上海市普陀區(qū)晉元高級中學2020?2021學年高二英語下學期3月月考試題【含答案】

上海市普陀區(qū)晉元2020-2021學年高二英語下學期3月月題第I卷L.ListeningComprehensionSectionADirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,questionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.B.atC.AtD.At30B.at2:00C.At1:30D.At1:00.2.A.IntheShanghaiMuseum.B.Inastore.C.Inatunnel.D.Inataxi.3.A.Doctorandpatient.B.LawyerandclientC.Managerandcustomer.D.Passer-byandpoliceman.4.AListeningtosomeloudmusic.B.Repairingherearphones:C.TalkingloudlyonthephoneD.Writinganessay.5A.Moresleepcangetthemanontotherighttrack.B.TirednessisatypicalsymptomoflackofexerciseC.ThemanshouldspendmoretimeoutdoorsD.Peopletendtoworklongerhourswithartificiallighting.6.A.Janehasbeenengagedtosomeoneworkinginthelibrary.B.Themanshouldn'tbotherJanebecauseshewasbusyC.Jane-wasalwaysengagedinonlinegamesD.JaneisthepersontotakecareoftheITroom.7.A.Shedoesn'twanttogototheconcert.B.SheiseagertogototheconcertC.SheisinterestedinAmericansongs.D.Shedoesn'tlikemusicatall8.A.DavidstoppedhisprojecthalfwayB.David'sprojectdidn'tgetanyfinancialsupport.C.Davidhasgotfinancialsupportfromthegovernment.D.David'sprojectwasforcedtostopbythegovernment.9.A.Themancan'tkeeptheappointmentat3:15.B.Themanwantstochangethedateoftheappointment.C.Themanisgladhecangetintouchwiththedoctor.D.Themanisconfusedaboutthedateoftheappointment.10.A.Shepreferschemistry.B.ShehasnotgotapartneryetD.Sheeistootiredofchemistry.D.Sheistoobusytoworkonherchemistrycourse.Directions:InSectionB,youwillheartwoshortpassagesandonelongerconversation,andyouwillbeaskedseveralquestionsoneachofthepassagesandtheconversation.Thepassagesandtheconversationwillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichonewouldbethebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheardQuestions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.11.A.Flightattendants.B.Airlinepassengers.C.Thefirebrigade.D.Planemanufacturers12.A.CA4117willtakeofffromChengduandeventuallyarriveinBeijingB.ItwilltakeCA4117morethanthreehourstoarriveinXi'an.C.CA4117willtravel30,982kilometresforthewholeflight.D.TheaveragespeedofCA4117is10,000kilometersperhour.13.A.UsingelectronicdevicesduringlandingB.Usingtheirhandstopulltheoxygenmask.C.Usinglaptopcomputersduringtheflight.D.Placingtheoxygenmaskbelowtheirnose.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.14.A.Drinkingalotofalcohol.B.Goingshoppinginstores.C.GatheringaroundtablesforhotpotD.Eatingfriedfoodandbarbecuedmeat.15.A.MoviesareavailabletopeopleinShanghaiatmidnight.B.PeopleinHangzhouattachgreatimportancetodinner.C.Atotalofnineonlineplatformsprovideddataforthereport.D.PeopleinBeijingaremostlikelytoorderStarbucksintheafternoon16.A.People'seatinghabitsindifferentregionsofChina.B.TheimpactofmobilepaymentonChinesepeople's'lives.C.DifferentnightlifeactivitiesamongresidentsinChinesecities.D.Thepressureofurbanlifebroughtbynightlifeactivities.Questions17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.17.A.Showingthemanaroundthehouse.B.Sellingthehousetotheman.C.Persuadingthemantobuythehouse.D.Inspectingthehousebeforebuyingit.18.A.Thewindowscreen.B.Theareatostorewine.C.Thebedroomandtheattachedbathroom.D.Thecolorsofthewallsandfloorcovering19.A.Itmaynotsecurethedeal.B.Itisbeyondhermeans.C.Itishigherthanexpected.D.It'sunrealistic.20.A.Peopletendtolovetheinsideofthehousethoughitsoutsideisn'tattractive.B.Thewindowscreenenablesyoutoseeeverythingclearlyfromthestreet.C.Thehouseagentmakesanattempttocutdownthepriceby30,000dollars.D.Thewomanhastocontactherbankbeforetheownerrespondstotheoffer.II.GrammarandVocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandrtheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblankAwell-knownlandscapephotographerAlexanderHendersonwasborninScotlandin1831andwasthesonofasuccessfulmerchant.Hespentmuchofhischildhood___1___(play)onthebeachorfishinginthestreamsnearby.In1849hebeganathree-yearapprenticeshiptobecomeanaccountant.Althoughheneverlikedtheprospectofabusinesscareer,hestayedwithit___2___(please)hisfamily.LearningphotographyinMontrealaroundtheyear1857,Hendersonquicklytook___3___upasaseriousamateur.Later,hebecameapersonalfriendandcolleagueoftheScottishCanadianphotographerWilliamNotman.___4___theirfriendship,theirstylesofphotographywerequitedifferent.WhileNotman'slandscapes___5___(note)fortheirboldrealism,Hendersonforthefirst20yearsofhiscareerproducedromanticimages.___6___hepublishedhisfirstmajorcollectionoflandscapephotographsin1865,hegainedgreatfameforreflectingtheromanticBritishlandscapetraditioninhisworks.Thepublicationhadlimitedcirculation(onlysevencopieshaveeverbeenfound),wherethecontentsofeachcopy___7___(vary)significantlyandprovedausefulsourceforevaluatingHenderson'searlywork.In1866,hegaveuphisbusinesstoopenaphotographicstudio,___8___(advertise)himselfasportraitandlandscapephotographer.Fromabout1870hedroppedportraituretospecializeinlandscapephotographyandotherviews.Hisnumerousphotographsofcitylife___9___(reveal)instreetscenes,houses,andmarketsarealivewithhumanactivity.Therewassufficientdemandforthesetypesofscenesandothershetookdepictingthepearltrade,steamboatsandwaterfallstoenablehimtomakealiving.In1892Hendersonacceptedafull-timepositionwiththeCPRasmanagerofaphotographicdepartment___10___hewastosetupandadminister.Thatsummerhemadehistripwest,photographingextensivelyalongtherailwaylineasfarasVictoria.Hecontinuedinthispostuntil1897,whenheretiredcompletelyfromphotography.1.playing2.toplease3.it4.Despite5.werenoted6.After7.varied8.advertising9.revealed10.that/which這是一篇記敘文。文章講述了著名的風景攝影師亞歷山大·亨德森從事攝影并逐步成為攝影大師的經(jīng)歷。【1題詳解】考查非謂語動詞。句意：他童年的大部分時間都是在海灘上玩?；蛟诟浇男∠镝烎~。spendtimedoingsth意為“花時間做某事”，故填playing?！?題詳解】考查不定式。句意：雖然他從來都不喜歡經(jīng)商，但為了讓家人高興，他還是選擇了經(jīng)商。經(jīng)商是為了讓家人高興，所以應用不定式作目的狀語。故填toplease。【3題詳解】考查代詞。句意：1857年左右，亨德森在蒙特利爾學習攝影，很快就成為了一名真正的業(yè)余愛好者。代指前文提到的photography（攝影）應用代詞it。故填it。【4題詳解】考查介詞。句意：盡管他們成了朋友，但他們的攝影風格卻大不相同?！皌heirfriendship”和“theirstylesofphotographywerequitedifferent”構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，且friendship是名詞，所以此處應用介詞despite表示“盡管”。故填Despite?！?題詳解】考查一般過去時和固定短語。句意：雖然諾特曼的風景畫以其大膽的現(xiàn)實主義而聞名，亨德森在他職業(yè)生涯的頭20年里創(chuàng)作浪漫的攝影作品。benotedfor意為“以……聞名”，為固定短語。此處描述過去的事，應用一般過去時，主語為landscapes，故填werenoted?！?題詳解】考查連詞。句意：1865年，他出版了第一本重要的風景攝影集后，因在作品中反映浪漫的英國風景傳統(tǒng)而名聲大噪。此處是指他出版了第一本攝影集后名聲大噪。所以應用after表示“在……之后”。故填After?！?題詳解】考查時態(tài)。句意：這份出版物發(fā)行量有限(迄今只找到了七份)，每份出版物的內(nèi)容差異很大，被證明是評估亨德森早期作品的有用來源。此處描述過去的事，應用一般過去時。故填varied?！?題詳解】考查非謂語動詞。句意：1866年，他放棄了自己的生意，開了一家攝影工作室，宣傳自己是肖像和風景攝影師。動詞advertise主語he構(gòu)成主動關(guān)系，所以應用現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語。故填advertising?！?題詳解】考查非謂語動詞。句意：他拍攝了大量的城市生活照片，街道場景、房屋和市場都充滿了人類的活動。動詞reveal意為“顯示”，和邏輯主語citylife構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系，且動作已完成，應用過去分詞作后置定語。故填revealed?！?0題詳解】考查定語從句。句意：1892年，亨德森接受了CPR的全職職位，擔任他將要建立和管理的攝影部門的經(jīng)理。定語從句“hewastosetupandadminister”中缺少賓語，且先行詞為department，所以應用關(guān)系代詞that或which。故填that/which。SectionBDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.E.accommodateB.sensibleC.potentialD.competeE.accommodateF.conceptG.drawH.advocatedI.survivalJ.expanseK.receivedMars--thenextfrontierItsoundslikesomethingfromthefieldsofsciencefiction--aceexpeditionintothevast___11___ofce,headingtowardstheRedPlanet.Whilewe'renotquitereadytoputapersononland,thequestionweasktodayis:whyaresomanycountriesinterestedingoingtoMars?TheceracesawtheUSAandUSSR___12___toachievefirstsinceflight.TheSovietUnionreleasedSputnik1,anartificialsatellite,beforeanyoneelse,andtheUSlandedontheMoonfirst.NowitappearsthatMarsisthecelestialbodyofdesire.Whilethehonourofbeingthefirstnationtotouchdownisanobvious___13___,thereareotherreasonswewanttogetthere.Oneofthesecouldbethe___14___ofourspecies.Youonlyhavetolookatthefossilisedremainsofthedinosaurstoseethebenefitoffindinganother___15___planet.WhileMarsdoesn'thavetherightconditionstocallithomejustyet,there'salwaystheideaofterraforming--changingtheenvironmentofaplanetto___16___ourneedstolive.However,noteveryoneagrees.LeadingastrophysicistNeildeGrasseTysonhassaidthe___17___ofalteringhabitabilityofanotherplanetbecauseofthedamagewehavedonetoEarthisnot___18___whenwecansimplyterraformEarth.Itseemshemainreasonatthemomentisthesearchforsignsoflife.Ithaslongbeenbelievedthat,atonetime,Marswasabundantwithlife.Nowseeminglydead,the___19___fossilscouldanswerquestionsaboutourownevolutionandthatofourplanet.Onetheoryisthatbacteriallifeonourplanetdidn'tstarthere,butwastransferredviaasteroid(小行星)fromMars.Onebenefit___20___byscientistslikeNeildeGrasseTysonisthatlandingonMarsmayinspiremorepeopletobecomeinterestedinscienceandastronomy.Surelyinspiringanewgenerationtovisitthestarsisreasonenough.11.J12.D13.G14.I15.A16.E17.F18.B19.C20.H這是一篇說明文。文章提出了移居火星，使火星變成宜居星球的概念，并介紹了人們對此概念的看法?！?1題詳解】考查名詞。句意：這聽起來像是科幻小說中的情節(jié)——對廣闊的太空進行太空探險，向紅色星球進發(fā)。根據(jù)“headingtowardstheRedPlanet”可知，此處是指對廣闊的太空進行太空探險。名詞expanse意為“寬闊，廣闊的區(qū)域”。故選J?！?2題詳解】考查動詞。句意：在太空競賽中，美國和蘇聯(lián)競相實現(xiàn)太空飛行的第一。根據(jù)“toachievefirstsinceflight”可知，此處是指比賽。seesbdosth意為“看到某人做某事的全過程”，動詞compete意為“比賽”。故選D?！?3題詳解】考查名詞。句意：作為第一個觸地得分的國家的榮譽顯然是一種平局，但我們想要達到這個目標還有其他原因。根據(jù)前文“TheSovietUnionreleasedSputnik1,anartificialsatellite,beforeanyoneelse,andtheUSlandedontheMoonfirst.”（蘇聯(lián)首先發(fā)射了人造衛(wèi)星Sputnik1號，美國率先登陸月球。）可知，太空競賽的結(jié)果是平局。名詞draw意為“平局”。故選G?！?4題詳解】考查名詞。句意：其中之一可能是人類的生存。根據(jù)“Youonlyhavetolookatthefossilisedremainsofthedinosaurs”（你只要看看恐龍的化石殘骸就知道了）可知，此處是指為了人類的生存。名詞survival意為“生存”。故選I?！?5題詳解】考查形容詞。句意：你只需要看看恐龍的化石殘骸，就能看到尋找另一個宜居星球的好處。根據(jù)后文“WhileMarsdoesn'thavetherightconditionstocallithomejustyet”（盡管火星目前還沒有合適的條件作為家園）可知，此處是指尋找另一個宜居星球的好處。形容詞habitable意為“適于居住的”。故選A?！?6題詳解】考查動詞。句意：雖然火星目前還沒有適合居住的條件，但地球化的想法一直存在——改變行星的環(huán)境以適應我們的生活需求。根據(jù)“changingtheenvironmentofaplanet”和“ourneedstolive”可知，此處是指改變行星的環(huán)境以適應我們的生活需求。動詞accommodate意為“適應”。故選E?！?7題詳解】考查名詞。句意：著名天體物理學家尼爾·德格拉斯·泰森曾表示，如果我們可以簡單地將地球改造得宜居，那么因為我們對地球的破壞而改變另一個星球的可居住性的想法是不合理的?！癮lteringhabitabilityofanotherplanet”是一個概念。名詞concept意為“概念”。故選F?！?8題詳解】考查形容詞。句意：著名天體物理學家尼爾·德格拉斯·泰森曾表示，如果我們可以簡單地將地球改造得宜居，那么因為我們對地球的破壞而改變另一個星球的可居住性的想法是不合理的。根據(jù)“However,noteveryoneagrees.”（然而，并不是每個人都同意。）可知，尼爾·德格拉斯·泰森認為地球化的概念是不合理的。形容詞sensible意為“合理的”。故選B?！?9題詳解】考查形容詞。句意：這些看似已經(jīng)死亡的潛在的化石可以回答關(guān)于我們自身和地球進化的問題?；泻芏噙€沒挖掘出來，所以是“潛在的”。故選C?！?0題詳解】考查動詞。句意：像尼爾·德格拉斯·泰森這樣的科學家倡導的一個好處是，登陸火星可能會激發(fā)更多的人對科學和天文學產(chǎn)生興趣。這個好處是科學家們倡導的。動詞advocate意為“倡導”。故選H。III.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagestherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,BCandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.MoralsentimentscountOrganizationsandsocietiesrelyonfinesandrewardstocontrolpeople'sself-interestintheserviceofthecommongood.The___21___ofaticketkeepsdriversinline,andthepromiseofabonusinspireshighperformance.Butincentives(激勵)canalso___22___,minifyingtheverybehaviorthey'remeanttoencourage.AgenerationagoRichardTitmussclaimedthatpayingpeopletodonateblood___23___thesupply.Economistswereskeptical,citingalackofscientificevidence.Butsincethen,newdataandmodelshavepromptedaseachangeinhoweconomiststhinkaboutincentives--showing,amongotherthings,thatTitmusswasrightinsomanycasesthatbusinessesshould___24___.Experimentaleconomistshavefoundthatofferingtopaywomenfordonatingblooddecreasesthenumberwillingtodonatebyalmosthalf,andthatlettingthemcontributethepaymenttocharity___25___theeffect.Dozensofrecentexperimentsshowthatrewardingself-interestwitheconomicincentivescanhavetheoppositeresultwhentheydestroywhatAdamSmithcalled"themoralsentiments(情緒)”.Thepsychologyherehasescapedblackboardeconomists,butitwillbenosurprisetopeopleinbusiness:Whenwetakeajoborbuyacar,wearenotonlytryingtogetstuff--wearealsotryingtobeacertainkindofperson.___26___,peopledesiretoberespectedbyothersasethicaland___27___.Andtheydon'twanttobetakenforlosers.Rewardingblooddonationsmaynotservetheintendedpurposebecauseitsuggeststhatthedonorislessinterestedinbeing___28___thaninmakingadollar.Incentivesalsorunintotroublewhentheysignalthattheemployer___29___theemployeeorisgreedy.Closesupervisionofworkerscoupledwith_____30_____forperformanceistextbookeconomics,butitcanleadtothedepressionofemployees.Perhapsmostimportant,incentivesaffectwhatouractionssignal,whetherwe'rebeingself-interestedorcivic-minded,manipulatedortrustedandtheycanimply--sometimeswrongly--what_____31_____us.Finesorpubliccriticismthatappealtoourmoralsentimentsbysignalingsocialdisapproval(thinkoflittering)canbehighlyeffective.Butincentivesgowrongwhenthey_____32_____ordiminishourethicalsensibilities.Thisdoesnotmeanit's_____33_____toappealtoself-interestedandethicalmotivationsatthesametime--justthateffortstodosooftenfail._____34_____,policiessupportsociallyvaluedendsnotonlybycontrollingself-interestbutalsobyencouragingpublic-spiritedness.ThesmalltaxonplasticgrocerybagspassedbylawinIrelandin2002thatresultedintheirvirtualeliminationappearstohavehadsuchaneffect.Itpunishedoffenders_____35_____whileconveyingamoralmessage.Carryingaplasticbagjoinedwearingafurcoatinthegalleryofanti-socialanachronisms.21.A.temptation B.threat C.value D.equivalent22.A.overflow B.backfire C.survive D.work23.A.reduced B.affected C.afforded D.balanced24.A.cutback B.standby C.takenote D.holdon25.A.cause B.reverse C.take D.detect26.A.Inotherwords B.Onthecontrary C.Bycontrast D.Inaddition27.A.dignified B.determined C.dignified D.discouraged28.A.unselfish B.ambitious C.thoughtful D.aggressive29.A.boasts B.values C.encourages D.mistrusts30.A.requirement B.criticism C.implication D.reward31.A.supports B.threatens C.motivates D.changes32.A.refine B.offend C.control D.arouse33.A.impossible B.strange C.necessary D.abnormal34.A.Rarely B.Occasionally C.Surprisingly D.Ideally35.A.publicly B.severely C.monetarily D.mildly21.B22.B23.A24.C25.B26.B27.C28.A29.A30.D31.C32.B33.A34.D35.C【分析】本文是議論文。本文就經(jīng)濟激勵產(chǎn)生適得其反結(jié)果的現(xiàn)象做了深入探討。?！?1題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：交通違章罰款單的威脅可使駕車者保持隊列，而關(guān)于獎金紅利的許諾可以激發(fā)高業(yè)績。A.temptation誘惑；B.threat威脅；C.value價值；D.equivalent對等的人；當量。根據(jù)上文“Organizationsandsocietiesrelyonfinesandrewardstocontrolpeople'sself-interestintheserviceofthecommongood.”可知，各類組織和團體依靠罰款和獎金來控制人們在公益服務中的自私自利。因此推斷交通罰單的威脅可以讓司機有秩序。故選B。【22題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：但是激勵也可能產(chǎn)生適得其反的結(jié)果——減少原本想要鼓勵的行為。A.overflowA.overflow溢出；B.backfire適得其反；C.survive幸存；D.work工作。根據(jù)下文“minifyingtheverybehaviorthey'remeanttoencourage.”可知，激勵減少了原本要鼓勵的行為，因此產(chǎn)生了適得其反的結(jié)果。故選B?！?3題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：約20——30年之前，理查德·蒂特馬斯(RichardTitmuss)聲稱，付錢讓人們獻血會減少血液供應。A.reduced減少；B.affected影響；C.afforded給予；提供；D.balanced保持穩(wěn)定。根據(jù)上文“Butincentives(激勵)canalso___2___,minifyingtheverybehaviorthey'remeanttoencourage.”可知，激勵可以產(chǎn)生適得其反的結(jié)果，減少原本要激勵的行為，因此推斷付錢讓人們獻血會減少供應。故選A?！?4題詳解】考查動詞短語辨析。句意：但自那以后，新的數(shù)據(jù)和模型促使經(jīng)濟學家對激勵的看法發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化——這表明，蒂特馬斯在很多情況下都是正確的，企業(yè)應該注意到這一點。A.cutback削減；B.standby支持；袖手旁觀；C.takenote注意到；記筆記；D.holdon等一下；繼續(xù)。根據(jù)上文“Titmusswasrightinsomanycases”可推斷，蒂特馬斯在很多情況下都是正確，因此企業(yè)應該注意。故選C?！?5題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：實驗經(jīng)濟學家發(fā)現(xiàn)，給捐血女性提供報酬使愿意捐血的人數(shù)減少了將近一半，而讓她們將捐血所得貢獻給福利事業(yè)扭轉(zhuǎn)了這個局面。A.cause導致；B.reverse撤銷；顛倒；C.take拿；??；D.detect發(fā)現(xiàn)；覺察。根據(jù)第一段的“Butincentives(激勵)canalso___2___,minifyingtheverybehaviorthey'remeanttoencourage.”可推斷，激勵會產(chǎn)生適得其反的結(jié)果，因此推斷給捐血的女性報酬沒有更多的人獻血，但是讓她們把捐血所得給福利事業(yè)就扭轉(zhuǎn)了局面。故選B?！?6題詳解】考查固定短語辨析。句意：恰恰相反，人們希望受到他人尊重，希望被看作是具有高尚道德和有尊嚴的人。A.Inotherwords換句話說；B.Onthecontrary恰恰相反；C.Bycontrast相比之下；D.Inaddition此外。根據(jù)上文“Dozensofrecentexperimentsshowthatrewardingself-interestwitheconomicincentivescanhavetheoppositeresultwhentheydestroywhatAdamSmithcalled"themoralsentiments(情緒)”.”可知，大量近期的實驗表明，當激勵損害了亞當·斯密所說的“道德情操”時，以經(jīng)濟激勵獎賞私利可能產(chǎn)生適得其反的結(jié)果。因此推斷，相反的，人們希望受到他人尊重，希望被看作是具有高尚道德和美好情操的人。故選B?！?7題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：恰恰相反，人們希望受到他人尊重，希望被看作是具有高尚道德和有尊嚴的人。A.dignified有尊嚴的；B.determined意志堅定的；C.dignified莊嚴的；D.discouraged灰心的。根據(jù)上文“peopledesiretoberespectedbyothers”可知，人們希望受到他人尊重，希望被看作是具有高尚道德和有尊嚴的人。故選C?！?8題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：獎勵獻血可能達不到預期的目的，是因為它暗含“捐血者對無私奉獻的興趣少于對掙錢的熱衷”之意。A.unselfish無私的；慷慨的；B.ambitious雄心勃勃的；C.thoughtful體貼的；D.aggressive咄咄逼人的。根據(jù)上文“l(fā)ettingthemcontributethepaymenttocharity”可知，此處說的是無私奉獻與掙錢進行對比。故選A。【29題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：當激勵暗示雇主夸耀雇員或貪婪時，激勵也會遇到麻煩。A.boasts自吹自擂；夸耀；B.values重視；C.encourages鼓勵；D.mistrusts不信任。由下文的“greedy”可推斷，此處表示雇主過分夸耀雇工，激勵也會遇到麻煩，故選A?！?0題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：密切監(jiān)督員工并對其表現(xiàn)進行獎勵是典型的經(jīng)濟學，但這可能會導致員工的抑郁。A.requirement要求；B.criticism批評；C.implication暗示；D.reward獎賞。根據(jù)下文“forperformanceistextbookeconomics”和常識可知，員工會因為好的表現(xiàn)被給予獎勵。故選D?！?1題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：或許最為重要的是，激勵影響我們的行為所傳達的信息：我們是自私自利還是熱心公益，被操控還是被信任，而且激勵可以暗示——有時錯誤地暗示——我們的動機是什么。A.supports支持；B.threatens威脅；C.motivates激勵；D.change改變。由破折號后對前文“whetherwe'rebeingself-interestedorcivic-minded,manipulatedortrusted（我們是自私自利還是熱心公益，被操控還是被信任）”解釋說明可知，此處說的是是什么激勵了我們。故選C?！?2題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：通過傳達社會的不贊同來啟發(fā)我們的道德情操的罰款或者公開批評（如亂丟垃圾)頗具成效?？墒且坏┯|犯或者削弱了我們的道德感情，激勵就會出問題。A.refine改善；B.offend冒犯；C.control控制；D.arouse引起。由But可推斷，上下文是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，根據(jù)上文“Finesorpubliccriticismthatappealtoourmoralsentimentsbysignalingsocialdisapproval(thinkoflittering)canbehighlyeffective.”可推斷，觸犯或者削弱道德情感會讓激勵出問題。故選B?！?3題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：這并不意味著同時啟發(fā)自私自利且合乎道德的動機是不可能的——只是這樣的努力往往以失敗告終。A.impossible不可能的；B.strange奇怪的；C.necessary必要的；D.abnormal不正常的。根據(jù)下文“policiessupportsociallyvaluedendsnotonlybycontrollingself-interestbutalsobyencouragingpublic-spiritedness.(政策不但要通過治理自私，而且要通過鼓勵公共道德來擁護社會上受重視的目標)”可知，這并不意味著同時啟發(fā)自私自利且合乎道德的動機是不可能的。故選A?！?4題詳解】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：理想的狀況下，政策不但要通過治理自私，而且要通過鼓勵公共道德來擁護社會上受重視的目標。A.Rarely很少；B.Occasionally偶爾；C.Surprisingly出人意料地；D.Ideally理想地。根據(jù)常識可知，既治理了自私又鼓勵了公共道德是理想的。故選D?！?5題詳解】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：它在從金錢上懲罰違規(guī)者的同時，也傳達了一種道德信息。A.publicly公然地；B.severely嚴重地；C.monetarily財政地；從金錢上；D.mildly溫和地。根據(jù)上文“ThesmalltaxonplasticgrocerybagspassedbylawinIrelandin2002thatresultedintheirvirtualeliminationappearstohavehadsuchaneffect.（2002年愛爾蘭通過的向塑料雜貨袋征收小額稅款（的法案)取得了實際上消除塑料袋的結(jié)果，這似乎就起到了這樣的效果。）”可知，從金錢上懲罰了冒犯者。故選C。SectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)WondermaterialMauriceWardandhisfamilyranladies'hairdresser’sinYorkshire,England.Wardwasaninventorbynatureandlikedtomixhisownhairdyesandproducts,claimingthattheyweremoreeffectivethantheproductssuppliedbycosmeticsmanufacturerslikeL'OrealandGarnier.Inthe1980shisinventivenessfoundanewoutletwhenheboughtanindustrialextruder--amachinethatformsplastics-andbeganexperimentingwithmakingdifferenttypesofsheetplastic.Thenin1985somethinghappenedwhichwastochangehislife.ABritishAirtoursplaneboundforCorfucaughtfireatManchesterAirportjustbeforeittookoff.Althoughtheplanewasstillontheground,theresultsofthefireweredestructivewithinfortyseconds,55ofthepeopleinsidediedfromsmokeandpoisonousairbreathedin.Warddeterminedthathewouldmakeamaterialthatwouldbemuchmorefire-resistantthantheplasticsfromwhichtheinteriorwaslargelyconstructed.Hebegantryingoutdifferentmixturesinakitchenfoodblender.Whenhefoundaformulationthatlookedpromising,hewouldshapeitintosheetformandthentestitsfireresistance.Theresultsgotbetterandbetteruntilfinallyhehitonamaterialthatwouldresisttemperaturesof2,500C,notgiveoffpoisonousairandstillremaincoolenoughtobetouched.StarlitewasbornYethereweare,thirtyyearson,andStarliteisstillanunpatentedandunexploitedmaterial.Sowhatwentwrong?NaturallyWardkepttheformulaasecret.Heneverwroteitdown,onlytellingtheexactproportionsofits21ingredientstoafewofhisclosestfamilymembers.Herefusedtoapplyforapatent,sincethatwouldinvolverevealingitscomposition.Nooneelsewasallowedtoanalyseitnorwasanycompanygivenasampleforfearthattheymightreverse-engineerit.Consequently,nodealwaseverstruckandinMay2011MauriceWarddied.Itwouldbeincorrecttosaythathetookhissecrettothegravebecausesomeofthefamilystillknowit,buthecertainlytookhisowndreamsofpersonalwealthandfamewithhim.Why?Wasitgreed?Wasitthat,asanamateur,hefeltalackofrespectfromthescientificcommunity?Orwashesimplytooprotectiveofhisideatoshareitwithothers?Wemayneverknow.Whatiscertainisthathislossistheworld’sloss,too.36.WhatcanwemostprobablyinferaboutMauriceWardaccordingtothepassage?A.Hepreferredfametomoney. B.Hewasbornwithacreativespirit.C.Heopposedestablishedinstitutions. D.Hegothisgeniuspartlyfromhisparents.37.HowdidWarddevelopStarlite?A.Heconverteditinthekitchenfoodblender.B.Hefoundthematerialfromtheinteriorofplanes.C.Hegotinspirationfromthehairdyesandproducts.D.Heexperimentedwithmaterialsandexaminedtheirfire-resistance.38.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutStarliteisTRUE?A.ItssecretdiedwithMauriceWard.B.Itgetswarmerthanplasticswhenheated.C.ItcouldhavebroughtMauricegreatwealth.D.Somecompanyreverse-engineereditwithoutpermission.39.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat_______.A.InnovationrequireslotsofeffortsanddeservesprotectionB.Theprotectivenessofaninventionmaycausetheworldgreatlosses.C.Thebigcompanies'illintentionsaretoblameforthelossofStarlite.D.Theneglectoftalentedpeoplemaycosttheworldvaluablediscoveries.36.B37.D38.C39.B【分析】這是一篇記敘文。文章講述了MauriceWard天生就是個發(fā)明家，直到他發(fā)明了藍鋯石，卻因為他對該發(fā)明的過度保護，使得在他去世多年后，這仍然是一種未經(jīng)專利和開發(fā)的材料，這對世界來說是巨大的損失?！?6題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Wardwasaninventorbynatureandlikedtomixhisownhairdyesandproducts,claimingthattheyweremoreeffectivethantheproductssuppliedbycosmeticsmanufacturerslikeL'OrealandGarnier.（Ward天生就是個發(fā)明家，喜歡把自己的染發(fā)劑和產(chǎn)品混合在一起，聲稱它們比歐萊雅和卡尼爾等化妝品制造商提供的產(chǎn)品更有效。）”和下文內(nèi)容可知，Ward生來就有創(chuàng)造精神。故選B項。【37題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Whenhefoundaformulationthatlookedpromising,hewouldshapeitintosheetformandthentestitsfireresistance.Theresultsgotbetterandbetteruntilfinallyhehitonamaterialthatwouldresisttemperaturesof2,500C,notgiveoffpoisonousairandstillremaincoolenoughtobetouched.Starlitewasborn.（當他發(fā)現(xiàn)一種看起來有希望的配方時，他就把它做成片狀，然后測試它的防火性能。結(jié)果越來越好，直到最后他找到了一種材料，可以抵抗2500攝氏度的溫度，不釋放有毒的空氣，仍然保持足夠的涼爽，以供觸摸。藍鋯石誕生了。）”可知，他對材料做了實驗，并檢查了它們的耐火性能，這樣藍鋯石誕生了。故選D項?！?8題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“Herefusedtoapplyforapatent,sincethatwouldinvolverevealingitscomposition.Nooneelsewasallowedtoanalyseitnorwasanycompanygivenasampleforfearthattheymightreverse-engineerit.（他拒絕申請專利，因為這將涉及到揭示其成分。沒有人被允許分析它，也沒有給任何公司提供樣本，因為他們擔心可能會對它進行逆向工程。）”和最后一段“Itwouldbeincorrecttosaythathetookhissecrettothegravebecausesomeofthefamilystillknowit,buthecertainlytookhisowndreamsofpersonalwealthandfamewithhim.（如果說他把自己的秘密帶進了墳墓，那是不正確的，因為家里的一些人知道，但他確實把自己追求個人財富和名聲的夢想也帶走了。）”可知，Maurice本可以從藍鋯石的發(fā)明中得到一大筆財富，但由于他生前拒絕給藍鋯石申請專利，也沒有把成分公之于眾，所以他沒有得到相應的財富和名聲。故選C項?！?9題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Whatiscertainisthathislossistheworld’sloss,too.（可以肯定的是，他的損失也是全世界的損失。）”和文章內(nèi)容可知，Ward發(fā)明了對人類發(fā)展極其有用的藍鋯石，但是由于對自己發(fā)明的過度保護，使得這項發(fā)明在他去世多年后仍然是一種未經(jīng)專利和開發(fā)的材料，這對世界來說是一種損失。因此我們可以推斷，對一項發(fā)明的保護可能會給世界帶來巨大的損失。故選B項。(B)ThingsyouneedtoknowaboutyourSTRESSrightnowAfter60yearsofresearch,scientistshavedeterminedwhatprovokesstress.There'sevenahandyacronym:NUTS.NisforNovelty:Thisissomethingnewyou'venotexperiencedbefore,likethefirstdayofschooloranewjob.UisforUnpredictability:Whenyoudon'tknowhowsomethingisgoingtotakeshape,asisthecaseduringatriptothedentist.TisforThreattotheEgo:Whenyourcompetenceisthreatened,suchasinfrontofcolleagues.We'reverysensitivetothis.SisforSenseofControl:Whenyoufeelyouhavelittleornocontroloverthesituation,likebeingstuckintraffic.It'shelpfultoidentifyyoursourcesofstress,becauseaproblemwell-definedisaproblemalmostsolved.Theoppositeofstressisnotrelaxation---it'sresilience.Ifyoutellyourbrainthatyoucandealwiththis,itwillstopproducingthestresshormoneandyouwillcalmdownGetonyourbike!Asvariousbitsofresearchhaveshown,cyclingwillloweryourstresslevels,whetheryou'redoingaquickerrandorcommittingtoalifetimeontwowheels.15MINUTESLATERA2013studyoutofJapanshowedamarkeddropinpeople'sstresslevelsaftertheypedalledforjust15minutesonastationarybike.ANHOURLATERResearchersfoundin2015that,comparedtotheircyclingcolleagues,thosewhodroveortookthesubwaybreathedmoreshallowlyanhourlater---asuresignofstress.18YEARSLATERAfterfollowing17,985adultcommutersfor18years,U.K.researchersdiscoveredin2014thatthosewhowalkedorbikedreportedbeinghappier,moreconfidentandbetterabletofacetheirprob