughthefarthestreachesofthesolarsystem...蒼白,發(fā)光的巨頭海王星之后,它只不過是一個宇宙塵螨，橫掃最遠到達太陽系的……”確定B選項“它非常小”和C選項“它離太陽最遠”與原文一致；由第一段最后一句“thearcofitsorbitissoovalthatitoccasionallycrossesitsmassiveblueneighbor'spath.它的軌道呈橢圓形，偶爾會穿過它巨大的藍色鄰居的軌道。”確定A選項“它的軌道是很橢圓形的”與原文一致；所以用排除法，確定D選項“它主要地由塵埃和冰構(gòu)成”符合題意。

5.詞匯題。題干詢問‘“紐約的海登天文館在兩年前引起了一場騷亂”(第8段)中的“騷動”一詞可以被替換為…’。由第八段第一句“supposedlydemotingPluto,lumpingitwiththeKuiperBeltobjectsinitshugemobileofthesolarsystem.據(jù)推測，冥王星將被降級，并與柯伊伯帶的巨大移動星系中的物體放在一起?！焙偷诰哦蔚谝痪洹癝till,manyareloathtopartwiththeplanetPluto.盡管如此，許多人還是不愿與冥王星分離。”確定D選項“公開爭論不休的混淆”符合語境，正確。

2.單選題

Becausethemonkeysunderstudyare（

）thepresenceofhumanbeings,theytypically（

）humanobserversandgoabouttheirbusiness.

問題1選項

A.ambivalentabout...welcome

B.inhibitedby...seek

C.unawareof...avoid

D.habituatedto...disregard

【答案】D

【解析】固定短語詞義辨析。句意：因為在研究中的猴子們己經(jīng)習慣了人類的存在，所以它們通常會無視人類觀察員而自己弄自己的。A選項ambivalentabout意為“對…是矛盾的”;B選項inhibitedby意為“被…抑制”;C選項unawareof意為“沒有意識到”；D選項habituatedto意為“適應于……”。分析題意可知，D選項“適應于”，正確。

3.單選題

She’scute,noquestion.Symmetricalfeatures,flawlessskin,lookstobe22yearsold-enteringanymeat-marketbar,awomanluckyenoughtohavethisfacewouldturnenoughheadstostirabreeze.ButwhenVictorJohnstonpointsandclicks,thefaceonhiscomputerscreenchangesintoastateofsuperheated,crystallizedbeauty.“Youcanseeit.It’sjustsoextraordinary,”saysJohnston,aprofessorofbiopsychologyatNewMexicoStateUniversitywhosoundsalittleinlovewithhiscreation.

Thetransformationfromprettywomantoknee-weakeningbabeisallthemoreamazingbecausethechangeswroughtbyJohnston’ssoftwareare,objectivelyspeaking,quitesubtle.Hecreatedtheoriginalfacebydigitallyaveraging16randomlyselectedfemaleCaucasianfaces.Thechangingprogramthenexaggeratedthewaysinwhichfemalefacesdifferfrommalefaces,creating,inhuman-beauty-sciencefield,a“hyper-female".Theeyesgrewabitlarger,thenosenarrowedslightlyandthelipsplumped.Theseareshiftsofjustafewmillimeters,butexperimentsinthiscountryandScotlandaresuggestingthatbothmalesandfemalesfind“feminized”versionsofaveragedfacesmorebeautiful.

Johnstonhatchedthislittlemovieaspartofhisongoingstudyintowhyhumanbeingsfindsomepeopleattractiveandothershomely.Hemaynothaveanyrock-solidanswersyet,butheisfarfromaloneinattemptingtoapplyscientificinquirytosoambiguousasubject.Aroundtheworld,researchersaremarchingintoterritoryformerlystakedoutbypoetsandpainterstouncovertheunderpinningsofhumanattractiveness.

Theresearchresultssofararesurprisingandhumbling.Numerousstudiesindicatethathumanbeautymaynotbesimplyintheeyeofthebeholderoranarbitraryculturalartifact.Itmaybeancientanduniversal,wroughtthroughagesofevolutionthatrewardedreproductivewinnersandkilledofflosers.Ifbeautyisnottruth,itmaybehealthandfertility:HalleBerry'sflawlessskinmayfascinatemoviegoersbecause,atsomedeeplevel,itpersuadesusthatsheisparasite-free.

Humanattractivenessresearchisarelativelyyoungandcertainlycontentiousfield—theallureofhyper-females,forexample,isstillhotlydebated—butthoseonitsfrontlinesagreeononepoint:Wewon'tconquer“l(fā)ooks-ism”untilweunderstanditssource.AspsychologistNancyEtcoffputsit:“Theideathatbeautyisunimportantoraculturalconstructistherealbeautymyth.Wehavetounderstandbeauty,orwewillalwaysbeenenslavedbyit.”

1.Thewomandescribedintheverybeginningofthetextis（

）.

2.VictorJohnstonsynthesizedanewfacebycombiningthefeaturesof16

（

）.

3.ThoughafewtinychangesmadebyJohnston,thesynthesizedfacebecameevenmore

（

）.

4.VictorJohnstonhasproducedsuchanattractivefaceinorderto

（

）.

5.Paragraph4suggeststhathumanbeautymaybe（

）.

問題1選項

A.infactinherlatetwenties

B.Johnston'sidealgirlfriend

C.astunningbeauty

D.isaprofessionalprostitute

問題2選項

A.beautifulEuropeanwomen

B.casuallychosenwhitewomen

C.differentwomenaroundtheworld

D.ordinarywesternwomen

問題3選項

A.masculine

B.average

C.feminine

D.neutral

問題4選項

A.givehiscomputerabeautifulscreen

B.studythemythofhumanattractiveness

C.provethehumancapacitytocreatebeauties

D.understandwhyCaucasianfacesarespecial

問題5選項

A.culturallydifferent

B.adisease-freeidol

C.dependentonindividual

D.avalueagreedbytheworld

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。由第一段中第一句“awomanluckyenoughtohavethisfacewouldturnenoughheadstostirabreeze.—有幸擁有這樣一副姣好面容的女子，其回頭率一定會是百分百的?！笨芍狢選項“一個絕色美女”正確；而A選項“實際上己經(jīng)快30歲了”、B選項“約翰斯頓理想的女朋友”及D選項“是一位職業(yè)妓女”文中都未提到，排除。

2.細節(jié)事實題。題干意思是‘維克多?約翰斯頓合成了一張新面孔，結(jié)合了16歲…….特征’。由第二段中第二句“bydigitallyaveraging16randomlyselectedfemaleCaucasianfaces通過數(shù)字地平均16個任意選擇的女性白種人的面容”確定B選項“隨便選擇的白人女性”正確。

3.細節(jié)事實題。題干意思是‘盡管約翰斯頓做了一些微小的改變，合成的臉變得更加…’。由第二段中第三句“Thechangingprogramthenexaggeratedthewaysinwhichfemalefacesdifferfrommalefaces,creating,inhuman-beauty-sciencefield,a“hyper-female".然后，計算機程序?qū)ε悦婵撞煌谀行悦婵椎牡胤竭M行夸張?zhí)幚?，從而在人類美容科學的領(lǐng)域中創(chuàng)造了一個‘超女性’”可知C選項“女性的”正確。A選項“男性的”、B選項“平均的”和D選項“中立的”均不符合文意。

4.推理判斷題。題干意思是‘維克多?約翰斯頓制造出這樣一張迷人的臉是為了…’由第三段中第一句“Johnstonhatchedthislittlemovieaspartofhisongoingstudyintowhyhumanbeingsfindsomepeopleattractiveandothershomely.約翰斯頓將此做成了一部電影短片，這是他正在進行研究的一部分：我們?yōu)槭裁从X得一些人長相漂亮，二另一些人則相貌平平呢？”可知B選項“研究人類魅力的神話”正確。

5.推理判斷題。題干意思是‘第4段指出，人類的美可能是…’由第四段中最后一句“Itmaybeancientanduniversal,wroughtthroughagesofevolutionthatrewardedreproductivewinnersandkilledofflosers.它（即人類的美）可能是歷史久遠且普遍存在的，由千百年的進化演變而來，成者為王，敗者為寇”確定D項“一個世界同意的價值”正確。

4.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingparagraphinthefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

在中國，筆(brush)、墨(inkstick)、紙、硯(inkslab),就是人們所說的“文房(thestudy)四寶”，在中華文明的傳承中起了重要作用。作為文化藝術(shù)工具，以其獨特性能催生了漢字特有的書法藝術(shù)，也促使中國畫形成了獨特的風格。文房四寶不僅有實用價值，它們本身也是供人觀賞的藝術(shù)品，并逐步成為收藏品。在當今時代，使用筆、墨、紙、硯進行學習和寫作的人越來越少了，但是在中國的書法，繪畫，收藏以及修身養(yǎng)性活動中，它們?nèi)云鹬豢商娲淖饔谩?/p>

【答案】InChina,writingbrush,inkstick,paperandinkslab,whatpeoplecall“fourtreasuresofthestudy”，playanimportantroleintheinheritanceofChinesecivilization.Astoolsforcultureandart,the“fourtreasuresofthestudy”,byvirtueoftheiruniqueproperty,promotedtheemergenceofthecalligraphyartpeculiartoChinesecharacter,andChinesepaintinghasalsoformedtheuniquestyle.Inadditiontopracticalvalues,theyarealsotheworksofartforpeopletoviewandadmire,andgraduallybecomecollectionstoday.Incontemporarytimes,thenumberofpeopleusing“fourtreasuresofthestudy”forstudyingandwritinghasbeendecreasing,buttheyarestillplayinganirreplaceableroleintheactivitiesofChinesecalligraphy,painting,collectionandself-cultivation.

5.單選題

Thousandsofyearsagomanusedhandyrocksforhissurgicaloperations.Laterheusedsharpboneorhorn,metalknivesandmorerecently,rubberandplastic.Andthatwaswherewestuck,insurgicalinstrumenttermsformanyyears.Inthe1960sanewtoolwasdeveloped,onewhichwas,firstofall,tobeofgreatpracticalusetothearmedforcesandindustry,butwhichwasalsointime,torevolutionizetheartandscienceofsurgery.Thetoolisthelaseranditisbeingusedbymoreandmoresurgeonsallovertheworld,foraverylargenumberofdifferentcomplaints.Thewordlasermeans:LightAmplificationbyStimulatedEmissionoflight.Asweallknow,lightishot;mysourceoflight-fromthesunitselfdowntoahumblematchburning—willgivewarmth.Butlightisusuallyspreadoutoverawidearea.Thelightinalaserbeam,however,isconcentrated.Thismeansthatalightwithnomorepowerthanthatproducedbyanordinaryelectriclightbulbbecomes.

Experimentswiththesepinpointbeamsshowedresearchersthatdifferentenergysourcesproducebeamsthathaveaparticulareffectoncertainlivingcells.Itisnowpossibleforeyesurgeonstooperateonthebackofthehumaneyewithoutharmingtheformoftheeye,simplybypassingalaserbeamrightthroughtheeyeball.Noknives,nounwanteddamage—atruesurgicalwonder.Operationswhichonceleftpatientsexhaustedandinneedoflongperiodsofrecoverytimenowleavethemfeelingrelaxedandcomfortable.Somuchmoredifficultoperationscannowbetried.Therapiddevelopmentoflasertechniquesinthepasttenyearshasmadeitclearthatthefutureislikelytobeveryexciting.Perhapssomecancerswillbetreatedwithlaserinawaythatmakessurgerynotonlysaferbutmoreeffective.Altogether,tomorrowmayseemoreandmoreinformationcomingtolightonthediseaseswhichcanbetreatedmedically.

1.Upuntilthe1960stheinstrumentsusedtoperformsurgicaloperationswere（

）.

2.Afterthedevelopmentofthelaserinthe1960s,wefindthat

（

）.

3.Thelaserbeamissostrongbecause

（

）.

4.Surgeonscannowcarryoutoperationswhich（

）.

問題1選項

A.fashionable

B.extraordinary

C.special

D.basic

問題2選項

A.medicalhelpbecameavailableforindustrialworkers

B.thestudyofartwentthroughacompleterevolution

C.man’swholeapproachtosurgerychangedcompletely

D.moreandmoresurgeonsbeganusingsurgicalinstruments

問題3選項

A.itiscomposedofaconcentratedbeamoflight

B.itsheatisincreasedbytheheatofthesun

C.itcanbepluggedintoanordinarylight

D.itsendsoutheatinmanydifferentdirections

問題4選項

A.canbeperformedsuccessfullyonlyonthehumaneye

B.resultinverylittledamagetothepatientsthemselves

C.memademuchmorecomplicatedbyusingthelaserbeam

D.resultinlongperiodsofrecoverytimeforpatients

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。由文章開頭‘Thousandsofyearsagomanusedhandyrocksforhissurgicaloperations.Laterheusedsharpboneorhorn,metalknivesandmorerecently,rubberandplastic.’20世紀60年代之前，外科手術(shù)使用過的工具有：石頭，鋒利的骨頭和角，金屬刀，橡膠和塑料。確定這些工具都是很基本的，D選項正確。

2.推理判斷題。由第二段中所舉的眼科手術(shù)的例子可知，使用激光做手術(shù)，可以讓患者感覺輕松和舒服，不需要很長時間就能恢復，徹底改變了外科手術(shù)的方法，C選項正確。

3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)第一段中“Thelightinalaserbeam,however,isconcentratedThismeansthatalightwithnomorepowerthanthatproducedbyanordinaryelectriclightbulbbecomesintenselystrongasitisconcentratedtoapinpoint-sizedbeam.然而，激光束中的光是集中的，這意味著不需要比普通電燈泡產(chǎn)生更多的能量就能點燃，當它集中在一個針尖大小的光束上時，就會變得非常強烈?！笨芍?，激光光束強是因為它的光束沒有分散，而是集中成針尖大小的光束，所以A選項正確。

4.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)“Noknives,nounwanteddamage—truesurgicalwonder.Operationswhichonceleftpatientsexhaustedandinneedoflongperiodsofrecoverytimenowleavethemfeelingrelaxedandcomfortable.沒有刀，沒有不必要的傷害——真正的外科奇跡。手術(shù)曾經(jīng)讓病人精疲力竭，需要很長時間的恢復，現(xiàn)在讓他們感到放松和舒適。”可知，使用激光做外科手術(shù)，可以讓病人遭受極少的痛苦，B選項正確。

6.單選題

InhistypicallyAmericanopenstyleofcommunication,Mr.HayesconfrontedIsabetaaboutnotlookingathim.Reluctantly,sheexplainedwhy.AsanewcomerfromMexico,shehadbeentaughttoavoideyecontactasamarkofrespecttoauthorityfigures,teachers,employers,parents.Mr.Hayesdidnotknowthis.HetheninformedherthatmostAmericasinterpretlackofeyecontactasdisrespectanddeviousness.Ultimately,heconvincedIsabelatotryandchangeherhabit,whichsheslowlydid.

PeoplefrommanyAsian,LatinAmerican,andCaribbeanculturesalsoavoideyecontactasasignofrespect.ManyAfricanAmericas,especiallyfromtheSouth,observethiscustom,too.Amaster’sthesisbySamuelAvoian,agraduatestudentatCentralMissouriStateUniversity,tellshowmisinterpretingeye-contactcustomscanhaveanegativeimpactwhenwhitefootballcoachesrecruitAfricanAmericanplayersfortheteams.

Hereportsthat,whenspeaking,whitecommunicatorsusuallylookawayfromthelistener,onlyperiodicallyglancingatthem.Theydotheopposite,whenlisteningtheyareexpectedtolookatthespeakerallthetime.

ManyAfricanAmericascommunicateinanoppositeway.Whenspeaking,theytendtoconstantlystareatthelistener;whenlistening,theymostlylookaway.Therefore,ifwhitesportsrecruitersarenotinformedaboutthesesignificantdifferences,theycanbemisledaboutinterestandattentivenesswheninterviewingprospectiveAfricanAmericanballplayers.

InmulticulturalAmerica,issuesofeyecontacthavebroughtaboutsocialconflictsoftwodifferentkindsinmanyurbancenters;non-KoreancustomersbecameangrywhenKoreanshopkeepersdidnotlookatthemdirectly.Thecustomerstranslatedthelackofeyecontactasasignofdisrespect,ahabitblamedforcontributingtotheopenconfrontationtakingplacebetweensomeAsiansandAfricanAmericasinNewYork,Texas,andCalifornia.ManyteacherstoohaveprovidedstoriesaboutclassroomconflictsbasedontheirmisunderstandingAsianandLatinAmericanchildren’lackofeyecontactasbeingdisrespectful.

Ontheotherhand,directeyecontacthasnowtakenonanewmeaningamongtheyoungergenerationandacrossethnicborders.Particularlyinurbancenters,whenoneteenagerlooksdirectlyatanother,thisisconsideredaprovocation,sometimescalledmad-dogging,andcanleadtophysicalconflict.

Mad-dogginghasbecomethesourceofmanycampusconflicts.Inonehighschool,itresultedinafightbetweenCambodiannewcomersandAfrican-Americanstudents.TheCambodianshadbeenstaringattheotherstudentsmerelytolearnhowAmericansbehave,yettheothersmisinterpretedtheCambodians'intentionsandthefightbegan.

Mad-doggingseemstobeconnectedwiththeavoidanceofeyecontactasasignofrespect.Thus,intheurbancontemporaryyouthscene,ifonelooksdirectlyatanother,thisdisrespects,or"disses"thatperson.Muchlikethearchaicphrase"Idemandsatisfaction”，whichbecametheoverturetoaduel,mad-doggingmaybecomeapreludetoaphysicalencounter.AttheentrancestoUniversalStudio’s"CityWalk"attractioninLosAngeles,theyhavepostedCodeofConductsigns.Thesecondrulewarnsagainst"physicallyoverballythreateninganyperson,fighting,annoyingothersthroughnoisyorboisterousactivitiesorbyunnecessarystaring..."

1.ManyAfricanAmericansfromtheSouth（

）.

2.Whenlisteningtotheothers,whitecommunicatorstendto

（

）.

3.ManycustomersinAmericancitiesareangrywithKoreanshopkeepersbecause（

）.

4.Mad-doggingrefersto

（

）.

5.Thearchaicphrase,"Idemandsatisfaction"（

）.

問題1選項

A.adoptatypicallyAmericanopenstyleofcommunication

B.oftenmisinterpretthemeaningofeyecontact

C.avoideyecontactasasignofrespect

D.aretaughttoavoideyecontactwhenevertellingtotheothers

問題2選項

A.lookatthespeakerallthetime

B.glanceatthespeakerperiodically

C.lookawayfromthespeaker

D.stareatthespeaker

問題3選項

A.Koreanshopkeepersdonotlookatthemdirectly

B.theyexpectamoreenthusiasticreflectionfromtheshopkeepers

C.therearesomesocialconflictsinmanyurbancenters

D.theyarenotinformedaboutdifferencebetweencultures

問題4選項

A.thesourceofmanycampusconflictsacrossethnicbordersinurbancenters

B.physicalconflictamongtheyoungergenerationinurbancenters

C.alackofeyecontactasasignofrespect

D.aprovocationfromoneteenagertoanotherofadifferentethnicbackground

問題5選項

A.wasconnectedwiththeavoidanceofeyecontact

B.oftenledtoafight

C.wasasignofdisrespect

D.oftenresultedinsomekindofmisinterpretation

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。題干詢問‘許多非洲裔美國人來自南方…。’由第二段中第一句“PeoplefrommanyAsian,LatinAmerican,andCaribbeanculturesalsoavoideyecontactasasignofrespect.ManyAfricanAmericas,especiallyfromtheSouth,observethiscustom,too.很多亞洲、拉丁美洲和加勒比海文化的人也通過避開眼神來表示尊敬。很多非裔美國人，尤其是來自南部的那些人，也遵守這個風俗?！贝_定C選項“避開眼神接觸作為尊敬的表示”正確。

2.細節(jié)事實題。題干詢問‘當聽到別人說話時，白人交流者傾向于…’。由第三段第二句“Theydotheopposite,whenlisteningtheyareexpectedtolookatthespeakerallthetime.他們做的正好相反，當他們在聽的時候，他們總是要看著說話的人?！贝_定A選項“一直看著講話者”正確。

3.細節(jié)事實題。題干詢問‘許多美國城市的顧客對韓國店主感到憤怒，因為…’。由第五段中第二句“non-KoreancustomersbecameangrywhenKoreanshopkeepersdidnotlookatthemdirectly.當韓國人店主沒有直視他們時，非韓國顧客會變得生氣?！贝_定A選項“韓國人店主沒有直視他們”正確。

4.細節(jié)事實題。題干詢問‘Mad-dogging指的是…’。由倒數(shù)第四段第二句"Particularlyinurbancenters,whenoneteenagerlooksdirectlyatanother,thisisconsideredaprovocation,sometimescalledmad-dogging,andcanleadtophysicalconflict.尤其是在城市中心，當一個青少年直視另一個青少年時，這被認為是一種挑釁，有時被稱為“瘋狂跟蹤”，并可能導致身體沖突。”確定D選項“一個青少年對另外一位來自不同文化背景的青少年的一種挑釁”正確。

5.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘古老的短語“我要求滿足”…’。由倒數(shù)第二段第三句“Muchlikethearchaicphrase"Idemandsatisfaction",whichbecametheoverturetoaduel,mad-doggingmaybecomeapreludetoaphysicalencounter.就像古老的短語“我要求滿足”(Idemandsatisfaction)成為決斗的序曲一樣，冷眼盯著可能成為身體接觸的前奏。”確定B選項“經(jīng)常導致打架”正確。

7.單選題

Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotograph’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineartasdistinctfrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcentury,thedefenceofphotographywayidenticalwiththestruggletoestablishitasafineart.Againstthechargethatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofrealityphotographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.

Ironically,nowthatphotographyissecurelyestablishedasafineart,manyphotographersfinditpretentiousorirrelevanttolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersvariouslyclaimtobefinding,recording,impartiallyobserving,witnessingevents,exploringthemselves-anythingbutmakingworksofart.Theyarenolongerwillingtodebatewhetherphotographyisorisnotafineart,excepttoproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithart.ItshowstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism:thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.

Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreabouttheharriedstatusofthecontemporarynotionofartthanaboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Forexample,thosephotographerswhosupposethat,bytakingpictures,theyaregettingawayfromthepretensionsofartasexemplifiedbypaintingremindusofthoseAbstractExpressionistpainterswhoimaginedtheyweregettingawayfromtheintellectualausterityofclassicalModernistpaintingbyconcentratingonthephysicalactofpainting.Muchofphotography’sprestigetodayderivesfromtheconvergenceofitsaimswiththoseofrecentart,particularlywiththedismissalofabstractartimplicitinthephenomenonofPoppaintingduringthe1960’s.Appreciatingphotographsisarelieftosensibilitiestiredofthementalexertionsdemandedbyabstractart.ClassicalModernistpainting—thatis,abstractartasdevelopedindifferentwaysbyPicasso,Kandinsky,andMatissepresupposeshighlydevelopedskillsoflookingandafamiliaritywithotherpaintingsandthehistoryofart.Photography,likePoppainting,reassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart.Photography,however,hasdevelopedalltheanxietiesandself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthepromotionofphotographyasanactivitysubver