英語(yǔ)強(qiáng)化一翻譯武峰

123語(yǔ)篇上下文的聯(lián)系主要代詞的用1199472aleaderofthenewschoolcontends中，school？“”，而不是“”；199574whenthequalitiestobemeasured中，quality？是“”，而不是“”；199674elegantsystem中，elegant？“完美，完善”，而不是“”；1997年71題thereisanagreedaccountof中，account199875somerespectedideas中，respected199974appropriatetovariousbranchofhistoricalinquiry中，inquiry？“研究，探究，探索”，而不是“”200075題arisingfrommassmigrationmovement中，movement？是”，不是“運(yùn)動(dòng)”2001年75題Andhomeapplianceswill esosmartthat...中，smart？是“智能化”，而不是“聰明”；200265atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected中，technology？“方法，研究方法”，而不是“技術(shù)”200365liketheconceptofsetinmathematics中，set？“集，集合”“一套，放置”；200462weareobligedtothem中，oblige200548afactunderlinedbystatistics中，underline？“強(qiáng)調(diào)，表明，突出”，而不是“”根據(jù)上下文和漢語(yǔ)搭配來(lái)確定詞However,theworldissomadethattheelegantsystemareinprincipleunabletodealwithsomeoftheworld’smorefascinatinganddelightfulaspects.(199674)Socialscienceisthatbranchofin lectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematicanddispassionedmanner.200362

Hisstateofweaknesswassuchthathewasunabletodigestanyfood,heconsumedbyfever,andhewouldhavediedbutfortheattentionofhisfriendswhorescuedhimfromtheexcessesintowhichhehadbeenthrowinghimself.連詞：and,or,but,yet,for等并列連詞；連接狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞：when,as,since,before,after,where,because,since,thought,although,sothat,關(guān)系詞：連接名詞性從句的who,whom,whose,what,which,whatever,whichever等關(guān)系代詞和when,where,how,why等關(guān)系副詞;連接定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞who,which,that,whom,whose等等介詞：onin,with,at,of,toSocialscienceisthatbranchofinlectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.用理性的、有序的、系統(tǒng)的和冷靜的方式去研究人類(lèi)及其行為。在英語(yǔ)中定語(yǔ)從句總是在所修飾的名詞后面，而漢語(yǔ)中定語(yǔ)一般在所修飾的名詞但是如果英語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句過(guò)于復(fù)雜，放在所修飾的名詞前，句子會(huì)很不通順簡(jiǎn)短的狀語(yǔ)可以放在所修飾的動(dòng)詞前復(fù)雜的狀語(yǔ)從句可以安排在整個(gè)句子主干的前面或者在英語(yǔ)中句使用很多，而漢語(yǔ)中主動(dòng)句則使用很多，所以翻譯的時(shí)候可以少信達(dá)雅ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthataernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.參考譯文：這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次期間，當(dāng)時(shí)一些國(guó)家的得出結(jié)論：Onthewhole,suchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherswithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.（1992年75題）Actually,itisn’t,becauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountof,whichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave.Behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponsewillexperiencegreaterinlectualdevelopment.（1990年）TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootsinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescould（200461題到語(yǔ)言的千差萬(wàn)別/多樣性之前就已經(jīng)扎根于歐洲。Thisassumptionrestsonthefallacyoftheinherentlazinessinhumannature;actually,20182018英語(yǔ)一強(qiáng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)系fromabnormallylazypeople,therewouldbeveryfewwhowouldnotwanttoearnmorethantheminimum,andwhowouldprefertodonothingratherthanwork.參考譯文：這種假設(shè)是依據(jù)這樣一種謬論：人的天性中天生就存在惰性。而實(shí)際上，除了特別懶惰的人以外，幾乎沒(méi)有人愿意掙只相當(dāng)于最低生活維持費(fèi)的錢(qián)，也沒(méi)有人愿意飽食終日、無(wú)所事事。Ｐ——ＡTodaythistreasuryofsiltistrappedbehindthedam,andthereisnoeffectiveYettheNilehasbeenchangedbymodernmaninwaysnotyetfully3）Becauseitisveryslippery,itisusedfor4.）Whenthecrudeoilisobtainedfromthefield,itistakentotherefinerytobetreated.Thecommonestformoftreatmentisheating.Whentheoilisheating,thevaporstorisearecooledand ethefinestpetrol.Petrolhasalowboilingpoint;ifalittleispouredintothehand,itsoonvaporized.Gasthatcomesofftheoillateriscondensedintoparaffin.Lastofallthelubricatingoilsofvariousgradesareproduced.Whatremainsisheavyoilthatisusedasfuel.加熱時(shí)最早升起的蒸汽冷卻后成為最好的。沸點(diǎn)低，如果倒入少許在手上，它立即就蒸發(fā)掉。稍后從油中分離出來(lái)的氣體就被冷凝成煤油，最后制出的各種不同等級(jí)的潤(rùn)滑油。而剩下的部分是用作的重油。5）Itisnotknownhowrarethisresemblanceis，orwhetheritismostoftenseenininclusionsofsilicatessuchasgarnet,whosecrystallographyisgenerallysomewhatsimilartothatofdiamond；butwhenpresent，theresemblanceisregardedascompellingevidencethatthediamondsandinclusionsaretruly人們不知道這種類(lèi)似究竟稀少到何種程度，也不知道這種類(lèi)似是否最常見(jiàn)于像石榴石一類(lèi)的硅酸鹽的體當(dāng)中。而這種物質(zhì)的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)，總體上來(lái)說(shuō)，在某種程度上，類(lèi)似于精鋼石的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)。但是，這種類(lèi)似一旦存在，就可以認(rèn)為是極有說(shuō)服力的，證明了精鋼石和體的確是同源物。Along-heldviewofthehistoryofEnglishcoloniesthatbecametheUnitedStateshasbeenthatEngland’spolicytowardthesecoloniesbefore1763wasdictatedbycommercialinterestsandthatachangetoamoreimperialpolicy,dominatedbyexpansionistmilitaristobjectives,generatedthetensionsthatultimayledtotheAmericanRevolution.參考答案：一個(gè)對(duì)于后來(lái)成了的英國(guó)殖民地的歷史的長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)的觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為英國(guó)1763年以前對(duì)于這些殖民地的政策被經(jīng)濟(jì)利益所支配，而且認(rèn)為一種向著更大程度制度的政策上的轉(zhuǎn)變——為擴(kuò)張主義的軍事目標(biāo)所左右——產(chǎn)生了最終導(dǎo)致的Itmayseemstrangetoputintothesamepacketanindustrialrevolutionandtwopoliticalrevolutions.Butthefactisthattheywereallsocialrevolutions.參考譯文：把一場(chǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)和兩場(chǎng)政治歸為一類(lèi)，看上去似乎有些奇怪，但是事實(shí)上，這三場(chǎng)都是社會(huì)。TwothingsareoutstandinginthecreationoftheEnglishsystemofcs,andcharacterizealltheIndustrial建造英國(guó)運(yùn)河網(wǎng)中特別突出，而這兩點(diǎn)正是整個(gè)工業(yè)Thecswerearteriesofcommunications:theywerenotmadetocarrypleasureboats,butJamesBrindleywasapioneerintheartofbuildingcsor,asitwasthenIfparentswerepreparedforthisadolescentreaction,andrealizedthatitwasasignthatthechildwasgrowingupanddevelovaluablepowersofobservationandindependentjudgment,theywouldnotbert,andthereforewouldnotdrivethechildintooppositionbyresentingandresistingit.父母?jìng)內(nèi)绻麑?duì)于青少年的這種反應(yīng)有所準(zhǔn)備，并且這種反應(yīng)是一種標(biāo)志，標(biāo)志著孩子正在成長(zhǎng)，并且正在形成寶貴的觀察力和獨(dú)立的判斷力，那么父母?jìng)兙筒粫?huì)感到如此的傷心，所以也就不會(huì)因?yàn)閷?duì)此有了憎恨和抵抗的情緒而把孩子推到對(duì)立面。6.Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld;theywoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eating參考譯文：要不是由以昆蟲(chóng)為食的動(dòng)物來(lái)保護(hù)，昆蟲(chóng)就會(huì)吞食所有的莊稼、害死家禽家畜，讓不能生存于世。 講解（真聽(tīng)講、記好筆記。Theywerebyfar,thelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientisthadeverdetected:astripofenormouscosmiccloudssome15billionlight-yearsfromearth.71)Butevenmoreimportant,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepast,forwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whattheresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected:theUS網(wǎng)絡(luò)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)系20182018英語(yǔ)一強(qiáng)AeronauticsandSpaceAdministration’sCosmicBackgroundExplorersalite-Cobehaddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasdiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathas eknownastheBigBang(thetheorythattheuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy).72)TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBang,putforwardinthe1920s,tomaintainitsreignasthedominantexplanationofthecosmos.Accordingtothetheory,theuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopic,unimaginablydenseknotofpureenergythat?ewoutwardinalldirections,emittingradiationasitwent,condensingintoparticlesandthenintoatomsofgas.Overbillionsofyears,thegaswascompressedbygravityintogalaxies,stars,plantsandeventually,evenhumans.Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructures,butastronomersworldliketoseemuchsmallerhotspotsaswell,theseedsoflocalobjectslikeclustersandsuperclustersofgalaxies.Theyshouldn’thavelongtowait.73)Astrophysicistsworkingwithground-baseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoon-borneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,andmayreporttheirfindingssoon.74)Ifthesmallhotspotslookasexpected,thatwillbeatriumphforyetanotherscientificidea,arefinementoftheBigBangcalledthein?ationaryuniversetheory.In?ationsaysthatveryearlyon,theuniverseexpandedinsizebymorethanatrilliontrilliontrilliontrillionfoldinmuchlessthanasecond,propelledbyasortofantigravity.75)Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicin?ationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementary-particlephysics,andmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue.150億光年的一塊狹長(zhǎng)為他們看到的是150億年前宇宙云的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)。那大約就是宇宙形成的時(shí)候。研究所發(fā)現(xiàn)的宇宙云既令人驚訝，又在人們的意料之國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局的Cobe號(hào)（宇宙背景探測(cè)器）已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了劃時(shí)代的，表明宇宙確實(shí)于最早的一次，人們稱(chēng)之為”大”（此理論認(rèn)為宇宙于一大塊能量的）。巨大的宇宙云的存在，實(shí)際上是20年代首創(chuàng)的大論得以保持其宇宙論

2018英語(yǔ)一強(qiáng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)系設(shè)計(jì)Cobe就是要觀察這些最大的物體結(jié)構(gòu)，但宇航員還想看到更小的熱點(diǎn)，即，像星系中的星團(tuán)和超星團(tuán)這樣一些局部物體的粒子?？磥?lái)他們不必等待很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。（73）天體物理學(xué)家使用南極陸基探測(cè)器和球載儀器，正在越來(lái)越近地觀測(cè)這些云系，也許（74）種論說(shuō)即更完美的大論，亦稱(chēng)宇宙膨脹說(shuō)。膨脹說(shuō)認(rèn)為，很久以前，在一種反引力的驅(qū)動(dòng)下，宇宙的體積在不到一秒鐘內(nèi)膨脹了無(wú)數(shù)倍。（75）宇宙膨脹說(shuō)雖然聽(tīng)似奇特，但是它是基本粒子物理學(xué)中一些公認(rèn)的理論產(chǎn)生的在科學(xué)上看來(lái)似乎的結(jié)論。許多天體物理學(xué)家近十年來(lái)一直確信這一論說(shuō)是正確的。ernmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.71)Undermodernconditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.Furthermoreitisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry’seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.Italsomeansthat ernmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtotheadvantage.Forexample,theymayencourageresearchinvariousways,includingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenters;theymayalterthestructureofeducation,orinterfereinordertoreducethewastageofnaturalresourcesortapresourceshithertounexploited;ortheymayco-operatedirectlyinthegrowingnumberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscience,economicsandindustry.Inanycase,allsuchinterventionsareheavilydependentofscientificadviceandalsoscientificandtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentin munications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whileernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistakingplaceatavastlyacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.Forexample,74)intheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrialization-withallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowedwasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelonationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.Allthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityandconsequentlypresentsseriousproblemsfortheernmentsconcerned.75)Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements---themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.Asaresultofallthesefactors,ernmentsare ingincreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsforplanningtheappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect.世界各國(guó)的行為都基于一個(gè)假設(shè)，即，本國(guó)人民的福利主要依賴(lài)于該國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力和社會(huì)。（1）在現(xiàn)代條件下，這需要程度不同的集中控制措施，從而就需要獲得諸如經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和運(yùn)籌學(xué)等領(lǐng)域的的協(xié)助。（72）再者，顯而易見(jiàn)的是一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān)，而效率的提高則又有賴(lài)于各種科技的努力。這也就意味著被迫越來(lái)越多地干預(yù)這些門(mén)，以便提高生產(chǎn)率，確保產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi)發(fā)揮最佳效益。例如，可能利用各種方法鼓勵(lì)研究工作，包括建立自己的；可以改變教育結(jié)構(gòu)，或進(jìn)行干預(yù)，以便減少自然資源的浪費(fèi)，開(kāi)發(fā)尚未利用的資源；或者在日益增多的科學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和工業(yè)項(xiàng)目中直接進(jìn)行合作。無(wú)論如何，一切干預(yù)都離不開(kāi)科學(xué)家的建議和各種科技人才。大眾通訊的顯著發(fā)展使各地的人們不斷感到有新的需求，不斷接觸到新的和思想。由于上述原因，常常得推出的革新。與此同時(shí)，與過(guò)去相比，世界各地社會(huì)變化的正常速度越來(lái)越快。例如，（74）在先期實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的歐洲國(guó)家中，其工業(yè)化進(jìn)程以及隨之而來(lái)的各種深刻的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)，持續(xù)了大約一個(gè)世紀(jì)之久，而如今一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家在十年左右就可能完成這個(gè)過(guò)程。這一切帶來(lái)的就是，在社會(huì)營(yíng)造了異乎尋常的壓力和緊張氣氛，從而給有關(guān)帶來(lái)了嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題需要處理。（75）由于人口的()成新的壓力。目前，以上所有這些因素產(chǎn)生的就是，各國(guó)為了制定合理的計(jì)劃并將之付諸實(shí)施，越來(lái)越多地依靠生物學(xué)家和社會(huì)學(xué)家。20182018英語(yǔ)一強(qiáng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)系

網(wǎng)絡(luò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)系20182018英語(yǔ)一強(qiáng)2006年考研英語(yǔ)（一）分：Ishalldefinehimasanindividual/whohaselected/ashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlife/theactivityofthinkinginSocratic（）wayaboutmoralproblems.我把定義為這樣的：他用的方式思考道德問(wèn)題，并以此Hisfunctionisogoustothatofajudge,/whomustaccepttheobligation/of/inasobviousamatteraspossible/thecourseofreasoning/whichledhimtohis47）的作用與的作用類(lèi)似，后者必須承擔(dān)這樣一種責(zé)任，即用盡可能清Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,/whilehis plishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,/hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetask/ofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.But/hisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,/whichernshisactivity,/anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.Theymayteachverywell,/andmorethanearntheirsalaries,/but/mostofthemmakelittleornoindependentre?ectionsonhumanproblems/whichinvolvemoraljudgment.50）2007年考研英語(yǔ)（一）分Traditionally,/legallearninghasbeenviewed/insuchinstitutions/asthespecialpreserveoflawyers,/ratherthananecessarypartoftheinlectualequipmentofaneducated Ontheother,/itlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealities/inamanner/whichisparalleltothelinks/journalistsfe/onadailybasis/astheycoverandcommentonthenews.其方式就如同工作者在和評(píng)論事件時(shí)，以日常生活為基礎(chǔ)，把這些觀念與實(shí)But/theidea/thatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundly/thananordinarycitizen/restsonanunderstanding/oftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilities/ofthenewsmedia.Infact,/itisdifficultto/seehowjournalists/whodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitution/candoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.實(shí)際上，有些工作者對(duì)于的基本特點(diǎn)缺乏清晰了解，要是想象他們能夠勝任政治的工作，這一點(diǎn)是很的。Whilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestories,/itispreferableforjournalists/torelyontheirownnotionsofsignificance/andmaketheirownjudgments.的評(píng)論和反饋當(dāng)然能夠提升的內(nèi)容，但是，們最好還是依靠們自己的價(jià)值觀來(lái)做出判斷。2008年考研英語(yǔ)（一）分but46)hebelieves/thatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantage/offorcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence/andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.Heasserted,/also,/thathispowertofollowalongand trainof/wasverylimited,/forwhichreason/hefeltcertain/thathenevercouldhavesucceededwithOntheotherhand,/hedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthecharge/madebysomeofhiscritics/that,/whilehewasagoodobserver,/hehadnopowerofreasoning.Headdshumbly/thatperhapshewas“superiortothecommonrunofmen/innoticingthings/whicheasilyesc attention,/andinobservingthemcarefully.”49）謙虛地補(bǔ)充道，或許他“和普通人比起來(lái)，更能夠注意到那些別人容易忽Darwinwasconvinced/thatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappiness,/butmightpossiblybeinjurioustothein lect/andmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.2009年考研英語(yǔ)（一）分Itmaybesaid/thatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitution/isitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience;/but/thiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive.Onlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnoted,/andonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactor/intheconductoftheinstitution.機(jī)構(gòu)的指導(dǎo)性因素。Whileitiseasytoignore/inourcontactwiththem/theeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition,/itisnotsoeasyas/indealingwithadults.Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshareinacommonlife/wecannothelpconsidering/whetherornotweareformingthepowers/whichwillsecurethisability.既然和年輕人在一起的主要任務(wù)是讓他們?cè)谌粘Ｉ钪卸茫蛔∫紤]，是否正在形成一種會(huì)確保他們獲得這種能力的另一種能力。Wearethusledtodistinguish,/withinthebroadeducationalprocess/whichwehavebeensofarconsidering,/amoreformalkindofeducation---/thatofdirecttuitionorschooling.因此，到目前為止，在所的寬泛的教育過(guò)程中，可以逐漸區(qū)分出一2010年考研英語(yǔ)（一）分Scientistsjumpedtotherescue/withsomedistinctlyshakyevidence/totheeffect/thatinsectswouldeatusup/ifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem.but/wehaveatleastdrawnnearerthepoint/ofadmitting/thatbirdsshouldcontinue/asamatterofintrinsicright,/regardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous.物種固有的權(quán)利，不管它們是否對(duì)有經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverworkedtheevidence/thatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgame/bykillingthephysicallyweak,/orthattheypreyonlyon“worthlessInEurope,/whereforestryis/ecologically/moreadvanced,/the mercialtreespeciesarerecognized/asmembersofnativeforestcommunity,/tobepassuch,/withinIttendstoignore,/andthuseventuallytoeliminate,/manyelements/inthelandcommunity/thatlackcommercialvalue,/but/thatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.然缺乏，但對(duì)其健康機(jī)制而言，它們卻至關(guān)重要。2011年考研英語(yǔ)（一）分46)Allen’scontributionwastotakeanassumption/weallshare---/thatbecausewearenotrobots/wethereforecontrolourthoughts---/andrevealitserroneousnature.46）都不是機(jī)器人，因此能夠控制自己的思想。的貢獻(xiàn)就在于他去研究了我and47)whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrol/throughtheconsciousmindalone,/inreality/wearecontinuallyfacedwithaquestion:/“WhycannotImakemyselfdothis/ that?”47）或以?xún)H僅通過(guò)有意識(shí)的思維活動(dòng)就能維持這種能控制自己思想的幻覺(jué)，48)Thisseemsajustification/forneglectofthoseinneed,/andarationalizationofexploitation,/ofthesuperiorityofthose/atthetop/andtheinferiorityofthose/atthebottom.Infact,/49)circumstancesseemtobedesignedto/bringoutthebestinus/andifwefeel/wehavebeen“wronged”/thenweareunlikelytobeginaconsciouseffort/toesc fromour事實(shí)上，49）環(huán)境似乎旨在激發(fā)最大的潛能，如果總感覺(jué)受到了“不地對(duì)待”，那么，就不太可能會(huì)有意識(shí)地努力來(lái)擺脫現(xiàn)實(shí)。50)Theupsideisthepossibilities/containedinknowingthateverythingisuptous;/wherebeforewewereexpertsinthearrayoflimitations,/nowwe eauthoritiesofwhatispossible.50）積極的一面就是有各種的可能，這一點(diǎn)讓知道萬(wàn)事都取決于，在這種情2012年考研英語(yǔ)（一）分Inphysics,/oneapproachtakesthisimpulseforunification/toitsextreme,/andseeksatheoryofeverything---/asinglegenerativeequationforall/wesee.在物理學(xué)上，有法將這種追求一致的沖動(dòng)發(fā)揮到了極致，它試圖找出一種萬(wàn)有理論——用一個(gè)生成等式概括的整個(gè)世界。Here,/Darwinismseemstoofferjustification,/forifallhumanssharecommonorigins,/itseemsreasonable/tosuppose/thatculturaldiversitycouldalsobetracedtomoreconstrainedTofilterout/whatisunique/fromwhatisshared/mightenableus/tounderstand/howcomplexculturalbehaviorarose/andwhatguidesit/inevolutionaryorcognitiveterms.Thesecond,/byJoshuaGreenberg,/takesamoreempiricalapproachtouniversality,/identifyingtraits(particularlyinwordorder)/sharedbymanylanguages,/whichareconsideredtorepresentbiases/thatresultfromcognitiveconstraints.做出又一貢獻(xiàn)的是·，他運(yùn)用了更加經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義的方法來(lái)研究這種Chomsky’sgrammarshouldshotternsoflanguagechange/thatareindependentofthefamilytree/orthepathway/trackedthroughit,/whereasGreenbergianuniversalitypredicts/strongco-dependenciesbetweenparticulartypesofword-orderrelations.的語(yǔ)法應(yīng)該表明了語(yǔ)言變化的模式，這些模式獨(dú)立于語(yǔ)言譜系或由該譜2013年考研英語(yǔ)（一）Yet/whenonelooksatthephotographsofthegarden/createdbythehomeless,/itstrikesonethat,/foralltheirdiversityofstyles,/thesegardensspeakofvariousotherfundamentalurges,/beyondthatofdecorationandcreativeexpression.不過(guò)，一個(gè)人看到那些無(wú)家可歸者所創(chuàng)建的花園時(shí)，令其印象深刻的是，這Asacredplaceofpeace,/howevercrudeitmaybe,/isadistinctlyhumanneed,/asopposedtoshelter,/whichisadistinctlyanimalneed.Thegardensofthehomeless/whichareineffecthomelessgardens/introduceformintoanurbanenvironment/whereiteitherdidn’texist/orwasnotdiscernibleassuch.mostofusgiveintoademoralizationofspirit/whichweusuallyblameonsomepsychologicalconditions,/untiloneday/wefindourselvesingarden/andfeeltheexpressionvanish/asifbymagic.Itisthisimplicitorexplicitreferencetonature/thatfullyjustifiestheuseofword/thoughina“l(fā)iberated”sense,/todescribethesesynthetic上來(lái)說(shuō)，使用花園一詞是這些人造建筑的是合理的。2014Itisalsothereasonwhy/whenwetrytodescribemusicwithwords,/allwecansarticulateourreactionstoit,/andnotgraspmusicitself.46）這也是為什么力圖用語(yǔ)言來(lái)描繪音樂(lè)時(shí)，能做的一切就是清楚地說(shuō)出對(duì)Byallaccounts/hewasafreethinking ,/andacourageousone,/andIfindcourageanessentialquality/fortheunderstanding,/letalonetheperformance,/ofhisworks.大家一致認(rèn)為，是一個(gè)思想且勇氣可嘉的人，我發(fā)現(xiàn)勇氣是理解他Beethoven’shabitofincreasingthevolumewithanintensecrescendo/andthenabruptlyfollowingit/withasuddensoftpassage/wasonlyrarelyused/bycomposers/beforehim.48）先用漸強(qiáng)的方式把音量增大，然后隨之而來(lái)的是突然一段急促柔和的樂(lè)章，在他之前，這樣法鮮有音樂(lè)家運(yùn)用。Especiallysignificantwashisviewoffreedom,/which,/forhim,/wasassociatedwiththerightsandresponsibilitiesoftheindividual:/headvocatedfreedomofthoughtandof 尤其重要的是他對(duì)的看法，對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)，與個(gè)人的權(quán)利和責(zé)任關(guān)：他提倡思想和個(gè)人。OnecouldinterpretmuchoftheworkofBeethoven/bysaying/thatsufferingisinevitable,/butthecouragetofightit/renderslifeworthliving.人們可能會(huì)這樣來(lái)解讀的大部分作品：痛苦是難免的，但戰(zhàn)勝痛苦的勇氣2015Thismovement,/drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivations,/builtanationoutofawildernessand,/byitsnature,/sh dthecharacteranddestiny/ofanunchartedcontinent.TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipalforces---/theimmigrationofEuropeanpeopleswiththeirvariedideas,customs,andnationalcharacteristics/andtheimpactofanewcountry/whiodifiedthesetraits.But,/theforceofgeographicconditions/peculiartoAmerica,/theinterplayofthevariednationalgroupsupononeanother,/andthesheerdifficultyofmaintainingold-worldways/inaraw,newcontinent/causedsignificantchanges.在這片原始的上特別艱難地維持舊秩序，這一切都帶來(lái)了巨大的變化。 shiploadsofimmigrants/boundfortheterritory/