考研考博-英語-常州大學押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇2

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-常州大學押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第壹套一.全考點押題密卷-綜合訓練(共50題)1.單選題

Hundredsofchickensareraisedinthe（）.

問題1選項

A.exposure

B.enclosure

C.closure

D.pressure

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項exposure“暴露；曝光”；B選項enclosure“附件；圍墻”；C選項closure“關(guān)閉；終止”；D選項pressure“壓力；壓迫”。句意：……里養(yǎng)了數(shù)百只小雞。句中所說的是圈養(yǎng)小雞，所以會需要一堵圍墻。因此B選項符合題意。

2.單選題

Theeffort____skepticismfrompsychologistswhofinditfrivolous.

問題1選項

A.protests

B.proposes

C.probates

D.provokes

【答案】D

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.protests抗議B.proposes建議

C.probates核實遺囑D.provokes引起

【答案】D

【考查點】動賓搭配

【解題思路】空格處所填動詞搭配的賓語為“心理學家的懷疑”，只有D選項provokes“引起”可以與之搭配。

【干擾項排除】A、B、C選項與賓語“心理學家的懷疑”搭配不當。

【句意】這種努力引起了心理學家的懷疑，他們認為這種努力毫無意義。

3.單選題

BetweenFrenchfriends,whohavechoseneachotherforcongenialityoftheirpointofview,livelydisagreementandsharpnessofargumentsarethebreathoflife.

問題1選項

A.coexistence

B.coincidence

C.correlation

D.compatibility

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。congeniality表示“同性質(zhì)；適意”。A項coexistence“共存”，B項coincidence“巧合，一致”，C項correlation“相關(guān)，關(guān)聯(lián)”，D項compatibility“兼容”。句意：對于因為觀點一致而選擇對方成為朋友的法國人來說，活躍的爭論和激烈的論斷是他們生活中不可缺少的東西。根據(jù)句意，該題選D正確。

4.單選題

Governmenttodayplaysanincreasinglylargerroleinthe（

）ofwelfare,economics,andeducation.

問題1選項

A.scopes

B.ranges

C.ranks

D.domains

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。scope“范圍，眼界，視野”；range“范圍；幅度”；rank“級別，等級”；domain“領(lǐng)域，域，域名”。句意：現(xiàn)在政府在很多領(lǐng)域扮演著重要的角色，比如福利、經(jīng)濟和教育等。選項D符合題意。

5.翻譯題

Nowwehavesteppedintotheinformationsociety.Theinformationindustrydevelopsveryrapidly.However,therearealsoalotofproblems:thehackers,trick-playingteensandinternet-basedcriminals.Thus,informationsocietybecomesanimportantissue.Informationleakagemayhurtalotofdepartments,suchasrelatedauthorities,enterprises,organizationsorinstitutes,aswellasindividuals.

【答案】現(xiàn)在我們已經(jīng)步入了信息社會。信息產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展非常迅速。然而，也有很多問題：黑客、惡作劇的青少年和網(wǎng)絡犯罪分子。因此，信息社會成為一個重要的問題。信息泄露可能會給很多部門造成傷害，如相關(guān)當局、企業(yè)、組織或機構(gòu)以及個人。

6.單選題

HumidityissointenseinsomepartsofthetropicsthatEuropeansfindthattheyareunableto______it.

問題1選項

A.maintain

B.persist

C.endure

D.sustain

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。maintain“維持”；persist“堅持；持續(xù)”；endure“忍耐，容忍”；sustain“維持，支撐”。句意：熱帶部分地區(qū)的濕度過于強烈以至于很多歐洲人難以忍受。選項C符合題意。

7.單選題

FromChristianityandthebarbariankingdomsofthewestemergedthemedievalversionofpolitics_____inturnevolvedthepoliticsofourmodernworld.

問題1選項

A.fromwhich

B.ofwhich

C.onwhich

D.bywhich

【答案】A

【解析】考查定語從句。fromwhich引導定語從句修飾medievalversionofpolitics;evolvefrom“由……進化，從……產(chǎn)生出”，正常語句為thepoliticsofourmodernworldevolvedfromwhich…

8.單選題

Manyyearsago,IwasinterviewingforaCIO(ChiefInformationOfficer)positionatBrownUniversity.HowardSwearer,thepresidentofBrownatthattime,askedme:“Whatisthegreatest（1）thatyouwouldbringtotheposition?”Ianswered:“Iammultilingual.”He（2）atmeforamoment,asifIhadlostmymindentirely.Iwentonto（3）thatIwascapableofeffectively（4）withfaculty,withstudents,withvendors,withtrustees,andwithotheradministrators.TheCIOneedstobeabletointeracteffectivelyandberespectedbyavarietyofaudiences.

Effectivenessofinteractionis（5）onwhetherornotanindividualcanunderstandthe（6）andproblemsbeingfacedbyaparticularuser.Thisistrueontheacademicsideofthehouse,whereoneneedstounderstandthetechnologyrequirementsandproblemsofaparticlephysicist,aclassicist,oraneconomist.Therearedifferent（7）fordatafiles,transmissionspeeds,andmanyotherITissuesthatdirectlyaffectthescholarshipofthesevaryingdisciplines.Theabilityto（8）someofthesescholarlyrequirementsis（9）tobeingviewedasapartnerintheacademicenterpriseratherthanjustassomebureaucratwhohas（10）fortheITenvironmentoncampus.

問題1選項

A.trength

B.news

C.possibility

D.change

問題2選項

A.nterviewed

B.stared

C.wondered

D.angered

問題3選項

A.nswer

B.explain

C.indicate

D.demonstrate

問題4選項

A.alking

B.speaking

C.cooperating

D.communicating

問題5選項

A.epended

B.based

C.resulted

D.taken

問題6選項

A.hocks

B.worries

C.questions

D.concerns

問題7選項

A.eeds

B.issues

C.elements

D.concerns

問題8選項

A.now

B.findout

C.lookfor

D.understand

問題9選項

A.pecial

B.inevitable

C.essential

D.required

問題10選項

A.oncerns

B.worries

C.responsibility

D.confidence

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:B

第6題:D

第7題:A

第8題:D

第9題:C

第10題:C

【解析】1.名詞辨析。strength力量,優(yōu)勢;news新聞,消息;possibility可能性,可能發(fā)生的事物;change變化,找回的零錢。根據(jù)下文中的回答"Iammultilingual(我能使用多種語言)”可知A符合句意。

2.固定搭配。此處句意為:他盯了我一會兒,似乎我已完全神志不清。Stareat凝視,盯住。

3.動詞辨析。此處句意為:我繼續(xù)解釋…。answer回答;explain說明,解釋;indicate表明,指出,預示;demonstrate證明,展示。故選B。

4.動詞辨析。四個選項均為對應動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式。此處句意為:首席信息官需要能與各種受眾進行有效的交流且被后者尊敬。talk談話;speak說話,演講;cooperate合作,配合;communicate通訊,相通,交流。故選D。

5.固定搭配。此處句意為:互動的有效性建立在此基礎(chǔ)上:一個人能否懂得特定使用者面臨的……和問題。bebasedon建立在…基礎(chǔ)上。

6.名詞辨析。四個選項均為對應名詞的復數(shù)形式。shock休克,震驚,震動;worry擔心,煩惱;question問題,疑問,詢問;concern關(guān)系,關(guān)心,擔心,憂慮。And連接空格和problems(問題),因此推測D項符合句意。

7.名詞辨析。四個選項均為對應名詞的復數(shù)形式。need需求,要求;issue問題,發(fā)布;element元素,成分;concern關(guān)系,關(guān)心?？崭袂熬湟鉃?這在學院的學術(shù)方面是真實的,在這里一個人需要其懂得粒子物理學家、古典主義者或經(jīng)濟學家的技術(shù)需求和問題。由此可知A項符合句意。

8.邏輯分析。know知道,認識,懂得;findout査明,發(fā)現(xiàn);lookfor尋找,understand理解,懂得。前面句子指出:needstounderstandthetechnologyrequirementsandproblemsofaparticlephysicist,aclassicist,oraneconomist(需要懂得粒子物理學家、古典主義者或經(jīng)濟學家的技術(shù)需求和問題),因此此處表示:理解這些學術(shù)需要的能力,因此D項符合句意。

9.短語辨析。由空格后“viewedasapartnerintheacademicenterprise被認為是學術(shù)事業(yè)上的合作者”的對應知這里指代“必不可少的能力”,beessentialtobeing是必不可少的,故選C。其他搭配為:bespecialto是…所特有的;beinevitableto是不可避免的;berequiredto被要求。

10.名詞辨析。句意:理解這些學術(shù)要求的能力對于被視為學術(shù)企業(yè)的合作伙伴來說是非常重要的,而不僅僅是一些對校園IT環(huán)境負責的官僚。因此C項“責任,職責,義務”正確。

9.單選題

Thefunctionoftheofficeistoperformadministrativework.First,itmustprovidethenecessarycommunicationswithcustomers,banks,governments,andotheroutsideorganizations.Second,itmustservicetheinformationrequirementswithinthecompanyitself.Inordertomeettheseneedsefficiently,theOfficeManagermustemploythemostappropriatebusinessmethods,systemsandequipment.

Inanefficientadministrativestructure,clericaloperationsareorganizedsothattheyaddtotheprofitabilityofthebusiness.However,inmanycountriesthenumberofclericalstaffhasincreasedwhilethetotalnumberofworkersemployedinproductionhasfallen.

Toensurethatofficeservicesrunsmoothly,theremustbethemeanstocheck,sort,copyandfilecorrespondenceandotherpaperwork.Todaythereisagrowingrangeofmachinethatcanbeusedtodosuchjobs.Thesizeandresourcesofacompanywilldeterminehowmechanizedorcomputerizeditsofficesystemsare.

Theofficemustgivemaximumserviceatminimumcost.Abalancemustbekeptbetweenproduction,marketing,andadministration.Asacompanydevelopsandgrows,thecontributionofadministrationwillvaryinkindandinvalue.

Themostimportantobjectiveinmodemofficesistheprocessingofdatainordertoprovideameansofbusinesscontrol,butinmanycompaniesthereareweaknessesintheabilitytomanagecommunicationsefficiently.Forexample,somedataareoftenusedonlybyindividualmanagers,anddifferentdepartmentsinthesamecompanymayusedifferentdataprocessingsystems.Inordertocontributetobusinessefficiency,howeverdataprocessingmustbeacentralizedservice.Thesystemwhichisrequiredisonethatlooksatthetotalneedsofabusinessandthereforeassistsmanagementinmakingappropriatedecisionsquickly.

Anofficemayreceiveinformationbytelecommunications,bymailorbycomputer.Anofficeworkermusthaveskillinlanguageandarithmetictohandlethisandotherbusinessinformationproperly.Almostallofficejobsrequireatleastahighschooleducation.Manyemployerspreferpeoplewhohavetakencoursesbeyondthehighschoollevel.Apersoncangetsuchadvancedtrainingatacommunitycollege,orbusinessorvocationalschool.

Anofficerequiresastaffofmanagerstoplananddirectwork.Asabusinessgrows,sodoestheamountofinformationthatmustbehandledbyitsofficeworkers.Themanagerscoordinatetheactivitiesoftheseemployeessothataccuraterecordscanbekeptconcerningcorrespondence,inventory,payroll,sales,andtaxes.

1.Theofficemanagerhastousethemostsuitablebusinesssysteminorderto（）

.

2.Accordingtothepassage,thefunctionoftheofficemanageristo（）

.

3.Inwhatwayaresomecompaniesinefficientinmanagingcommunications?

4.Thedegreeofcomputerizationinacompany'sofficeislimitedby（）

.

5.Theword“mean”(line2,paragraph5)canbebestreplacedby（）

.

6.Thestructureofthispassagecanbedescribedas（）

.

7.Thetoneofthispassageis（）

.

8.Themaintopicofthispassageis（）

.

問題1選項

A.ensurethatofficeservicesruneconomically

B.checkandcopybusinesscorrespondence

C.servicetheinformationrequirementsofthecompany

D.providemeansofbusinessnegotiation

問題2選項

A.providethenecessaryinformationforthelocalauthority

B.keepabalancebetweenproduction,marketingandadministration

C.assistmanagementinmakingappropriatedecisionsquickly

D.makesurethatadministrativeworkisperformedefficiently

問題3選項

A.Bynotmakingdataavailabletoallmanagers.

B.Bywasusingthesamedataprocessingsystems.

C.Bycheckingbusinesscorrespondence.

D.Bydependingonamanufacturingbase.

問題4選項

A.thebusinessmethodsandsystems

B.thecorrespondenceandotherpaperwork

C.thedataanddataprocessingsystems

D.thesizeandresourcesofacompany

問題5選項

A.meaning

B.way

C.chance

D.time

問題6選項

A.deductive

B.inductive

C.accommodation—styled

D.circular

問題7選項

A.neutral

B.objective

C.negative

D.subjective

問題8選項

A.officestructure

B.officefunctions

C.officesize

D.factorsaffectingaccomplishmentofofficefunction

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:B

第6題:A

第7題:B

第8題:D

【解析】1.根據(jù)第一段最后一句,為了有效地滿足這些需求,辦公室經(jīng)理必須采用最適當?shù)臉I(yè)務方法、系統(tǒng)和設(shè)備。而這些需求則是上一句提到的,與客戶、銀行、政府和其他外部組織提供必要的溝通以及滿足公司內(nèi)部的信息需求,所以選項C正確。

2.根據(jù)第一段首句可知,辦公室的職能是執(zhí)行管理工作。再由第一段最后一句,為了有效地滿足這些需求,辦公室經(jīng)理必須采用最適當?shù)臉I(yè)務方法、系統(tǒng)和設(shè)備。由此可以推斷,辦公室經(jīng)理的職責是確保管理工作得到有效的執(zhí)行。選項D符合原文。

3.根據(jù)第五段的內(nèi)容可知,許多公司在有效管理通信的能力存在缺陷。例如,一些數(shù)據(jù)通常只由個別經(jīng)理使用...,也就是說,不向所有管理人員提供數(shù)據(jù),所以選項A正確。

4.根據(jù)第三段最后一句“Thesizeandresourcesofacompanywilldeterminehowmechanizedorcomputerizeditsofficesystemsare.”可知選項D與原文描述一致。

5.根據(jù)原文可知,“provideameansofbusinesscontrol”指提供一種業(yè)務控制手段。mean這里表示方式,方法,手段。選項B正確。

6.deductive演繹法,推論法,即由結(jié)論到事件的推理；inductive歸納法,即由事件推導出結(jié)論；accommodation—styled調(diào)節(jié)型；circular螺旋型。原文首先提出的是觀點,然后通過具體的事件一步步論證,所以本文的結(jié)構(gòu)為推理演繹,選項A正確。

7.結(jié)合文章內(nèi)容可知,全文的基調(diào)都是客觀公正的,沒有任何帶個人色彩的觀點。所以選項B正確。

8.本文主要是講影響公司職能發(fā)揮的因素,其他選項太片面,不是本文主旨。

10.單選題

TherighttopursuehappinessispromisedtoAmericansbytheUSConstitution,butnooneseemsquitesurewhichwayhappinessran.Itmaybeweareissuedahuntinglicensebutofferednogame.JonathanSwiftconceivedofhappinessas“thestateofbeingwell-deceived,”orofbeing“afoolamongidiots,”forSwiftsawsocietyasalandoffalsegoals.

Itis,ofcourse,un-Americantothinkintermsoffalsegoals.Wedo,however,seemtobededicatedtotheideaofbuyingourwaytohappiness.WeshallallhavemadeittoHeavenwhenwepossessenough.

AndatthesametimetheforcesofAmericanbusinessarehugelydedicatedtomakingusdeliberatelyunhappy.Advertisingisoneofourmajorindustries,andadvertisingexistsnottosatisfydesiresbuttocreatethem—andtocreatethemfasterthananyone'sbudgetcansatisfythem.Forthatmatter,ourwholeeconomyisbasedonaddictingustogreed.Weareeventolditisourpatrioticdutytosupportthenationaleconomybybuyingthings.

Lookatanyofthemagazinesthatcatertowomen.Thereadvertisingbeginsasartandslogansinthefrontpagesandendsaspillsandtherapyinthebackpages.Theartatthefrontillustratesthedreamofperfectbeauty.Thisisthebabyskinthatmustbehers.This,theperfumedbreathshemustbreatheout.This,thesixteen-year-oldfigureshemustdisplayatforty,atfifty,atsixty,andforever.ThisistheharnessintowhichMothermuststrapherselfinordertodisplaythatperfectfigure.Thisisthecreamthatrestoresskin,thesearethetabletsthatmeltawayfataroundthethighs,andthesearethepillsofperpetualyouth.

Obviouslynoreasonablepersoncanbecompletelypersuadedeitherbysuchartorbysuchpillsanddevices.Yetsomeoneisobviouslytryingtobuythisdreamandspendingbillionseveryyearintheattempt.Clearlythehappiness-marketisnotrunningoutofcustomers,butwhatisittheyaretryingtobuy?

Definingthemeaningof“happiness”isaperplexingproposition:thebestonecandoistotrytosetsomeextremestotheideaandthenworktowardsthemiddle.Tothinkofhappinessasachievingsuperiorityoverothers,livinginamansionmadeofmarble,havingawardrobewithhundredsofoutfits,willdotosetthegreedyextreme.

Fromthefirsttwoparagraphsofthepassagewemayinferthat（）.

In“advertisingexistsnottosatisfydesiresbuttocreatethem”(Line2,Para.3),“them”refersto（）.

Intheauthor’sview,buyingthingsisregardedas（）.

Itisimpliedbytheauthorthatthemagazinesare（）.

Thebesttitleforthepassagemaybe（）.

問題1選項

A.theUSConstitutiongivespeopletherighttopursuehappiness

B.Americanpeopleareatalossashowtogainhappiness

C.JonathanSwiftdidnotbelieveinhappinessitself

D.Americanpeopletendtobuytheirhappiness

問題2選項

A.people’sdesires

B.advertisements

C.varioussensesofhappiness

D.theforcesofAmericanbusiness

問題3選項

A.apatrioticduty

B.supportingthenationaleconomy

C.somethingaddictingustogreed

D.beingtakeninbyadvertising

問題4選項

A.sheerartandslogans

B.fulloflureanddeception

C.veryusefulforprofessionalwomen

D.useless,likecream,tabletsandpills

問題5選項

A.Thepursuitofhappiness

B.Therighttopursuehappiness

C.ThefalsegoalsofAmericanpeople

D.Themisguidingforceofadvertising

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.判斷推理題。根據(jù)原文前兩段的內(nèi)容可知，美國憲法賦予美國人民追求幸福的權(quán)利，但似乎誰也說不清幸福跑到哪里去了。JonathanSwift提出了虛假目標的說法，但這種說法不是美國式思維。然而，我們（美國人）似乎執(zhí)迷于花錢買幸福的理念。由此可知，選項D符合原文。

2.語義推斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵信息定位到第三段句意“廣告的存在不是為了滿足欲望，而是為了創(chuàng)造欲望?！庇纱丝芍?，這里的“them”指代的是前半部分提到的“desire”。所以選項A正確。

3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“Forthatmatter,ourwholeeconomyisbasedonaddictingustogreed.Weareeventolditisourpatrioticdutytosupportthenationaleconomybybuyingthings.這樣一來，我們的整個經(jīng)濟就是建立在使我們沉迷于貪婪的基礎(chǔ)上的。甚至有人告訴我們，通過購買東西來支持國家經(jīng)濟是我們的愛國義務?！庇纱丝芍髡哒J為購物是使我們沉迷于貪婪的東西，所以選項C正確。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)第四段的內(nèi)容可知，作者提及，現(xiàn)在的雜志為了迎合女性的口味，開頭的幾頁廣告都是藝術(shù)和口號，到了結(jié)尾的幾頁就都變成了藥丸和療法。由此可知，作者認為雜志充滿了誘惑和欺騙，選項B符合原文。

5.主旨大意題。結(jié)合原文內(nèi)容可知，前兩段作者提及美國人追尋不到幸福的方向，而且傾向于花錢買幸福；接著作者講到了人們是如何花錢來購買幸福的案例；最后作者指出幸福很難定義，關(guān)鍵在于個人如何看待。由此可知，本文主要是圍繞著追尋幸福這一話題展開，所以選項A正確。

11.單選題

Thefactthattheearth’ssurfaceheats_______providesaconvenientwaytodivideitintotemperatureregion.

問題1選項

A.infrequently

B.irregularly

C.unsteadily

D.unevenly

【答案】D

【解析】副詞詞義解析。infrequently“很少發(fā)生地”；irregularly“不規(guī)則地”；unsteadily“不穩(wěn)定地”；unevenly“不均衡地”。句意：事實就是地球表面加熱不均衡提供了一種將其劃分成多個溫度區(qū)域的簡便方法。選項D符合題意。

12.單選題

The（）pointofviewpresentsideasandfactsthatbothsupportersandopponentscanagree.

問題1選項

A.main

B.controversial

C.subjective

D.neutral

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項main“主要的，最大的”，B選項controversial“引起爭論的，有爭議的”，C選項subjective“主觀的，個人的”，D選項neutral“中立的，中性的”，中立的觀點代表了支持者和反對者都能認同的觀點和事實。因此，D選項符合句意。

13.單選題

SectionA

Everyhealthsysteminaneconomicallydevelopedsocietyisfacedwiththeneedtodecide(eitherformallyorinformally)whatproportionofthecommunity’stotalresourcesshouldbespentonhealth-care;howresourcesaretobeapportioned;whatdiseasesanddisabilitiesandwhichformsoftreatmentaretobegivenpriority;whichmembersofthecommunityaretobegivenspecialconsiderationinrespectoftheirhealthneeds;andwhichformsoftreatmentarethemostcost-effective.

SectionB

Whatisnewisthat,fromthe1950sonwards,therehavebeencertaingeneralchangesinoutlookaboutthefinitudeofresourcesasawholeandofhealth-careresourcesinparticular,aswellasmorespecificchangesregardingtheclienteleofhealth-careresourcesandthecosttothecommunityofthoseresources.Thus,inthe1950sand1960s,thereemergedanawarenessinWesternsocietiesthatresourcesfortheprovisionoffossilfuelenergywerefiniteandexhaustibleandthatthecapacityofnatureortheenvironmenttosustaineconomicdevelopmentandpopulationwasalsofinite.Inotherwords,webecameawareoftheobviousfactthattherewere“l(fā)imitstogrowth”.Thenewconsciousnessthattherewerealsoseverelimitstohealth-careresourceswaspartofthisgeneralrevelationoftheobvious.Lookingback,itnowseemsquiteincrediblethatinthenationalhealthsystemsthatemergedinmanycountriesintheyearsimmediatelyafterthe1939-45WorldWar,itwasassumedwithoutquestionthatallthebasichealthneedsofanycommunitycouldbesatisfied,atleastinprinciple;the“invisiblehand”ofeconomicprogresswouldprovide.

SectionC

However,atexactlythesametimeasthisnewrealizationofthefinitecharacterofhealth-careresourceswassinkingin,anawarenessofacontrarykindwasdevelopinginWesternsocieties:thatpeoplehaveabasicrighttohealth-careasanecessaryconditionofaproperhumanlife.Likeeducation,politicalandlegalprocessesandinstitutions,publicorder,communication,transportandmoneysupply,health-carecametobeseenasoneofthefundamentalsocialfacilitiesnecessaryforpeopletoexercisetheirotherrightsasautonomoushumanbeings.Peoplearenotinapositiontoexercisepersonallibertyandtobeself-determiningiftheyarepoverty-stricken,ordeprivedofbasiceducation,ordonotlivewithinacontextoflawandorder.Inthesameway,basichealth-careisaconditionoftheexerciseofautonomy.

SectionD

Althoughthelanguageof“rights”sometimesleadstoconfusion,bythelate1970sitwasrecognizedinmostsocietiesthatpeoplehavearighttohealth-care(thoughtherehasbeenconsiderableresistanceintheUnitedStatestotheideathatthereisaformalrighttohealth-care).Itisalsoacceptedthatthisrightgeneratesanobligationordutyforthestatetoensurethatadequatehealthcareresourcesareprovidedoutofthepublicpurse.Thestatehasnoobligationtoprovideahealth-caresystemitself,buttoensurethatsuchasystemisprovided.Putanotherway,basichealth-careisnowrecognizedasa“publicgood”,ratherthana“privategood”thatoneisexpectedtobuyforoneself.Asthe1976declarationoftheWorldHealthOrganizationputit:“Theenjoymentofthehighestattainablestandardofhealthisoneofthefundamentalrightsofeveryhumanbeingwithoutdistinctionofrace,religion,politicalbelief,economicorsocialcondition.”Ashasjustbeenremarked,inaliberalsocietybasichealthisseenasoneoftheindispensableconditionsfortheexerciseofpersonalautonomy.

SectionE

Justatthetimewhenitbecameobviousthathealth-careresourcescouldnotpossiblymeetthedemandsbeingmadeuponthem,peopleweredemandingthattheirfundamentalrighttohealth-carebesatisfiedbythestate.Thesecondsetofmorespecificchangesthathaveledtothepresentconcernaboutthedistributionofhealth-careresourcesstemsfromthedramaticriseinhealthcostsinmostOECDcountries,accompaniedbylarge-scaledemographicandsocialchangeswhichhavemeant,totakeoneexample,thatelderlypeoplearenowmajor(andrelativelyveryexpensive)consumersofhealth-careresources.ThusinOECDcountriesasawhole,healthcostsincreasedfrom3.8%ofGDPin1960to7%ofGDPin1980,andithasbeenpredictedthattheproportionofhealthcoststoGDPwillcontinuetoincrease.(IntheUSthecurrentfigureisabout12%ofGDP,andinAustraliaabout7.8%ofGDP.)

Asaconsequence,duringthe1980sakindofdoomsdayscenario(analogoustosimilardoomsdayextrapolationsaboutenergyneedsandfossilfuelsoraboutpopulationincreases)wasprojectedbyhealthadministrator,economistsandpoliticians.Inthisscenario,ever-risinghealthcostswerematchedagainststaticordecliningresources.

1.therealizationthattheresourcesofthenationalhealthsystemswerelimited

2.asharpriseinthecostofhealth-care

3.abeliefthatallthehealth-careresourcesthecommunityneededwouldbeproducedbyeconomicgrowth

4.anacceptanceoftheroleofthestateinguaranteeingtheprovisionofhealth-care

問題1選項

A.between1945and1950

B.between1950and1980

C.after1980

問題2選項

A.between1945and1950

B.between1950and1980

C.after1980

問題3選項

A.between1945and1950

B.between1950and1980

C.after1980

問題4選項

A.between1945and1950

B.between1950and1980

C.after1980

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】1.根據(jù)SectionB中第二句，“Thus,inthe1950sand1960s,thereemergedanawarenessinWesternsocietiesthatresourcesfortheprovisionoffossilfuelenergywerefiniteandexhaustibleandthatthecapacityofnatureortheenvironmenttosustaineconomicdevelopmentandpopulationwasalsofinite.”在20世紀50年代和20世紀60年代，西方社會逐漸認識到，提供礦物燃料能源的資源是有限的，也是可耗盡的，自然或環(huán)境維持經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和人口的能力也是有限的?？膳袛喑鰢乙庾R到醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)的資源是有限的在20世紀50年代和20世紀60年代，所以選項B符合題意。

2.根據(jù)SectionE第三句，“…h(huán)ealthcostsincreasedfrom3.8%ofGDPin1960to7%ofGDPin1980,andithasbeenpredictedthattheproportionofhealthcoststoGDPwillcontinuetoincrease.”，醫(yī)療費用占GDP的比例從1960年的3.8%上升到1980年的7%，據(jù)預測，醫(yī)療費用占GDP的比例還將繼續(xù)上升?？膳袛喑鲠t(yī)療費用的增長發(fā)生在1960-1980年，選項B符合題意。

3.根據(jù)SectionB最后一句，“…afterthe1939-45WorldWar,itwasassumedwithoutquestionthatallthebasichealthneedsofanycommunitycouldbesatisfied,atleastinprinciple;the‘invisiblehand’ofeconomicprogresswouldprovide.”，1939年至1945年世界大戰(zhàn)之后，人們深信從原則上來說，任何社區(qū)的所有基本醫(yī)療需求都能得到滿足，經(jīng)濟進步將帶來影響。可判斷出人們相信社區(qū)所需的所有醫(yī)療保健資源將隨著經(jīng)濟的增長帶來保障是在1945-1950年間，選項A符合題意。

4.根據(jù)SectionD第一、二句，“bythelate1970s…Itisalsoacceptedthatthisrightgeneratesanobligationordutyforthestatetoensurethatadequatehealthcareresourcesareprovidedoutofthepublicpurse.”，到20世紀70年代末，人們還認為，這項權(quán)利使國家有義務確保從公共財政中劃分出充分的醫(yī)療保健資源。所以可判斷出人們接受國家在保證提供醫(yī)療保健方面的作用在20世紀70年代末，選項B符合題意。

14.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.

Thestrategicnatureofthethreatnowposedbyhumancivilizationtotheglobalenvironmentandthestrategicnatureofthethreattohumancivilizationnowposedbychangesintheglobalenvironmentpresentuswithasimilarsetofchallengesandfalsehopes.Somearguethatanewultimatetechnology,whethernuclearpowerorgeneticengineering,willsolvetheproblem.Othersholdthatonlyadrasticreductionofourrelianceontechnologycanimprovetheconditionsoflife——asimplisticnotionatbestButtherealsolutionwillbefoundinreinventingandfinallyhealingtherelationshipbetweencivilizationandtheearth.Thiscanonlybeaccomplishedbyundertakingacarefulreassessmentofall