2015考研英語閱讀理解模擬試題及答案解析七

TheSupremeCourt'sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering。Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof"doubleeffect",acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect。Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients'pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient。NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho"untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath."GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath."It'slikesurgery,"hesays."Wedon'tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn'tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou'reaphysician,youcanriskyourpatient'ssuicideaslongasyoudon'tintendtheirsuicide."Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodemmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying。JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt'srulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,theNationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,ApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof"ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying"asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare。Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife。Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.“Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering,”totheextentthatitconstitutes“systematicpatientabuse?！盚esaysmedicallicensingboards“mustmakeitclear...thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension?！?.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat[A]doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients'pain。[B]itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives。[C]theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide。[D]patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicide。2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsitstrueaccordingtothetext?[A]Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients'death。[B]Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery。[C]TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed。[D]Adoctor'smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions。3.AccordingtotheNAS'sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis[A]prolongedmedicalprocedures。[B]inadequatetreatmentofpain。[C]systematicdrugabuse。[D]insufficienthospitalcare。4.Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword“aggressive"(line3,paragraph7)?[A]Bold.[B]Harmful.[C]Careless.[D]Desperate。5.GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey[A]managetheirpatientsincompetently。[B]givepatientsmoremedicinethanneeded。[C]reducedrugdosagesfortheirpatients。[D]prolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatients。名師解析1.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat從前三段我們得知[A]doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients’pain。醫(yī)?過去常常增加藥物劑量來控制病?的病痛。[B]itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives。醫(yī)?幫助病危者結(jié)束?命仍然是違法的。[C]theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide。法院強烈反對醫(yī)助?殺。[D]patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicide。病?沒有憲法賦予的?殺權(quán)利?！敬鸢浮緽【考點】事實細節(jié)題?！痉治觥勘绢}針對第?到第三段的所有內(nèi)容進?了測試，選項[A]的相關(guān)信息可以定位到第三段，但是?中說“近?年醫(yī)?才?這個原則為??的?為辯護”。?中?法得出“過去常?！钡恼f法。選項[B]可以定位到第?段，?中提到“憲法沒有賦予這樣的權(quán)利”。所以可以說，本答案是正確的。選項[C]可以定位到第?段，但是法院是?持這樣的做法的。?于[D]，顯然是錯的。2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext?根據(jù)?章，下?哪?個說法是正確的?[A]Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients’death。如果醫(yī)?冒病??命的危險，他們將被判有罪。[B]Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery。現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學已經(jīng)幫助晚期病?進??痛康復。[C]TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed。法院判決，醫(yī)?可以開?劑量的鎮(zhèn)疼藥。[D]Adoctor'smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions。醫(yī)??藥是否合法不再取決于他的意圖?！敬鸢浮緾【考點】事實細節(jié)題。【分析】由于本題屬于事實細節(jié)判斷題，所以只有對每?個選項都進?辨析。選項[A]可以定位到第五段“Annas”的話。話中提到“只要醫(yī)?不是想殺死病?，那么他們的死亡就不能被稱為謀殺”。因此可以判定[A]不正確。[B]說病危者的?痛康復，在?中沒有提到康復問題。[C]可以從第?段中找到，?等法院認為只要醫(yī)?是出于好意，則可以去做。因此可以得出[C]是正確的。[D]錯誤是因為事實上，醫(yī)?的意圖在對于?為是否合法上?是?常重要的。3.AccordingtotheNAS’sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis根據(jù)國家科學院(NAS)的報告，臨終護理存在的?個問題是[A]prolongedmedicalprocedures.延長了的醫(yī)療過程。[B]inadequatetreatmentofpain.對病痛處理不?。[C]systematicdrugabuse.?貫的藥物濫?。[D]insufficienthospitalcare.醫(yī)院護理不??！敬鸢浮緽【考點】事實細節(jié)題?！痉治觥勘绢}可以定位到第七段的第?句話中的“theundertreatmentofpain”以及“theaggressiveuseof‘ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying’”。?個是“對病?的疼痛治療不?”。另外?個是“強?使??效的治療?法延長?命，使得病?的晚期失去尊嚴”。因此，這?的答案應該是[C]。4.Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword“aggressive”(Line3,Paragraph7)?以下哪?個單詞的解釋了單詞“aggressive”(第七段第三?)的意思?[A]Bold.?膽的。[B]Harmful.有害的。[C]Careless.粗?的。[D]Desperate.絕望的?！敬鸢浮緼【考點】詞義題?！痉治觥窟@個單詞的所在句“Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof‘ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying’asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare。”中，說的是對病痛處理不?和?膽使?“?效?強制性的醫(yī)療程序，這些程序可能會延長死亡期，甚?會讓死亡期難堪”。對這種醫(yī)療程序的使?必須是“aggressive”的，是?般的?法不會?的。所以這個單詞的意思就是“bold”。5.GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey喬治·安納斯可能認為醫(yī)?應該受到懲罰，如果他們[A]managetheirpatientsincompetently.不勝任地治療病?。[B]givepatientsmoremedicinethanneeded.給病?的藥物超量。[C]reducedrugdosagesfortheirpatients.為病?減藥。[D]prolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatients。延長病?不必要的痛苦?！敬鸢浮緿【考點】事實細節(jié)題?！痉治觥勘绢}的答題依據(jù)是?章的最后?段。在這?段中，“Annas”對?量的醫(yī)?置病?的痛苦于不顧，?端地延長病?不必要的痛苦這種?為提出了批評，認為這種?為構(gòu)成了“虐待病?”，并認為這樣的醫(yī)?應該予以吊銷?醫(yī)執(zhí)照。因此可以判斷[D]選項是正確的。難句解析：1.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect”，acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect?！窘Y(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是“although”引導的狀語從句后?加?個主句。“although”從句中有?個“that”引導的賓語從句。本句的主句是“thecourtsupportedthemedicalprincipleof‘doubleeffect’”，后?是?個對“doubleeffect”進?說明的同位語。2.NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho“untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath?！薄窘Y(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句主語是“NancyDubler”，后?有?個修飾它的同位語，謂語是“contends”，后?有?個賓語從句，其中從句的賓語?有?個“who”引導的定語從句，?且從句中有?個“if”引導的假設狀語從句。3.Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying?！窘Y(jié)構(gòu)分析】該句的主句是“manyacknowledge”，后?的賓語從句中?有?個定語從句“forwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying”來修飾前?的“patients”。全?翻譯：法庭關(guān)于醫(yī)助?殺的裁決，對于醫(yī)學界如何尋求減輕病危者的痛苦和折磨這個問題來說，具有重要的意義。盡管裁決認為，憲法沒有賦予醫(yī)?幫助病??殺的權(quán)利，然?法庭實際上卻認可了醫(yī)療界的“雙效”原則，這個存在了好?個世紀的道德原則認為，如果某種?為具有雙