考研考博-英語-廈門工學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-廈門工學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第壹套一.全考點押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題

II.LastTerm,theSupremeCourtinUnitedStatesv.Halper,unanimouslycreatedaruleoflawthatwilldisruptfederal,state,andlocalgovernments’abilitytoenforceavastarrayofimportantregulatoryschemes,includingenvironmentalprotection,securitiesregulation,andtaxcollection.ThislikelydisruptionflowsfromtheCourt’srecognitionthatcertainconstitutionalprotections,previouslythoughtonlyavailabletocriminaldefendants,areattimesequallyaccessibletocivildefendantsfromwhomgovernmentisattemptingtocollectcivilpenaltiesforproscribedactivity.WhiletheCourt’sdecisioninHalperfocusedonlyontheextensionofthedoublejeopardyclausetocivilpenaltyproceedings,itsreasoningandholdingaresufficientlybroadtoallowtheapplicationofotherconstitutionalprotectionstogovernment-initiatedcivilpenaltycases.Theseadditionalconstitutionalprotectionscouldincludetheeighthamendment,theself-incriminationclauseoftheFifthAmendment,andthetrialguaranteesoftheSixthAmendment.

TurninginitiallytothemorenarrowdoublejeopardyissueaddressedinHalper,theCourt’sapplicationofdoublejeopardyprotectiontoacivilpenaltyproceedingwasaremarkablechangeinthelaw.Byextendingthereachofthedoublejeopardyclause,JusticeBlackmun’sopinionignoredaconsistentlineofcasesrecognizingdoublejeopardyprotectiononlyinthecontextofacriminalproceeding.LookingatHalperfromamorepanoramicangle,however,itistheCourt’sreasoning,apartfromitsholdingondoublejeopardythatformsthecoreofthedisruptioncreatedforgovernmentregulatoryprograms.

Forexample,intheprocessofjustifyingitsruling,theCourtfounditnecessary:(1)toblurthelinebetweencivilandcriminalpunishmentandtodefinepunishmentforconstitutionalpurposestoincludecivilpenalties;(2)todiscardastatutoryconstructiontestusedforoverfiftyyearsindecidingwhetheralegislatureintendedacriminalorcivilpenalty;(3)torejecttheconceptofdeterrenceasalegitimateobjectiveofacivilstatute;(4)toreducetheconceptofgovernmentdamagetoamonetaryformulawhileignoringsubstantialprecedentwhichrecognizedthepossibilityofnonmeasurableharmtogovernment;(5)tocreateanaccountingprocedurefordecidingwhenthelineiscrossedbetweenremedyandpunishmentforconstitutionalpurposes;and(6)toallowindividualtrialcourtstoreplacethewilloflegislaturesindecidingtherationallevelofindemnitytogovernmentforitsloss.

1.ThenewrulecreatedbytheCourtinHalpercasewilldisruptdifferentlevelsofgovernments’abilityto___.

2.AccordingtoHalper,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

3.Whatistheremarkablechangeinthelawaccordingtothesecondparagraph?

4.Readingtheparagraphsgiven,onecanfeelthatauthor___theHalpercase.

問題1選項

A.enforceavastarrayofimportantregulatoryschemes

B.enforcealltheimportantregulatoryschemes

C.enforcetheimportantregulatoryschemesofenvironmentalprotection,securitiesregulation,andtaxcollection

D.enforcetheimportantregulatoryschemesotherthanenvironmentalprotection,securitiesregulation,andtaxcollection

問題2選項

A.Certainconstitutionalprotections,previouslythoughtonlyavailabletocriminaldefendants,areequallyaccessibletocivildefendants.

B.Thereasoningandholdingaresufficientlybroadtoallowtheapplicationofotherconstitutionalprotectionstogovernment-initiatedcivilpenaltycases.

C.Theeighthamendment,theself-incriminationclauseoftheFifthAmendment,andthetrialguaranteesoftheSixthAmendmentareavailabletocivildefendants.

D.TheCourt’sreasoninganddecisionfocusedonlyontheextensionofthedoublejeopardyclausetocivilpenaltyproceedings.

問題3選項

A.Tonarrowdoublejeopardyissue.

B.Toignoreaconsistentlineofcasesrecognizingdoublejeopardyprotectiononlyinthecontextofacriminalproceeding.

C.Theapplicationofdoublejeopardyprotectiontoacivilpenaltyproceeding.

D.TolookatHalperfromamorepanoramicangle.

問題4選項

A.disagreeswith

B.hasnegativefeelingwith

C.whollysupports

D.likes

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

【解析】1.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段第一句LastTerm,theSupremeCourtinUnitedStatesv.Halper,unanimouslycreatedaruleoflawthatwilldisruptfederal,state,andlocalgovernments’abilitytoenforceavastarrayofimportantregulatoryschemes,includingenvironmentalprotection,securitiesregulation,andtaxcollection.（上一屆，最高法院在美國訴Halper案中一致制定了一項法律規(guī)則，該規(guī)則將破壞聯(lián)邦、州和地方政府執(zhí)行一系列重要監(jiān)管計劃的能力，包括環(huán)境保護、證券監(jiān)管和稅收征收）可知選A選項“執(zhí)行一系列重要的監(jiān)管計劃”；B選項“執(zhí)行所有重要的規(guī)管計劃”，C選項“執(zhí)行環(huán)境保護、證券監(jiān)管、稅收征管等重要監(jiān)管方案”以及D選項“執(zhí)行除環(huán)境保護、證券監(jiān)管和稅收征管外的重要監(jiān)管計劃”都不符合原文。因此A選項正確。

2.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段ThislikelydisruptionflowsfromtheCourt’srecognitionthatcertainconstitutionalprotections,previouslythoughtonlyavailabletocriminaldefendants,areattimesequallyaccessibletocivildefendantsfromwhomgovernmentisattemptingtocollectcivilpenaltiesforproscribedactivity.（這種可能造成的干擾是由于最高法院認識到，某些憲法保護以前被認為只適用于刑事被告，但有時也適用于民事被告，政府正試圖對被禁止的活動收取民事處罰）可知A選項“某些憲法保護以前被認為只適用于刑事被告，現(xiàn)在對民事被告也同樣適用”和原文不符；第一段WhiletheCourt’sdecisioninHalperfocusedonlyontheextensionofthedoublejeopardyclausetocivilpenaltyproceedings,itsreasoningandholdingaresufficientlybroadtoallowtheapplicationofotherconstitutionalprotectionstogovernment-initiatedcivilpenaltycases.Theseadditionalconstitutionalprotectionscouldincludetheeighthamendment,theself-incriminationclauseoftheFifthAmendment,andthetrialguaranteesoftheSixthAmendment.（雖然法院在Halper案中的裁決只側(cè)重于將雙重危險條款擴展到民事處罰程序，但其推理和裁定的范圍足夠廣泛，允許將其他憲法保護適用于政府發(fā)起的民事處罰案件。這些附加的憲法保護包括第八修正案、第五修正案的自證其罪條款和第六修正案的審判保障）可知B選項“推理和裁定的范圍足夠廣泛，允許對政府發(fā)起的民事處罰案件適用其他憲法保護”，C選項“第八修正案、第五修正案的自證其罪條款和第六修正案的審判保證對民事被告適用”以及D選項“法院的推理和裁決只集中于將雙重危險條款擴大到民事處罰程序”符合原文。因此A選項符合題意。

3.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段第一句TurninginitiallytothemorenarrowdoublejeopardyissueaddressedinHalper,theCourt’sapplicationofdoublejeopardyprotectiontoacivilpenaltyproceedingwasaremarkablechangeinthelaw.（最初轉(zhuǎn)向Halpe案中涉及的更狹義的雙重危險問題，法院對民事處罰程序的雙重危險保護的適用是法律上的一個顯著變化）可知選C選項“雙重危險保護在民事處罰程序中的適用”；A選項“縮小雙重危險問題”，B選項“忽視一系列只有在刑事訴訟中才承認雙重危險保護的案件”以及D選項“從一個更全景的角度看Halper案”皆不是原文提到的法律上的一個顯著變化。因此C選項正確。

4.觀點態(tài)度題。定位到第二段Byextendingthereachofthedoublejeopardyclause,JusticeBlackmun’sopinionignoredaconsistentlineofcasesrecognizingdoublejeopardyprotectiononlyinthecontextofacriminalproceeding.LookingatHalperfromamorepanoramicangle,however,itistheCourt’sreasoning,apartfromitsholdingondoublejeopardythatformsthecoreofthedisruptioncreatedforgovernmentregulatoryprograms.（通過擴大雙重危險條款的范圍，布萊克門法官的意見忽視了一系列只有在刑事訴訟中才承認雙重危險保護的案件。然而，從更全面的角度來看，除了對雙重危險的認定外，法院的推理構(gòu)成了對政府監(jiān)管項目造成破壞的核心）可知作者認為Halper案的處理方式導(dǎo)致了對政府監(jiān)管項目造成破壞的核心，可以推測作者對Halper案有負面感覺，選B選項“對Halper案有負面的感覺”；A選項“不同意”太過嚴重；C選項“完全支持”和D選項“喜歡”都不符合原文的表達。因此B選項正確。

2.單選題

Heneverexertshimselftoaidthosetryingto（

）adifficultsituation.

問題1選項

A.rectify

B.modify

C.solidify

D.verify

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。rectify“改正”；modify“修改；更改”;solidify“團結(jié)；凝固”；verify“核實；查證”。句意：他從不幫助那些試圖矯正困境的人。選項A符合題意。

3.單選題

HerwrittenEnglishwaswonderful,andshehada(n)（）vocabularyforafreshman.

問題1選項

A.credulous

B.incredulous

C.credible

D.incredible

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。credulous"輕信的,易受騙的";incredulous"懷疑的,不輕信的";credible"可信的,可靠的";incredible"不可思議的,難以置信的"。句意：她的書面英語非常棒,而且對于一個大一新生來說,她的詞匯量驚人。選項D符合句意。

4.單選題

Itwas1961andIwasinthefifthgrade.Mymarksinschoolweremiserableandthethingwas,Ididn’tknowenoughtoreallycare.MyolderbrotherandIlivedwithMominadingymultifamilyhouseinDetroit.WewatchedTVeverynight.Thebackgroundnoiseofourliveswasgunfireandhorse’shoofsfromWagonTrain,orCheyenne,andlaughterfromIloveLucyorMisterEd.Aftersupper,we’dsprawlonMom’sbedandstareforhoursatthetube.

ButonedayMomchangedourworldforever.SheturnedofftheTV.Ourmotherhadonlybeenabletogetthroughthirdgrade.Butshewasmuchbrighterandsmarterthanweboysknewatthetime.Shehadnoticedsomethinginthesuburbanhouseswhereshecleanedbooks.Soshecamehomeoneday,snappedofftheTV,satusdownandexplainedthathersonsweregoingtomakesomethingofthemselves.“Youboysaregoingtoreadtwobookseveryweek,”shesaid,“andyou’regoingtowritemeareportonwhatyouread.”Wemoanedandcomplainedabouthowunfairitwas.Besides,wedidn’thaveanybooksinthehouseotherthanMom’sBible.Butsheexplainedthatwewouldgowherethebookswere:“I’ddriveyoutothelibrary.”

Soprettysoontherewerethesetwopeevishboyssittinginherwhite1959OldsmobileontheirwaytoDetroitPublicLibrary.Iwanderedreluctantlyamongthechildren’sbooks.Ilovedanimals,sowhenIsawsomebooksthatseemedtobeaboutanimals,Istartedleafingthroughthem.ThefirstbookIreadclearthroughwasChiptheDamBuilder.Itwasaboutbeavers.ForthefirsttimeinmylifeIwaslostinanotherworld.Notelevisionprogramhadevertakenmesofarawayfrommysurroundingsasdidthisverbalvisittoacoldstreaminaforestandtheseanimalsbuildingahome.

Itdidn’tdawnonmeatthetime,buttheexperiencewasquitedifferentfromwatchingTV.Therewereimagesforminginmymindinsteadofbeforemyeyes.AndIcouldreturntothemagainandagainwithaflipofapage.

SoonIbegantolookforwardtovisitingthishushedsanctuaryfrommyotherworld.Imovedfromanimalstoplants,andthentorocks.Betweenthecoversofallthosebookswerewholeworlds,andIwasfreetogoanywhereinthem.Alongthewayafunnythinghappened;Istartedtoknowthings.Teachersstartedtonoticeittoo.IgottothepointwhereIcouldn’twaittogethometomybooks.

NowmyolderbrotherisanengineerandIamchiefofpediatricneurosurgeryatJohnHopkinsChildren’sCenterinBaltimore.SometimesIstillcan’tbelievemylife’sjourney,fromafailingandindifferentstudentinaDetroitpublicschooltothisposition,whichtakesmeallovertheworldtoteachandperformcriticalsurgery.

ButIknowwhenthejourneybegan—thedayMomsnappedofftheTVsetandputusinherOldsmobileforthatdrivetothelibrary.

1.Wecanlearnfromthebeginningofthepassagethat（

）.

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouttheauthor’sfamily?

3.Themotherwas（

）tomakehertwosonsswitchtoreadingbooks.

4.Howdidthetwoboysfeelaboutgoingtothelibraryatfirst?

5.TheauthorbegantolovebooksforthefollowingreasonsEXCEPTthat（

）.

問題1選項

A.theauthorandhisbrotherhaddonepoorlyinschool

B.theauthorhadbeenveryconcernedabouthisschoolwork

C.theauthorhadspentmuchtimewatchingTVafterschool

D.theauthorhadrealizedhowimportantschoolingwas

問題2選項

A.Hecamefrommiddle-classfamily.

B.Hecamefromasingle-parentfamily.

C.Hismotherworkedasacleaner.

D.Hismotherhadreceivedlittleeducation.

問題3選項

A.hesitant

B.unprepared

C.reluctant

D.determined

問題4選項

A.Theywereafraid.

B.Theywerereluctant.

C.Theywereindifferent.

D.Theywereeagertogo.

問題5選項

A.hebegantoseesomethinginhismind

B.hecouldvisualizewhathereadinhismind

C.hecouldgobacktoreadthebooksagain

D.herealizedthatbookofferedhimnewexperience

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。由第一段“WewatchedTVeverynight.和Aftersupper,we’dsprawlonMom’sbedandstareforhoursatthetube.我們每天晚上都看電視。晚飯后,我們就會躺在媽媽的床上,再看幾個小時電視?！笨芍髡呙刻旆艑W(xué)后花了很多時間看電視。故C項正確。

2.推理判斷題。由第一段“MyolderbrotherandIlivedwithMominadingymultifamilyhouseinDetroit.我和哥哥、媽媽住在底特律一所骯臟的多戶住宅里?！笨芍髡邅碜杂趩斡H家庭。故B項正確?！癘urmotherhadonlybeenabletogetthroughthirdgrade.Butshewasmuchbrighterandsmarterthanweboysknewatthetime.Shehadnoticedsomethinginthesuburbanhouseswhereshecleanedbooks.我們的母親只上完了三年級。但她比我們男孩當時所知道的要聰明得多。她注意到在她打掃書籍的郊區(qū)房子里有一些東西。”可知作者的母親接受的教育很少，并且是個清潔工，故C、D項正確。題干問的是哪一項不正確，故選答案A。

3.推理判斷題。由第二段“Soshecamehomeoneday,snappedofftheTV,satusdownandexplainedthathersonsweregoingtomakesomethingofthemselves.所以有一天她回到家，關(guān)掉電視，讓我們坐下來，解釋說她的兒子們將要做些改變?！笨芍髡吣赣H讓他倆讀書的態(tài)度是十分堅決的。故D項正確。

4.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)第三段“Soprettysoontherewerethesetwopeevishboyssittinginherwhite1959OldsmobileontheirwaytoDetroitPublicLibrary.Iwanderedreluctantlyamongthechildren’sbooks.所以沒過多久，就有兩個脾氣暴躁的男孩坐在她那輛1959年產(chǎn)的白色奧茲莫比爾汽車上，準備去底特律公共圖書館。我不情愿地在兒童讀物間徘徊?！笨芍麄兊谝淮稳D書館是不情愿的。故B項正確。

5.推理判斷題。由第四段“Itdidn’tdawnonmeatthetime,buttheexperiencewasquitedifferentfromwatchingTV.當時我并沒有意識到這一點，但這種體驗與看電視完全不同。”可知作者當時并沒有意識到書本給他帶來的新體驗。故D項“他意識到書籍給他帶來全新的體驗”不正確。

5.單選題

In1957,adoctorinSingaporenoticedthathospitalsweretreatinganunusualnumberofinfluenza-likecases.Influenzaissometimescalled“flu”ora“badcold”.Hetooksamplesfromthethroatsofpatientsandinhishospitalhewasabletofindthevirusofthisinfluenza.

Therearethreemaintypesoftheinfluenzavirus.ThemostimportantofthesearetypeAandB,eachofthemhavingseveralsubgroups.WiththeinstrumentsatthehospitalthedoctorrecognizedthattheoutbreakwasduetoavirusingroupAbuthedidnotknowthesubgroup.ThenhereportedtheoutbreaktotheWorldHealthOrganizationinGeneva.A.W.H.O.publishedtheimportantnewsalongsidereportsofasimilaroutbreakinHongKongofChina,whereabout15%-20%ofthepopulationhadbecomeill.

AssoonastheLondondoctorsreceivedthepackageofthroatsamples,doctorsbeganthestandardtests.Theyfoundthatbyreproducingitselfwithveryhighspeed,thevirushadgrownmorethanamilliontimeswithintwodays.Continuingtheircarefultests,thedoctorscheckedtheeffectofdrugsagainstalltheknownsubgroupsofvirustypeA.A.Noneofthemgaveanyprotection.This,then,wassomethingnew,anewinfluenzavirus,againstwhichthepeopleoftheworldhadnohelpwhatever.

Havingfoundthevirustheywereworkingwith,thetwodoctorsnowdroppeditintothenosesofsomespeciallyselectedanimals,whichgetinfluenzaasmuchashumanbeingsdo.Inashorttimetheusualsignsofthediseaseappeared.D.Theseexperimentsprovedthatthenewviruswaseasytocatch,butthatitwasnotakiller.Scientists,likethegeneralpublic,callitsimplyAsianflu.

Thefirstdiscoveryofthevirus,however,wasmadeinmainlandChinabeforethediseasehadappearedinothercountries.VariousreportsshowedthattheinfluenzaoutbreakstartedinmainlandChina,probablyinFebruaryof1957.BythemiddleofMarchithadspreadalloverthemainland.D.TheviruswasfoundbyChinesedoctorsearlyinMarch.ButatthattimeChinawasnotamemberoftheWorldHealthOrganizationandthereforedidnotreportoutbreaksofdiseasetoit.Notuntiltwomonthslater,whentravelerscarriedthevirusintoHongKong,China,fromwhereitspreadtoSingapore,didthenewsoftheoutbreakreachtherestoftheworld.D.Bythistimeitwaswellstartedonitswayaroundtheworld.

Thereafter,WHO’sWeeklyReportsdescribedthesteadyspreadofthisgreatvirusoutbreak,whichwithinfourmonthssweptthrougheverycontinent.

1.TheoutbreakinHongKong,China,wasduetoavirusin

.

2.Whydidthetwodoctorsdropthefluintothenosesofanimals?

3.TheAsianfluvirus

.

4.Wherewastheflufirstfound?

5.Whendidthevirusreachtherestoftheworld?

問題1選項

A.anewsubgroupofGroupA

B.anoldsubgroupofGroupA

C.anewsubgroupofGroupB

D.anoldsubgroupofGroupB

問題2選項

A.Todecideonthevirusname

B.Toseehowitcanaffecttheanimals

C.Tofindthechannelofthevirusspread

D.Totestthespeedandeffectofvirusreproduction

問題3選項

A.wasakiller

B.wasveryweak

C.couldreproduceveryquickly

D.diedveryfast

問題4選項

A.InHongKong,China

B.InSingapore

C.InmainlandChina

D.Notmentioned

問題5選項

A.InFebruary

B.BeforeMarch

C.InApril

D.AfterMay

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)文章第二段第三句話WiththeinstrumentsatthehospitalthedoctorrecognizedthattheoutbreakwasduetoavirusingroupAbuthedidnotknowthesubgroup可知選項A符合題意。

2.判斷推理題。文章第四段倒數(shù)第二句話提到在很短的時間內(nèi)，疾病的常見癥狀出現(xiàn)了。這些實驗證明，這種新病毒很容易感染，但它不是致命病毒（Inashorttimetheusualsignsofthediseaseappeared.Theseexperimentsprovedthatthenewviruswaseasytocatch,butthatitwasnotakiller），由此可知實驗是為了測試病毒的傳播和再生的速度。因此選項D符合題意。

3.判斷推理題。文章第四段提到醫(yī)生用動物來做實驗，發(fā)現(xiàn)這類病毒再生速度非?？欤↖nashorttimetheusualsignsofthediseaseappeared），由此可知選項C符合題意。

4.細節(jié)事實題。文章第五段第一句話提到這種病毒在其他國家出現(xiàn)之前，最早在中國大陸出現(xiàn)（Thefirstdiscoveryofthevirus,however,wasmadeinmainlandChinabeforethediseasehadappearedinothercountries），因此選項C符合題意。

5.判斷推理題。文章第五段提到這種病毒最早是在中國大陸出現(xiàn)，時間是大約1957年2月份，而被醫(yī)生發(fā)現(xiàn)是在三月份，兩個月后通過旅行者傳播到了中國香港，然后再傳染到新加坡，因此選項D符合題意。

6.單選題

Mygrandpagavemeawatch,whichismadeofgold,（）Ikeeptothisday.

問題1選項

A.andthus

B.and

C.so

D.andwhich

【答案】D

【解析】考查語法。題目中有兩個非限制性定語從句，第一個由which引導(dǎo)，先行詞在定語從句中做主語，第二個也需用關(guān)系代詞which，先行詞在定語從句中做賓語，所以也不能省略，選項D符合題意。

7.單選題

Thereisalready（）cleartoshowthatplantsandanimalsarebeingaffectedbyclimatechange.

問題1選項

A.witness

B.certification

C.identify

D.evidence

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。witness“證人，目擊者”；certification“證明，鑒定”；identify“鑒定，識別”；evidence“證據(jù)”。句意：有證據(jù)清晰地表明植物和動物受到氣候變化的影響。D項符合題意。

8.單選題

AlthoughKantarguedthatlyingwas“theobliterationofone’sdignityasahumanbeing”andheldthattheruleagainstlyingwasabsolute,（

）nowadaysthatthemoralrulenottoliehastobequalifiedbycircumstance.

問題1選項

A.littlewoulddisagree

B.fewwoulddisagree

C.littlewouldagree

D.fewwouldagree

【答案】B

【解析】考查虛擬語氣。狀語從句的主語是康德，可知主句應(yīng)為表示“人”的代詞，因此可排除不能指代人的little，即A和C選項。句意：康德認為說謊是“人的尊嚴的喪失”，認為反對說謊的規(guī)則是絕對的，但很少有人否認誠實這一道德準則不得不受制于環(huán)境。此處用雙重否定表示肯定。因此B選項符合題意。

9.單選題

Apopularwayofkeepingfitistogo（）,whichisakindofslow-tomedium-pacedrunning.

問題1選項

A.trotting

B.sauntering

C.strolling

D.jogging

【答案】D

【解析】【試題解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項trot“小跑”；B選項saunter“漫步；閑逛”；C選項stroll“漫步；閑逛；巡回演出”；D選項jog“慢跑；輕推，輕撞”。句意：保持健康的流行方式是去慢跑，其是一種緩慢到中等步伐的跑步。結(jié)合此處語境，D選項正確。

10.單選題

Twodivergentdefinitionshavedominatedsociologists’discussionsofthenatureofethnicity.Thefirstemphasizestheprimordialandunchangingcharacterofethnicity.Inthisview,peoplehaveanessentialneedforbelongingthatissatisfiedbymembershipingroupsbasedonsharedancestryandculture.Adifferentconceptionofethnicityde-emphasizestheculturalcomponentanddefinesethnicgroupsasinterestgroups.Inthisview,ethnicityservesasawayofmobilizingacertainpopulationbehindissuesrelatingtoitseconomicposition.Whilebothofthesedefinitionsareuseful,neitherfullycapturesthedynamicandchangingaspectsofethnicityintheUnitedStates.

Rather,ethnicityismoresatisfactorilyconceivedofasaprocessinwhichpreexistingcommunalbondsandcommonculturalattributesareadaptedforinstrumentalpurposesaccordingtochangingreal-lifesituations.

OneexampleofthisprocessistheriseofparticipationbyNativeAmericanpeopleinthebroaderUnitedStatespoliticalsystemsincetheCivilRightsmovementofthe1960’s.BesidesleadingNativeAmericanstoparticipatemoreactivelyinpolitics(thenumberofNativeAmericanlegislativeofficeholdersmorethandoubled),thismovementalsoevokedincreasedinterestintribalhistoryandtraditionalculture.Culturalandinstrumentalcomponentsofethnicityarenotmutuallyexclusive,butratherreinforceoneanother.

TheCivilRightsmovementalsobroughtchangesintheusestowhichethnicitywasputbyMexicanAmericanpeople.Inthe1960’s,MexicanAmericansformedcommunity-basedpoliticalgroupsthatemphasizedancestralheritageasawayofmobilizingconstituents.SuchemergingissuesasimmigrationandvotingrightsgaveMexicanAmericanadvocacygroupsthemeansbywhichtopromoteethnicsolidarity.LikeEuropeanethnicgroupsinthenineteenth-centuryUnitedStates,late-twentieth-centuryMexicanAmericanleaderscombinedethnicwithcontemporarycivicsymbols.In1968HenryCensors,thenmayorofSanAntonio,Texas,citedMexicanleaderBenitoJuarezasamodelforMexicanAmericansintheirfightforcontemporarycivilrights.Andeveryyear,MexicanAmericanscelebrateCincodeMayoasferventlyasmanyIrishAmericanpeopleembraceSt.Patrick’sDay(botharemajorholidaysinthecountriesoforigin),withbothholidayshavingbeenreinventedinthecontextoftheUnitedStatesandlinkedtoideals,symbols,andheroesoftheUnitedStates.

46.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainideaofthepassage?

47.Whichisthefollowingstatementsaboutthefirsttwodefinitionsofethnicitydiscussedinthefirstparagraphissupportedbythepassage?

48.TheauthorofthepassagereferstoNativeAmericanpeopleinthesecondparagraphinordertoprovideanexampleof____.

49.ThepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheMexicanAmericancommunity?

50.Whichofthefollowingtypesofethnicculturalexpressionisdiscussedinthepassage?

問題1選項

A.Intheirdefinitionsofthenatureofethnicity,sociologistshaveunderestimatedthepoweroftheprimordialhumanneedtobelong.

B.Ethnicityisbestdefinedasadynamicprocessthatcombinesculturalcomponentswithsharedpoliticalandeconomicinterests.

C.IntheUnitedStatesinthetwentiethcentury,ethnicgroupshavebeguntoorganizeinordertofurthertheirpoliticalandeconomicinterests.

D.EthnicityintheUnitedStateshasbeensignificantlychangedbytheCivilRightsmovement.

問題2選項

A.Oneissupportedprimarilybysociologists,andtheotherisfavoredbymembersofethnicgroups.

B.Oneemphasizesthepoliticalaspectsofethnicity,andtheotherfocusesontheeconomicaspects.

C.OneistheresultofanalysisofUnitedStatespopulations,andtheotheristheresultofanalysisofEuropeanpopulations.

D.Onefocusesmoreontheancestralcomponentsofethnicitythandoestheother.

問題3選項

A.theabilityofmembershipingroupsbasedonsharedancestryandculturetosatisfyanessentialhumanneed.

B.howethnicfeelingshavebothmotivatedandbeenstrengthenedbypoliticalactivity.

C.howtheCivilRightsmovementcanhelppromotesolidarityamongUnitedStatesethnicgroups.

D.howparticipationinthepoliticalsystemhashelpedtoimproveagroup’seconomicsituation.

問題4選項

A.Inthe1960’stheMexicanAmericancommunitybegantoincorporatethecustomsofanotherethnicgroupintheUnitedStatesintotheobservationofitsownethnicholidays.

B.Inthe1960’sMexicanAmericancommunitygroupspromotedethnicsolidarityprimarilyinordertoeffecteconomicchange.

C.Inthe1960’sleaderoftheMexicanAmericancommunityconcentratedtheireffortsonpromotingarenaissanceofethnichistoryandculture

D.Inthe1960’smembersoftheMexicanAmericancommunitywerebecomingincreasinglyconcernedabouttheissueofvotingrights.

問題5選項

A.Theretellingoftraditionalnarratives

B.Thewearingoftraditionalclothing

C.Theplayingoftraditionalmusic

D.Thecelebrationoftraditionalholidays

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】46.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】主旨大意題。第一段最后一句Whilebothofthesedefinitionsareuseful,neitherfullycapturesthedynamicandchangingaspectsofethnicityintheUnitedStates.（雖然這兩種定義都是有用的，但都不能完全抓住美國種族的動態(tài)和變化的方面）引出兩種定義的不足之處，第二段Rather,ethnicityismoresatisfactorilyconceivedofasaprocessinwhichpreexistingcommunalbondsandcommonculturalattributesareadaptedforinstrumentalpurposesaccordingtochangingreal-lifesituations.（相反，種族更令人滿意地被設(shè)想為一個過程，在這個過程中，根據(jù)不斷變化的現(xiàn)實生活情況，將先前存在的社區(qū)紐帶和共同的文化屬性調(diào)整為工具性目的）作者給出更完善的定義，第三段第四段都在舉例說明該定義，選B選項“族裔最好定義為將文化成分與共同的政治和經(jīng)濟利益結(jié)合起來的動態(tài)過程”；A選項“在他們對種族本質(zhì)的定義中，社會學(xué)家低估了原始人類需要歸屬感的力量”和原文不符；C選項“在20世紀的美國，少數(shù)民族開始團結(jié)起來，以促進他們的政治和經(jīng)濟利益”和D選項“民權(quán)運動顯著改變了美國的種族”僅是第三段的內(nèi)容，以偏概全。因此B選項正確。

47.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段Thefirstemphasizesth