2022年考研考博-考博英語-國防科技大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)78

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-國防科技大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Therelativeswhoreceivedlittleornothingsoughttoinvalidatethewillbyclaimingthatthedeceasedhadnotbeeninhisrightmindwhenhehadsignedthedocument.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.destroy

B.inveigh

C.mandate

D.strengthen

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。題干invalidate“使無效，使作廢”。A項(xiàng)“摧毀，破壞”，B項(xiàng)“抨擊，痛罵”，C項(xiàng)“授權(quán)”，D項(xiàng)“加強(qiáng)，增強(qiáng)”。因此選A。句意：幾乎沒有或什么也沒有得到的親戚聲稱，死者在簽署文件時(shí)精神不正常，遺囑無效。

2.單選題

Fewpeoplestill______lawyersandpoliticiansmerelybecauseofthepositionstheyhold.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.venerate

B.revere

C.acclaim

D.accolade

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)venerate“崇敬，尊敬”，尤指對被認(rèn)為神圣或重要的人或事物表示尊敬、崇敬；B項(xiàng)revere“敬畏，尊敬”，指對某人或某事物極為尊敬或欽佩；C項(xiàng)acclaim“稱贊，為……喝彩”，D項(xiàng)accolade為名詞，表示“贊揚(yáng)，表揚(yáng)”。根據(jù)句子可知，空格處需要填入一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞，D項(xiàng)排除。根據(jù)句子意思“很少人仍然……律師和政治家，僅僅因?yàn)樗麄兯鶕碛械穆毼弧笨芍?，空格處填入“尊敬”符合，只有B項(xiàng)正確。句意：現(xiàn)在很少有人僅僅因?yàn)槁蓭熀驼偷穆毼欢鹁此麄儭Ｒ虼?，該題選擇B項(xiàng)。

3.單選題

—Excuseme,sir.Wouldyoudomeafavor?

—Ofcourse.Whatisit?

—I______ifyoucouldtellmehowtofilloutthisform.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.hadwondered

B.waswondering

C.wouldwonder

D.hadbeenwondering

【答案】B

【解析】考查語法。wonder表示“想知道，感到疑惑”，后面接if或者whether可以引導(dǎo)賓語從句，常用來表示一種委婉的請求或者疑問。這個(gè)句子表達(dá)的是一種委婉的請求，根據(jù)之前的語境可知，這里表達(dá)的是“我剛剛一直在想……”，所以要用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，B項(xiàng)符合。A項(xiàng)是過去完成時(shí)，D項(xiàng)是過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，但是句子并不是基于事情發(fā)生在過去的一個(gè)狀態(tài)，所以A、D選項(xiàng)排除。C選項(xiàng)表示將來。句意：我想知道您能否告訴我如何填寫這張表格。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)。

4.單選題

ManystatesinAmericahavepassedlawsthatsaychildrencannotbeenrolledinschoolsordaycareunlesstheyhavebeen______againsttetanus,diphtheria,measles,mumpsandwhoppingcough.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.diagnosed

B.concurred

C.immunized

D.infected

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)diagnose表示“診斷，斷定”，B項(xiàng)concur表示“同意，一致，互助”，C項(xiàng)immunize表示“賦予免疫性，（尤指通過注射疫苗）使免疫”，D項(xiàng)infect表示“感染，傳染”。根據(jù)unless（除非）可知，后面的句子表示條件，結(jié)合前面的句子childrencannotbeenrolledinschoolsordaycare（兒童不能上學(xué)或上托兒所）以及后面的tetanus（破傷風(fēng)）、diphtheria（白喉）等詞，可知“使免疫”符合語境。句意：美國許多州都通過了法律，規(guī)定兒童不能上學(xué)或上托兒所，除非他們已經(jīng)接種了預(yù)防破傷風(fēng)、白喉、麻疹、腮腺炎和百日咳的疫苗。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

5.翻譯題

Whethertheyaremaleorfemale,adolescentsfeellikedecidingoneverythingthemselvesinspiteofparents’instruction,especiallywhentheyfaceproblemslikesex,mentalstress,etc.,whichmakethemfeelashamedandembarrassed.Thustheyoftenautomaticallygetintotroublesduetotheirimperfectcomprehensionandjudgment.Someareaddictedtocigarettes,onlyseveralpacketsofwhichwillhurttheirlingsandmakethembreathlessquickly.Othercan’tquitdrinkingalcohol,whoseharmfuleffectsincludescausingyoungpregnantwomentoabortorgivebirthtoabnormalbabies.Theworstisdrugabuse,forthewithdrawalistoughoncetheirbodiesareaccustomedtothedrugs.Meanwhile,thosewhoshareneedlesboughtfromillegalchemistsareatgreatriskofbeinginfectedwithdesperateAIDS.Ifso,neitherinjectingnortakingpillscanguaranteetheirsurvival.

However,don’tbedisappointedatorhaveprejudiceagainstourchildrensoeasily.Afterall,beingawkwardisanappendixofyouth.Aslongaswestrengthencommunicationwiththeminsteadofonlybanningthisorbanningthat,wewillsurelyhelpthemavoidanythingunfit.

【答案】參考譯文：

不論男女，青少年們都喜歡不顧家長的指導(dǎo)，自己對一切作決定，特別是當(dāng)他們面對如性、心理壓力等等一些使他們覺得羞愧和尷尬的問題時(shí)更是如此。因此，由于他們理解力和判斷力的不足，他們常常會(huì)無意識(shí)地陷入困境中。有的對香煙上癮，只要幾包就會(huì)對他們的肺造成損害，使他們很容易就氣喘吁吁；有的沒法戒酒，喝酒帶來的不良后果包括造成年輕的懷孕女性流產(chǎn)或生下不正常的嬰兒；最糟糕的是濫用毒品，因?yàn)橐坏┧麄兊纳眢w對毒品習(xí)慣了，要想戒毒就相當(dāng)困難了。同時(shí)，那些共用從非法藥劑師處購買的注射器的青少年還承擔(dān)著感染令人絕望的艾滋病的極大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。一旦感染上，不管是打針還是吃藥都沒法保證他們的生存了。

然而，請不要輕易就對我們的孩子失望或抱有偏見，畢竟，不成熟是年輕的必然附屬品。只要我們加強(qiáng)和他們的溝通，而不是僅僅禁止這樣，不準(zhǔn)那樣，我們一定能幫助他們避開不健康的東西。

6.單選題

Donotbearmalicetowardhim;heisreallyagoodmanbynature.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.malignancy

B.hospitality

C.meticulousness

D.mischievousness

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項(xiàng)malignancy“惡性（腫瘤等），惡意”，B項(xiàng)hospitality“好客，殷勤”，C項(xiàng)meticulousness“謹(jǐn)小慎微”，D項(xiàng)mischievousness“惡作劇”。句意：你們不可對他懷惡意，他真是一個(gè)本性善良的人。根據(jù)句意可知，malice在句中表示“惡意”。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)。

7.單選題

Theshiftfromsilenttosoundfilmattheendofthe1920smarks,sofar,themostimportanttransformationinmotionpicturehistory.Despiteallthehighlyvisibletechnologicaldevelopmentsintheatricalandhomedeliveryofthemovingimagethathaveoccurredoverthedecadessincethen,nosingleinnovationhascomeclosetobeingregardedasasimilarkindofwatershed.Innearlyeverylanguage,howeverthewordsarephrased,themostbasicdivisionincinemahistoryliesbetweenfilmsthataremuteandfilmsthatspeak.

Yetthismostfundamentalstandardofhistoricalperiodizationconcealsahostofparadoxes.Nearlyeverymovietheater,howevermodest,hadapianoororgantoprovidemusicalaccompanimenttosilentpictures.Inmanyinstances,spectatorsintheerabeforerecordedsoundexperiencedelaborateauralpresentationsalongsidemovies’visualimages,fromtheJapanesebenshi(narrators)craftingmultivoiceddialoguenarrativestooriginalmusicalcompositionsperformedbysymphony-sizeorchestrasinEuropeandtheUnitedStates.InBerlin,forthepremiereperformanceoutsidetheSovietUnionofTheBattleshipPotemkin,filmdirectorSergeiEisensteinworkedwithAustriancomposerEdmundMeisel(1874-1930)onamusicalscorematchingsoundtoimage;theBerlinscreeningswithlivemusichelpedtobringthefilmitswideinternationalfame.

Beyondthat,thetriumphofrecordedsoundhasovershadowedtherichdiversityoftechnologicalandaestheticexperimentswiththevisualimagethatweregoingforwardsimultaneouslyinthe1920s.Newcolorprocesses,largerordifferentlyshapedscreensizes,multiple-screenprojections,eventelevision,wereamongthedevelopmentsinventedortriedoutduringtheperiod,sometimeswithstartlingsuccess.Thehighcostsofconvertingtosoundandtheearlylimitationsofsoundtechnologywereamongthefactorsthatsuppressedinnovationsorretardedadvancementintheseotherareas.Theintroductionofnewscreenformatswasputoffforaquartercentury,andcolor,thoughutilizedoverthenexttwodecadesforspecialproductions,alsodidnotbecomeanormuntilthe1950s.

Thoughitmaybedifficulttoimaginefromalaterperspective,astrainofcriticalopinioninthe1920spredictedthatsoundfilmwouldbeatechnicalnoveltythatwouldsoonfadefromsight,justashadmanypreviousattempts,datingwellbackbeforetheFirstWorldWar,tolinkimageswithrecordedsound.Thesecriticsweremakingacommonassumption—thatthetechnologicalinadequaciesofearlierefforts(poorsynchronization,weaksoundamplification,fragilesoundrecordings)wouldinvariablyoccuragain.Tobesure,theirevaluationofthetechnicalflawsin1920ssoundexperimentswasnotsofaroffthemark,yettheyneglectedtotakeintoaccountimportantnewforcesinthemotionpicturefieldthat,inasense,wouldnottakenoforananswer.

Theseforcesweretherapidlyexpandingelectronicsandtelecommunicationscompaniesthatweredevelopingandlinkingtelephoneandwirelesstechnologiesinthe1920s.IntheUnitedStates,theyincludedsuchfirmsasAmericanTelephoneandTelegraph,GeneralElectric,andWestinghouse.Theywereinterestedinallformsofsoundtechnologyandallpotentialrevenuesforcommercialexploitation.TheircompetitionandcollaborationwerecreatingthebroadcastingindustryintheUnitedStates,beginningwiththeintroductionofcommercialradioprogrammingintheearly1920s.Withfinancialassetsconsiderablygreaterthanthoseinthemotionpictureindustry,andperhapsawidervisionoftherelationshipsamongentertainmentandcommunicationsmedia,theyrevitalizedresearchintorecordingsoundformotionpictures.

In1929theUnitedStatesmotionpictureindustryreleasedmorethan300soundfilms—aroughfigure,sinceanumberweresilentfilmswithmusictracks,orfilmspreparedindualversions,totakeaccountofthemanycinemasnotyetwiredforsound.Attheproductionlevel,intheUnitedStatestheconversionwasvirtuallycompleteby1930.InEuropeittookalittlelonger,mainlybecausethereweremoresmallproducersforwhomthecostsofsoundwereprohibitive,andinotherpartsoftheworldproblemswithrightsoraccesstoequipmentdelayedtheshifttosoundproductionforafewmoreyears(thoughcinemasinmajorcitiesmayhavebeenwiredinordertoplayforeignsoundfilms).Thetriumphofsoundcinemawasswift,complete,andenormouslypopular.

46.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingisthemostsignificantdevelopmentinthehistoryoffilm?

47.Whydoestheauthormention“Japanesebenshi”and“originalmusicalcompositions”?

48.Theunderlinedword“overshadowed”inparagraph3isclosestinmeaningto______.

49.WhichofthefollowingaccountsforthedelayintheconversiontosoundfilmsinEurope?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Thetechnologicalinnovationofsoundfilmduringthe1920’s.

B.Theinventionofamethodfordeliveringmoviestopeople’shome.

C.Thedevelopmentofatechnologyfortranslatingfilmsintootherlanguages.

D.Thetechnologicalimprovementsallowingclearerimagesinfilms.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Tosuggestthataudiencespreferredotherformsofentertainmenttofilmbeforethetransitiontosoundinthe1920’s.

B.Toprovideexamplesofsomeofthefirstsoundsthatwererecordedforfilm.

C.Toindicatesomewaysinwhichsoundaccompaniedfilmbeforetheinnovationofsoundinthelate1920’s.

D.Toshowhowtheuseofsoundinfilmschangedduringdifferenthistoricalperiods.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.distractedfrom

B.explained

C.conducted

D.coordinatedwith

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Europeanproducersoftenlackedknowledgeaboutthenecessaryequipmentforthetransitiontosoundfilms.

B.SmallerEuropeanproducerswereoftenunabletoaffordtoaddsoundtotheirfilms.

C.Itwasoftendifficulttowireoldercinemasinthemajorcitiestoplaysoundfilms.

D.SmallerEuropeanproducersbelievedthatsilentfilmswithmusicaccompanimentwereaestheticallysuperiortosoundfilms.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】46.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“根據(jù)第一段，下面哪個(gè)是電影史上最重要的發(fā)展？”。根據(jù)第一段第一句Theshiftfromsilenttosoundfilmattheendofthe1920smarks,sofar,themostimportanttransformationinmotionpicturehistory.（20世紀(jì)20年代末，無聲電影向有聲電影的轉(zhuǎn)變標(biāo)志著電影史上迄今為止最重要的轉(zhuǎn)變。）可知，電影史上最重要的發(fā)展是從無聲電影到有聲電影的轉(zhuǎn)變，A項(xiàng)“20世紀(jì)20年代有聲電影的技術(shù)革新”正確。由第二句話Despiteallthehighlyvisibletechnologicaldevelopmentsintheatricalandhomedeliveryofthemovingimagethathaveoccurredoverthedecadessincethen,nosingleinnovationhascomeclosetobeingregardedasasimilarkindofwatershed.（盡管從那以后的幾十年里，在戲劇和家庭中移動(dòng)影像的傳輸方面出現(xiàn)了所有高度可見的技術(shù)發(fā)展，但沒有任何一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)新能夠被視為類似的分水嶺。）可知，B項(xiàng)“一種把電影送到人們家里的方法的發(fā)明”、C項(xiàng)“將電影翻譯成其他語言的技術(shù)的發(fā)展”和D項(xiàng)“技術(shù)的改進(jìn)使電影中的圖像更加清晰”都不是。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

47.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“為什么作者提及‘日本配音師’和‘原創(chuàng)音樂作品’？”。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第二段第三句Inmanyinstances,spectatorsintheerabeforerecordedsoundexperiencedelaborateauralpresentationsalongsidemovies’visualimages,fromtheJapanesebenshi(narrators)craftingmultivoiceddialoguenarrativestooriginalmusicalcompositionsperformedbysymphony-sizeorchestrasinEuropeandtheUnitedStates.（在許多情況下，在有聲電影出現(xiàn)之前的時(shí)代，觀眾在體驗(yàn)電影視覺圖像的同時(shí)，也體驗(yàn)了精心制作的聽覺呈現(xiàn)，從日本配音師，即敘述者，制作的多聲音對話敘事到歐美交響樂團(tuán)演奏的原創(chuàng)音樂作品。），從中我們可以推斷，在有聲電影出現(xiàn)之前，觀眾在觀看無聲電影時(shí)，也能夠體驗(yàn)到精心制作的聽覺呈現(xiàn)，包括對話敘事和原創(chuàng)音樂，這是說明聲音陪伴電影的方式，C項(xiàng)“指出在20世紀(jì)20年代后期聲音發(fā)明之前，聲音陪伴電影的一些方式”符合題意，由此也可知A項(xiàng)“暗示在20世紀(jì)20年代向有聲電影過渡之前，觀眾更喜歡其他形式的娛樂”錯(cuò)誤。B項(xiàng)“提供一些為電影錄制的最初聲音的例子”，提供例子的目的本身就是為了說明有聲電影之前，聲音陪伴電影的一些方式，該項(xiàng)不正確；D項(xiàng)“展示電影中聲音的使用在不同的歷史時(shí)期是如何變化的”，第二段并沒有論述歷史時(shí)期的變化，D項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

48.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】語義推測題。題干意思是“第三段中下劃線的單詞overshadowed的意思與……最接近”。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段第一句Beyondthat,thetriumphofrecordedsoundhasovershadowedtherichdiversityoftechnologicalandaestheticexperimentswiththevisualimagethatweregoingforwardsimultaneouslyinthe1920s.（除此之外，錄制聲音的勝利已經(jīng)……20世紀(jì)20年代同時(shí)發(fā)展的視覺圖像技術(shù)和美學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)的豐富多樣性），第一段提到20世紀(jì)20年代發(fā)生了電影史上最大的轉(zhuǎn)變，即從無聲電影向有聲電影轉(zhuǎn)變，那么可以推測，這里的overshadowed指的是：錄制聲音的勝利已經(jīng)蓋過/超過了20世紀(jì)20年代同時(shí)發(fā)展的一些技術(shù)，那么四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中意思與之相近的是A項(xiàng)“轉(zhuǎn)移，使從……分心”。B項(xiàng)“解釋”、C項(xiàng)“引導(dǎo)，指揮”和D項(xiàng)“使協(xié)調(diào)，配合”都不符合。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

49.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“下列哪項(xiàng)解釋了歐洲電影向有聲電影轉(zhuǎn)變的延遲？”。根據(jù)最后一段中的InEuropeittookalittlelonger,mainlybecausethereweremoresmallproducersforwhomthecostsofsoundwereprohibitive（在歐洲花的時(shí)間要長一些，主要是因?yàn)橛懈嗟男≈谱髡?，對他們來說聲音成本高得令人望而卻步）可知，歐洲電影向有聲電影轉(zhuǎn)變的推遲是因?yàn)槁曇舫杀咎?，小的制片人?fù)擔(dān)不起，B項(xiàng)“較小的歐洲制片人往往無力為他們的電影添加聲音”正確。A項(xiàng)“歐洲制片人往往缺乏向有聲電影過渡所需設(shè)備的知識(shí)”和D項(xiàng)“較小的歐洲制片人認(rèn)為有音樂伴奏的無聲電影在美學(xué)上優(yōu)于有聲電影”沒有提到；由andinotherpartsoftheworldproblemswithrightsoraccesstoequipmentdelayedtheshifttosoundproductionforafewmoreyears(thoughcinemasinmajorcitiesmayhavebeenwiredinordertoplayforeignsoundfilms)（在世界的其他地方，由于權(quán)利和設(shè)備的問題，聲音制作的轉(zhuǎn)變又推遲了幾年，盡管大城市的電影院可能已經(jīng)安裝了設(shè)備以播放外國有聲電影。）可知，C項(xiàng)“給大城市里的老電影院安裝電線播放有聲電影常常是困難的”并不符合原文。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Hecan’tmaintainenoughequilibriumtorideabike.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.courage

B.composure

C.silence

D.balance

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項(xiàng)courage“勇氣，膽量”，B項(xiàng)composure“鎮(zhèn)靜，沉著”，C項(xiàng)silence“沉默，寂靜”，D項(xiàng)balance“平衡，余額”。句意：他騎自行車不能保持足夠的平衡。根據(jù)句意可知，equilibrium在句中表示“平衡”。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)。

9.單選題

Shewassoabsorbedinreadingthatnoisecouldnot______her.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.dismiss

B.dispatch

C.disperse

D.distract

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)dismiss“解散，解雇，開除”，B項(xiàng)dispatch“派遣，發(fā)送，迅速處理”，C項(xiàng)disperse“分散，使散開”，D項(xiàng)distract“轉(zhuǎn)移，分心”。由beabsorbedin（全神貫注于）和so…that…（如此……以至于……）可知，D項(xiàng)符合。句意：她全神貫注地讀書，喧鬧聲不能使她分心。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)。

10.單選題

Sincetheeconomicreform,withprices______somuch,itishardforthemanykindnessesyouhaveshownmyson.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.swinging

B.waving

C.fluctuating

D.vibrating

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)swing“搖擺”，B項(xiàng)wave“揮手，揮手示意”，C項(xiàng)fluctuate“波動(dòng)，漲落”，D項(xiàng)vibrate“振動(dòng)，顫動(dòng)”。空格部分是一個(gè)with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，所以空格處要填入一個(gè)動(dòng)詞與price（價(jià)格）搭配，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有C項(xiàng)最符合。句意：自從經(jīng)濟(jì)改革以來，物價(jià)波動(dòng)如此之大，您對我兒子的好意實(shí)在難以接受。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)。

11.單選題

Lodger:I’mterriblysorrythatIbrokeyourpreciousvase.I’llpayforit.

Landlady:____________________

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Can’tcomplain.

B.Nevermind.

C.Relaxyourself.

D.Takecare.

【答案】B

【解析】考查語義。句意：對不起，我打碎了你珍貴的花瓶，我會(huì)賠的。。別人因損害了自己的利益或冒犯了自己而道歉時(shí)，客氣的應(yīng)答為nevermind“沒關(guān)系”，所以B符合；A項(xiàng)“(生活/工作)還行”，C項(xiàng)“放松點(diǎn)”，D項(xiàng)“保重”，都不符合對話場景。

12.單選題

Aidedbytherecentabilitytoanalyzesamplesofairtrappedglaciers,scientistsnowhaveaclearerideaoftherelationshipbetweenatmosphericcompositionandglobaltemperaturechangeoverthepast160,000years.Inparticular,determinationofatmosphericcompositionduringperiodsofglacialexpansionandretreat(coolingandwarming)ispossibleusingdatafromthe2,000-meterVostokicecoredrilledinAntarctica.Thetechniqueinvolvedissimilartothatusedinanalyzingcoresofmarinesediments,wheretheratioofthetwocommonisotopesofoxygen,180and160,accuratelyreflectspasttemperaturechanges.IsotopicanalysisofoxygenintheVostokcoresuggestsmainglobaltemperaturefluctuationsofupto10degreescentigradeoverthepast160,000years.DatafromtheVostokcorealsoindicatethattheamountofCarbondioxidehasfluctuatedwithtemperatureoverthesameperiod:thehigherthetemperature,thehighertheconcentrationofcarbondioxideandthelowerthetemperature,thelowertheconcentration.Althoughchangeincarbondioxidecontentcloselyfollowschangeintemperatureduringperiodsofdeglaciation,itapparentlylagsbehindtemperatureduringperiodsofcooling.Thecorrelationofcarbondioxidewithtemperature,ofcourse,doesnotestablishwhetherchangesinatmosphericcompositioncausedthewarmingandcoolingtrendsorwerecausedbythem.ThecorrelationbetweencarbondioxideandtemperaturethroughouttheVostokrecordisconsistentandpredictable.Theabsolutetemperaturechanges,however,arefrom5to14timesgreaterthanwouldbeexpectedonthebasisofcarbondioxide’sownabilitytoabsorbinfraredradiation,orradiantheat.Thisreactionsuggeststhat,quiteasidefromchangesinheat-trappinggases,commonlyknownasgreenhousegases,certainpositivefeedbacksarealsoamplifyingthetemperaturechange.Suchfeedbacksmightinvolveiceonlandandsea,clouds,orwatervapor,whichalsoabsorbradiantheat.OtherdatafromtheVostokcoreshowthatmethanegasalsocorrelatescloselywithtemperatureandcarbondioxide.Themethaneconcentrationnearlydoubled,forexample,betweenthepeakofthepenultimateglacialperiodandthefollwinginterglacialperiod.Withinthepresentinterglacialperiodithasmorethandoubledinjustthepast300yearsandisrisingrapidly.Althoughtheconcentrationofatmosphericmethaneismorethantwoordersofmagnitudelowerthanthatofcarbondioxide,itcannotbeignored:theradiativepropertiesofmethanemakeit20timesmoreeffective,moleculeformolecule,thancarbondioxideinabsorbingradiantheat.Onthebasisofasimulationmodelthatclimatologicalresearchershavedeveloped,methaneappearstohavebeenabout25percentasimportantascarbondioxideinthewarmingthattookplaceduringthemostrecentglacialretreat8,000to10,000yearsago.

50.Thepassageprovidesinformationtosupportwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutmethane?

51.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribestherelationshipbetweencarbondioxideandglobaltemperature?

52.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatalong-termdecreaseintheconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmospherewould______.

53.ThepassagesuggeststhatwhenthemethaneconcentrationintheEarth’satmospheredecreases,whichofthefollowingalsohappens?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Methaneismoreeffectivethancarbondioxideinabsorbingradiantheat.

B.Thelessthemethaneconcentration,themorethecloudsformedintheEarth’satmosphere.

C.ThehighertheconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphere;thelowertheconcentrationofmethane.

D.Mostoftheglobalwarmingthathasoccurredduringthepast10yearshasbeenassociatedwithincreasedmethaneconcentration.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Carbondioxidelevelschangeimmediatelyinresponsetochangesintemperature.

B.Carbondioxidelevelscorrelatewithglobaltemperatureduringcoolingperiodsonly.

C.Oncecarbondioxidelevelsincrease,theyremainhighregardlessofchangesinglobaltemperature.

D.Duringcoolingperiods,carbondioxidelevelsinitiallyremainhighandthendecline.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.increasemethaneconcentrationintheEarth’satmosphere

B.accompanyaperiodofglaciation

C.encouragetheformationofmoreoxygenisotopesintheEarth’satmosphere

D.promotetheformationofmorewaterintheEarth’sglobalenvironment

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Glaciersmeltfaster.

B.Theconcentrationofcarbondioxideincreases.

C.Theglobaltemperaturedecreases.

D.Carbondioxideabsorbsmoreradiantheat.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:C

【解析】50.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“這篇文章提供了信息來支持下面關(guān)于甲烷的哪個(gè)陳述？”。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二句Althoughtheconcentrationofatmosphericmethaneismorethantwoordersofmagnitudelowerthanthatofcarbondioxide,itcannotbeignored:theradiativepropertiesofmethanemakeit20timesmoreeffective,moleculeformolecule,thancarbondioxideinabsorbingradiantheat.（盡管大氣中甲烷濃度的數(shù)量級(jí)，比二氧化碳低兩個(gè)量級(jí)還多，但不能忽略：單個(gè)分子比較來看，甲烷的輻射特性，導(dǎo)致它吸收輻射熱的效率是二氧化碳的20倍。）可知，A項(xiàng)“甲烷在吸收輻射熱方面比二氧化碳更有效”正確；B項(xiàng)“甲烷濃度越少，地球大氣中形成的云就越多”、C項(xiàng)“地球大氣中二氧化碳的濃度越高，甲烷的濃度越低”和D項(xiàng)“過去10年發(fā)生的大部分全球變暖都與甲烷濃度增加有關(guān)”都沒有提到。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

51.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“根據(jù)文章，下面哪個(gè)陳述最好地描述了二氧化碳和全球溫度之間的關(guān)系？”。根據(jù)文中的DatafromtheVostokcorealsoindicatethattheamountofCarbondioxidehasfluctuatedwithtemperatureoverthesameperiod:thehigherthetemperature,thehighertheconcentrationofcarbondioxideandthelowerthetemperature,thelowertheconcentration.Althoughchangeincarbondioxidecontentcloselyfollowschangeintemperatureduringperiodsofdeglaciation,itapparentlylagsbehindtemperatureduringperiodsofcooling.（Vostok巖心的數(shù)據(jù)還表明，同一時(shí)期二氧化碳的含量隨溫度波動(dòng)：溫度越高，二氧化碳濃度越高，溫度越低，二氧化碳濃度越低。盡管二氧化碳含量的變化緊跟在冰川消退時(shí)期的溫度變化之后，但在冷卻時(shí)期，二氧化碳含量的變化明顯滯后于溫度。）可知，在冷卻期間，二氧化碳的水平先是保持之前的高水平，隨后下降，D項(xiàng)“在冷卻期間，二氧化碳水平最初保持在高位，然后下降”正確；A項(xiàng)“二氧化碳水平會(huì)隨著溫度的變化而立即變化”錯(cuò)誤，在冷卻時(shí)期二氧化碳水平明顯滯后于溫度；B項(xiàng)“只有在冷卻期間，二氧化碳水平才與全球溫度相關(guān)”和C項(xiàng)“一旦二氧化碳水平增加，無論全球溫度如何變化，它們都保持高水平”均不符合原文。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

52.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“從這篇文章中可以推斷出，地球大氣中二氧化碳濃度的長期下降將會(huì)……”。根據(jù)Althoughchangeincarbondioxidecontentcloselyfollowschangeintemperatureduringperiodsofdeglaciation,itapparentlylagsbehindtemperatureduringperiodsofcooling.（盡管二氧化碳含量的變化緊跟在冰川消退時(shí)期的溫度變化之后，但在冷卻時(shí)期，二氧化碳含量的變化明顯滯后于溫度。）來推斷，在冰消時(shí)期，二氧化碳的含量變化是緊跟冰消時(shí)期的溫度變化而變化，冰消時(shí)期溫度是升高的，所以二氧化碳含量會(huì)增高；而在冷卻時(shí)期，即冰川時(shí)期，溫度下降二氧化碳含量也會(huì)下降，只是滯后于溫度的變化；由此可以推斷，如果二氧化碳的含量長期下降，溫度肯定是比二氧化碳的含量下降的更明顯，所以將會(huì)伴隨著冰川時(shí)期，故B項(xiàng)“伴隨冰川時(shí)期”正確；根據(jù)最后一句methaneappearstohavebeenabout25percentasimportantascarbondioxideinthewarmingthattookplaceduringthemostrecentglacialretreat8,000to10,000yearsago.（在8000到10000年前的最近一次冰川消退中，甲烷大約提供了相當(dāng)于二氧化碳25%的貢獻(xiàn)。）可知，甲烷和二氧化碳一樣，二氧化碳濃度的長期下降，甲烷可能也會(huì)下降，A項(xiàng)“增加地球大氣中的甲烷濃度”錯(cuò)誤；文中并沒有闡述氧同位素和溫度的關(guān)系，C項(xiàng)“鼓勵(lì)地球大氣中更多氧同位素的形成”錯(cuò)誤；文中沒有提到二氧化碳的含量和水有直接關(guān)系，D項(xiàng)“促進(jìn)地球環(huán)境中更多水的形成”不選。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

53.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“文章指出，當(dāng)?shù)厍虼髿庵械募淄闈舛冉档蜁r(shí)，下列哪一種情況也會(huì)發(fā)生？”。根據(jù)文中的OtherdatafromtheVostokcoreshowthatmethanegasalsocorrelatescloselywithtemperatureandcarbondioxide.（Vostok核的其他數(shù)據(jù)顯示，甲烷氣體也與溫度和二氧化碳密切相關(guān)。），以及最后一句methaneappearstohavebeenabout25percentasimportantascarbondioxideinthewarmingthattookplaceduringthemostrecentglacialretreat8,000to10,000yearsago.（在8000到10000年前的最近一次冰川消退中，甲烷大約提供了相當(dāng)于二氧化碳25%的貢獻(xiàn)。）可推斷，當(dāng)大氣中甲烷濃度降低時(shí)，二氧化碳含量可能同樣的下降了，那么可能會(huì)伴隨冰川時(shí)期，所以溫度會(huì)下降，C項(xiàng)“全球氣溫下降”正確；由此也知A項(xiàng)“冰川融化得更快”和B項(xiàng)“二氧化碳濃度增加”錯(cuò)誤；二氧化碳吸收輻射熱的多少和甲烷濃度沒有直接關(guān)系，D項(xiàng)“二氧化碳吸收更多的輻射熱”不選。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

13.單選題

AsGilbertWhite,Darwin,andothersobservedlongago,allspeciesappeartohavetheinnatecapacitytoincreasetheirnumbersfromgenerationtogeneration.Thetaskforecologistsistountangletheenvironmentalandbiologicalfactorsthatholdthisintrinsiccapacityforpopulationgrowthincheckdifferentpopulationsmakesthisoverthelongrun.Thegreatvarietyofdynamicbehaviorsexhibitedbydifferentpopulationsmakesthistaskmoredifficult:somepopulationsremainroughlyconstantfromyeartoyear;otherexhibitregularcyclesofabundanceandscarcity;stillothersvarywildly,withoutbreaksandcrashesthatareinsomecasesplainlycorrelatedwiththeweather,andinothercasesnot.

Toimposesomeorderonthiskaleidoscopeofpatterns,oneschoolofthoughtproposesdividingpopulationsintotwogroups.Theseecologistspositthattherelativelysteadypopulationshave“density-dependent”growthparameters;thatis,ratesofbirth,death,andmigrationwhichdependstronglyonpopulationdensity.Thehighlyvaryingpopulationshave“density-independent”growthparameters,withvital,ratesbuffetedbyenvironmentalevents;theseratesfluctuateinawaythatiswhollyindependentofpopulationdensity.

Thisdichotomyhasitsuses,butitcancauseproblemsiftakentooliterally.Foronethingnopopulationcanbedrivenentirelybydensity-independentfactorsallthetime.Nomatterhowseverelyorunpredictablybirth,deathandmigrationratesmaybefluctuatingaroundtheirlong-termaverages,iftherewerenodensity-dependenteffects,thepopulationwould,inthelongrun,eitherincreaseordecreasewithoutbound(barringamiraclebywhichgainsandlossescanceledexactly).Putanotherway,itmaybethatonaverage99percentofalldeathsinapopulationarisefromdensity-independentcauses,andonlyonepercentfromfactorsvaryingwithdensity.Thefactorsmakinguptheonepercentmayseemunimportant,andtheircausemaybecorrespondinglyhardtodetermine.Yet,whetherrecognizedornot,theywillusuallydeterminethelong-termaveragepopulationdensity.

Inordertounderstandthenatureoftheecologist’sinvestigation,wemaythinkofthedensity-dependenteffectsongrowthparametersasthe“signal”ecologistsaretryingtoisolateandinterpret,onethattendstomakethepopulationincreasefromrelativelylowvaluesordecreasefromrelativelyhighones,whilethedensity-independenteffectsacttoproduce“noise”inthepopulationdynamics.Forpopulationsthatremainrelativelyconstant,orthatoscillatearoundrepeatedcycles,thesignalcanbefairlyeasilycharacterizedanditseffectsdescribed,eventhoughthecausativebiologicalmechanismmayremainunknown.Forirregularlyfluctuatingpopulations,wearelikelytohavetoofewobservationstohaveanyhopeofextractingthesignalfromtheoverwhelmingnoise.Butitnowseemsclearthatallpopulationsareregulatedbyamixtureofdensity-dependentanddensity-independenteffectsinvaryingproportions.

58.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith______.

59.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorconsidersthedichotomydiscussedinparagraph2tobe______.

60.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?

61.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingbehaviorshavebeenexhibitedbydifferentpopulationsexcept______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.discussingtwocategoriesoffactorsthatcontrolpopulationgrowthandassessingtheirrelativeimportance

B.describinghowgrowthratesinnaturalpopulationsfluctuateovertimeandexplainingwhythesechangesoccur

C.proposingahypothesisconcerningpopulationsizesandsuggestingwaystotestit

D.posingafundamentalquestionaboutenvironmentalfactorsinpopulationgrowthandpresentingsomecurrentlyacceptedanswers

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.applicableonlytoerraticallyfluctuatingpopulations

B.useful,butonlyifitslimitationsarerecognized

C.dangerouslymisleadinginmostcircumstances

D.acompleteandsufficientwaytoaccountforobservedphenomena

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Forirregularlyfluctuatingpopulations,doublingthenumberofobservationsmadewillprobablyresultintheisolationofdensity-dependenteffects.

B.Density-dependenteffectsonpopulationdynamicsdonotoccurasfrequentlyasdodensity-independenteffects.

C.Atpresent,ecologistsdonotunderstandanyoftheunderlyingcausesofthedensity-dependenteffectstheyobserveinpopulationdynamics.

D.Itissometimespossibletoinfertheexistenceofadensity-dependentfactorcontrollingpopulationgrowthwithoutunderstandingitscausativemechanism.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.roughlyconstantpopulationlevelsfromyeartoyear

B.regularcyclesofincreasesanddecreasesinnumbers

C.erraticincreasesinnumberscorrelatedwiththeweather

D.increasefromrelativelyhighvalues

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:D

【解析】58.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】中心主旨題。題干意思是“在這篇文章中，作者主要關(guān)注……”。文章首先提出物種增長的現(xiàn)象，隨即提出二分法并對其進(jìn)行討論，最后對這個(gè)二分法進(jìn)行評(píng)估，因此在這篇文章中，作者主要關(guān)注的是討論控制人口增長的兩類因素以及他們的重要性，所以A項(xiàng)“討論控制人口增長的兩類因素，并評(píng)估它們的相對重要性”符合題意。B項(xiàng)“描述自然種群的增長率如何隨時(shí)間波動(dòng)，并解釋這些變化發(fā)生的原因”、C項(xiàng)“提出關(guān)于人口規(guī)模的假設(shè)，并提出檢驗(yàn)它的方法”和D項(xiàng)“提出一個(gè)關(guān)于人口增長中環(huán)境因素的基本問題，并提出一些目前公認(rèn)的答案”都是文章中的一部分，不夠全面。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

59.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“從文章中可以推斷出，作者認(rèn)為第2段討論的二分法是……”。第二段提到二分法，即therelativelysteadypopulationshave“density-dependent”growthparameters（相對穩(wěn)定的種群具有“密度依賴”的生長參數(shù)），并解釋了“密度依賴”和“密度獨(dú)立”，接著第三段闡述了二分法的局限性，倒數(shù)第二句和第三句提到Putanotherway,itmaybethatonaverage99percentofalldeathsinapopulationarisefromdensity-independentcauses,andonlyonepercentfromfactorsvaryingwithdensity.Thefactorsmakinguptheonepercentmayseemunimportant,andtheircausemaybecorr