2022年考研英語（一）真題及答案解析

2022年全國碩士研究生考試考研英語(一)試題及答

案SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:TranslatethefollowingtextintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)Theideathatplantshavesomedegreeofconsciousnessfirsttookrootintheearly2000s;theterm"plantneurobiology"was 1 aroundthenotionthatsomeaspectsofplantbehaviorcouldbe 2 tointelligenceinanimals. 3 plantslackbrains,thefiringofelectricalsignalsintheirstemsandleavesnonethelesstriggeredresponsesthat 4 consciousness,researcherspreviouslyreported.Butsuchanideaisuntrue,accordingtoanewopinionarticle.Plantbiologyiscomplexandfascinating,butit 5 sogreatlyfromthatofanimalsthatso-called 6 ofplants1intelligenceisinconclusive,theauthorswrote.Beginningin2006,somescientistshave 7 thatplantspossessneuron-likecellsthatinteractwithhormonesandneurotransmitters, 8 "aplantnervoussystem, 9 tothatinanimals,"saidleadstudyauthorLincolnTaiz,"They 10 claimedthatplantshave'brain-likecommandcenters'attheirroottips."This 11 makessenseifyousimplifytheworkingsofacomplexbrain, 12 ittoanarrayofelectricalpulses;cellsinplantsalsocommunicatethroughelectricalsignals. 13 ,thesignalinginaplantisonly 14 similartothefiringinacomplexanimalbrain,whichismorethan"amassofcellsthatcommunicatebyelectricity,0Taizsaid.°Forconsciousnesstoevolve,abrainwithathreshold 15 ofcomplexityandcapacityisrequired,0he 16 .°Sinceplantsdon'thavenervoussystems,the 17 thattheyhaveconsciousnessareeffectivelyzero."Andwhat'ssogreataboutconsciousness,anyway?Plantscan'trunawayfrom 18 ,soinvestingenergyinabodysystemwhich 19 athreatandcanfeelpainwouldbeavery 20 evolutionarystrategy,accordingtothearticle.[A]coined[B]discovered[C]collected[D]issued[A]attributed[B]directed[C]compared[D]confined[A]Unless[B]When[C]Once[D]Though[A]copedwith[B]consistedof[C]hintedat[D]extendedto[A]suffers[B]benefits[C]develops[D]differs[A]acceptance[B]evidence[C]cultivation[D]creation[A]doubted[B]denied[C]argued[D]requested[A]adapting[B]forming[C]repairing[D]testing[A]analogous[B]essential[C]suitable[D]sensitive[A]just[B]ever[C]still[D]even[A]restriction[B]experiment[C]perspective[D]demand[A]attaching[B]reducing[C]returning[D]exposing[A]However[B]Moreover[C]Therefore[D]Otherwise[A]temporarily[B]literally[C]superficially[D]imaginably[A]list[B]level[C]label[D]load[A]recalled[B]agreed[C]questioned[D]added[A]chances[B]risks[C]excuses[D]assumptions[A]danger[B]failure[C]warning[D]control[A]represents[B]includes[C]reveals[D]recognizes[A]humble[B]poor[C]practical[D]easy【答案】[A]coined[C]compared[C]hintedat[D]differs[B]evidence[C]argued[B]forming[A]analogous[D]even[C]perspective[B]reducing[A]However[C]superficially[B]level[D]added[A]chances[A]danger[B]poor.【答案】[A]coined【解析】邏輯關(guān)系題。分號提示分號前后語義一致。根據(jù)分號前的first（首次）和tookroot（生根）可知,plantshavesomedegreeofconsciousness（植物有某種程度的意識）在當(dāng)時是種新思想。據(jù)此推斷,theterm"plantneurobiology1"是個新概念。A項coined表示"創(chuàng)造（新詞語）”，代入后符合原文語義。所以,本題答案為A項。干擾項:B項discovered（發(fā)現(xiàn)），C項collected（收集）和D項issued（發(fā)布）均不符合原文語義。.【答案】[C]compared【解析】固定搭配題。分號提示分號前后語義一致。根據(jù)分號前plantshavesomedegreeofconsciousness（植物有某種程度的意識）可知:植物有意識。這種意識與空白處后的intelligenceinanimals（動物的智力）二者存在相似性。C項compared與to構(gòu)成固定搭配,表示"表明……與……相似;將......比作"，代入后符合原文語義。所以,本題答案為C項。干擾項:其余各項均可與to構(gòu)成不同的搭配,A項attributedto（把......歸因于），B項directedto（把對準(zhǔn) ）和D項confinedto（把限定在）均不符合原文語義。.【答案】[D]Though【解析】邏輯關(guān)系題。本題考查句內(nèi)邏輯關(guān)系,比較本句前后兩個半句語義,即plantslackbrains（植物缺乏大腦）和thefiringofelectricalsignalsintheirstemsandleavesnonethelesstriggeredresponses（然而，莖和葉發(fā)射的電信號觸發(fā)了反應(yīng)）,可知二者存在語義相反。D項Though（雖然,盡管）提示讓步關(guān)系,屬于語義相反,符合原文邏輯關(guān)系。所以,本題答案為D項。干擾項:A項Unless（除非），B項When（當(dāng)......時），C項Once（一旦）,均不符合原文語義和邏輯關(guān)系。.【答案】[C]hintedat【解析】固定搭配題。根據(jù)空白處前后的responses（反應(yīng)）和consciousness（感覺;意識）語義可知,前者是后者的ー種信號。C項hintedat為固定搭配,表示"暗示,透露“，代入后符合原文語義。所以,本題答案為C項。干擾項:A項copedwith（處理，對付），B項consistedof（由 構(gòu)成），D項extendedto（將范圍擴大至......）均不符合原文語義。.【答案】[D]differs【解析】語境題。根據(jù)本段段首suchanideaisuntrue對上段觀點（植物意識和動物智力存在相似性）的否定可知:植物意識和動物智力并不相似。所以，本題所考查的it（指代Plantbiology）和thatofanimals（that指代biology）之間的語義關(guān)系為二者相異。D項differs（相異,不同于）代入后符合原文語義和邏輯關(guān)系。所以,本題答案為D項。干擾項:A項suffers（受苦,受難），B項benefits（得益于），C項develops（發(fā)展,變化）均不符合原文語義和邏輯關(guān)系。.【答案】[B]evidence【解析】語境題。上句suchanideaisuntrue是對上段末句（植物的反應(yīng)體現(xiàn)其意識）的否定,也就是說，本段主要觀點為:植物沒有意識（智力）。本句so-called6ofplants'intelligenceisinconclusive（所謂的"植物智力”的6是沒有說服力的）也需與本段主要觀點保持一致。B項evidence（證據(jù)）代入后符合原文語義。所以,本題答案為B項。干擾項:A項acceptance（同意,認(rèn)可），C項cultivation（種植,栽培），D項creation（創(chuàng)造）均不符合原文語義。.【答案】[C]argued【解析】語境題。比較本句scientistshave7thatplantspossessneuron-likecellsthat...（科學(xué)家們一直7植物具有神經(jīng)元樣細(xì)胞）和下句They10claimedthatplantshave'brain-likecommandcenters'......（他們!0聲稱植物......有“大腦般的指揮中心”），可知，二者結(jié)構(gòu)相似:scientists和They,后者指代前者，二者同義;plants原詞復(fù)現(xiàn);possess（擁有）與have二者同義。所以，空白處語義與下句對應(yīng)位置的claimed（聲稱）語義相近。（:項argued（主張,提出理由說明）符合原文語義。所以,本題答案為C項。干擾項:A項doubted（懷疑），B項denied（否認(rèn)），D項requested（要求），均不符合原文語義。.【答案】[B]forming【解析】語境題。比較空白處前neuron-likecellsthat...（......神經(jīng)元樣細(xì)胞）和空白處后aplantnervoussystem（植物神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)），可知,前者是后者的構(gòu)成要素。B項forming（使形成）代入后符合原文語義。所以,本題答案為B項。干擾項:A項adapting（使適應(yīng)），C項repairing（補救，糾正）和D項testing（測驗,考查）均不符合原文語義。.【答案】[A]analogous【解析】語境題。比較空白處前aplantnervoussystem（植物神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)）和空白處后thatinanimals（動物的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),其中,that指代anervoussystem）可知,二者同為神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)。A項analogous表示"相似的,類似的",代入后符合原文語義。所以,本題答案為A項。干擾項:B項essential（必不可少的），C項suitable（適用的）和D項sensitive（敏感的）均不符合原文語義。.【答案】[D]even【解析】邏輯關(guān)系題。本題考查句間邏輯關(guān)系，比較本句claimedthatplantshave,brain-likecommandcenters'（聲稱植物擁有"大腦般的指揮中心"）和上句somescientistshave7thatplantspossessneuron-likecells（ー些科學(xué)家一直7植物擁有神經(jīng)元樣細(xì)胞）語義可知,從對「植物有意識」的論證カ度上來說,"大腦般的指揮中心"比"神經(jīng)元樣細(xì)胞"更進ー層。D項even（甚至）提示遞進關(guān)系,符合原文邏輯關(guān)系。所以，本題答案為D項。干擾項:A項just（僅僅），B項ever（從來,在任何時候），C項still（還，還是），均不符合原文語義和邏輯關(guān)系。11I【答案】?perspective【解析】邏輯關(guān)系題。This+空白處指代上段提到的信息;上段主要提出了Taiz的觀點、論點,因此空白處語義表示觀點、論點。C項perspective（觀點）是對該句的概括，代入后符合原文語義。所以，本題答案為C項。干擾項:A項restriction（限制），B項experiment（實驗），D項demand（要求），均不符合原文語義和邏輯關(guān)系。.【答案】[B]reducing【解析】固定搭配題。空白處所在的狀語結(jié)構(gòu),是對主句渭語simplify（使簡化）的ー種伴隨狀態(tài),所以,空白處語義與simplify（使簡化）語義相近。B項reducing與介詞to搭配,表示”將……概括為（或簡化為）”,代入后符合原文語義。所以，本題答案為B項。干擾項:其余各項均可與介詞to構(gòu)成不同搭配,A項attaching」〇…（把......固定在......上），C項returning...to...（把帶回 把 送回 ）,D項exposing...to...（向 顯露......）,均不符合原文語義。.【答案】[A]However【解析】邏輯關(guān)系題。本題考查句間邏輯關(guān)系，比較空白處前cellsinplantsalsocommunicatethroughelectricalsignals（植物中的細(xì)胞也通過電信號溝通）和空白處后thesignalinginaplantisonly14similartothefiringinacomplexanimalbrain,whichismorethan"amassofcellsthatcommunicatebyelectricity（植物中的信號傳導(dǎo)只是14類似于復(fù)雜動物大腦中的放電，而動物大腦不只是"通過電進行交流的大量細(xì)胞"）語義，可知，空白處前后存在語義相反:前者的also（也）強調(diào)植物和動物（在信號溝通方式上）的相似之處,后者的only...similar（僅僅......相似的）弱化了該相似。A項However（然而）體現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折,屬于語義相反，符合原文邏輯關(guān)系。所以，本題答案為A項。干擾項:B項Moreover（而且），（1項Therefore（因此），D項Otherwise（否則），均不符合原文邏輯關(guān)系。.【答案】[C]superficially【解析】語境題。根據(jù)后半句whichismorethan"amassofcellsthatcommunicatebyelectricity（動物大腦不只是"通過電進行交流的大量細(xì)胞"）可知,動物大腦更復(fù)雜,動物大腦和植物智力間更多的是相異,所以,前半句的相似（similar）是并不充分的。C項superficially（表面上地）代入后符合原文語義。所以，本題答案為C項。干擾項:A項temporarily（臨時地）,B項literally（真正地,確實地）,D項imaginarily（虛構(gòu)地）,均不符合原文語義。.【答案】[B]level【解析】語境題。根據(jù)本句Forconsciousnesstoevolve,abrainwithathreshold15ofcomplexityandopacityisrequired（意識想要進化，需要一個具有起始!5的復(fù)雜性和容量的大腦）并結(jié)合threshold（起始的）語義可知，本句對complexityandcapacity（復(fù)雜性和容量）的要求（required）是ー種程度上的要求。B項level（水平）代入后符合原文語義。所以,本題答案為B項。干擾項:A項list（清單），C項label（標(biāo)簽），D項load（負(fù)荷），均不符合原文語義。.【答案】[D]added【解析】語境題。本句是引語，出自he,he指代上段末句Taiz,觀察發(fā)現(xiàn):上段末句也是出自Taiz的引語。比較上段末句acomplexanimalbrain,whichismorethan"amassofcellsthatcommunicatebyelectricity（動物大腦不只是"通過電進行交流的大量細(xì)胞”）和本句Forconsciousnesstoevolve,abrainwithathreshold15ofcomplexityandcapacityisrequired（為了使意識進化，需要一個具有起始15的復(fù)雜性和容量的大腦）語義,可知,后者在對前者作進ー步闡述。D項added（補充說,繼續(xù)說）代入后最符合原文語義。所以,本題答案為D項。干擾項:A項recalled（記起，回憶起），B項agreed（表示"同意，贊同”,用于與別人觀點相同時），C項questioned（懷疑），均不符合原文語義。.【答案】[A]chances【解析】邏輯關(guān)系題。Since（由于）提示因果關(guān)系:plantsdon'thavenervoussystems（植物沒有神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)）為因，the17thattheyhaveconsciousnessareeffectivelyzero（它們所擁有意識的17實際上為零）為果。由因推果可知，缺乏神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),意識也不會存在。A項chances（機會，可能性）代入后符合原文語義和邏輯關(guān)系。所以，本題答案為A項。干擾項:B項risks（風(fēng)險），C項excuses（借口），D項assumptions（假定，假設(shè)）均不符合原文語義和邏輯關(guān)系。.【答案】[A]danger【解析】邏輯關(guān)系題。so（所以）提示句內(nèi)因果關(guān)系:so前為因,so后為果。根據(jù)runawayfrom（回避）可知，空白處語義為負(fù)面傾向。借助果,即so后的threat（威脅）可知，空白處語義與"威脅"語義相近。A項danger（危險）代入后符合原文語義和邏輯關(guān)系。所以，本題答案為A項。干擾項:B項failure（失?。?，C項warning（警告）,D項control（控制）均不符合原文語義和邏輯關(guān)系?！窘馕觥窟壿嬯P(guān)系題。and提示順承關(guān)系,屬于語義一致:19athreat（19ー種威脅）與canfeelpain（可感知疼痛）二者結(jié)構(gòu)相似,語義相近。D項recognizes（識別）代入后符合原文語義和邏輯關(guān)系。所以,本題答案為D項。干擾項:A項represents（代表,意味著），B項includes（包括），C項reveals（揭示,顯示）,均不符合原文語義和邏輯關(guān)系。20.【答案】[B]poor【解析】邏輯關(guān)系題。so提示因果關(guān)系:Plantscan'trunaway...（植物不能逃離......）為因，investingenergyinabodysystemwhich19athreatandcanfeelpainwouldbeavery20evolutionarystrategy（把能量投入至リー個19威脅并能感知疼痛的身體系統(tǒng)將是ー種非常20的進化策略）為果。由此推知，因為（即使植物能感知到疼痛也）不能逃掉，所以把能量投入到ー個能......威脅和感知疼痛的身體系統(tǒng)上,是ー種非常20的進化策略,即本句意在指出：既然不能跑,那么就無須進化到可以感受疼痛。所以，空白處的語義應(yīng)為負(fù)面的,能體現(xiàn)出進化到能......威脅和感知疼痛是種不夠好的策略。B項poor（不好的,次的,差的）代入后符合原文語義。所以，本題答案為B項。干擾項:A項humble（不大的,沒有特別之處的），（:項practical（有用的,適用的）和D項easy（容易的,輕易的）均不符合原文語義。SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Peopleoftencomplainthatplasticsaretoodurable.Waterbottles,shoppingbags,andothertrashlittertheplanet,fromMountEveresttotheMarianaTrench,becauseplasticsareeverywhereanddon'tbreakdowneasily.Butsomeplasticmaterialschangeovertime.Theycrackandfrizzle.They"weep"outadditives.Theymeltintosludge.Allofwhichcreateshugeheadachesforinstitutions,suchasmuseums,tryingtopreserveculturallyimportantobjects.Thevarietyofplasticobjectsatriskisdizzying:earlyradios,avant-gardesculptures,celluloidanimationstillsfromDisneyfilms,thefirstartificialheart.Certainartifactsareespeciallyvulnerablebecausesomepioneersinplasticartdidn'talwaysknowhowtomixingredientsproperly,saysTheavanOosten,apolymerchemistwho,untilretiringafewyearsago,workedfordecadesattheCulturalHeritageAgencyoftheNetherlands."It'slikebakingacake:Ifyoudon'thaveexactamounts,itgoeswrong,"shesays."Theobjectyoumakeisalreadyatimebomb."Andsometimes,it'snottheartist'sfault.Inthe1960s,theItalianartistPieroGilardibegantocreatehundredsofbright,colorfulfoampieces.Thosepiecesincludedsmallbedsofrosesandotheritemsaswellasafewdozen"naturecarpets"—largerectanglesdecoratedwithfoampumpkins,cabbages,andwatermelons.Hewantedviewerstowalkaroundonthecarpets—whichmeanttheyhadtobedurable.Unfortunately,thepolyurethanefoamheusedisinherentlyunstable.It1sespeciallyvulnerabletolightdamage,andbythemid-1990s,Gilardi'spumpkins,roses,andotherfiguresweresplittingandcrumbling.Museumslockedsomeofthemawayinthedark.SovanOostenandhercolleaguesworkedtopreserveGilardi'ssculptures.Theyinfusedsomewithstabilizingandconsolidatingchemicals.VanOostencallsthosechemicals''sunscreens"becausetheirgoalwastopreventfurtherlightdamageandrebuildwornpolymerfibers.Sheisproudthatseveralsculptureshaveevengoneondisplayagain,albeitsometimesbeneathprotectivecases.DespitesuccessstorieslikevanOosten's,preservationofplasticswilllikelygetharder.Oldobjectscontinuetodeteriorate.Worse,biodegradableplastics,designedtodisintegrate,areincreasinglycommon.Andmoreisatstakeherethanindividualobjects.JoanaLiaFerreira,anassistantprofessorofconservationandrestorationattheNOVASchoolofScienceandTechnology,notesthatarchaeologistsfirstdefinedthegreatmaterialagesofhumanhistory—StoneAge,IronAge,andsoon—afterexaminingartifactsinmuseums.Wenowliveinanageofplastic,shesays,"andwhatwedecidetocollecttoday,whatwedecidetopreserve...willhaveastrongimpactonhowinthefuturewe'IIbeseen."AccordingtoParagraph1,museumsarefacedwithdifficultiesin.maintainingtheirplasticitemsobtainingdurableplasticartifactshandlingoutdatedplasticexhibitsclassifyingtheirplasticcollectionsVanOostenbelievesthatcertainplasticobjectsare.immunetodecayimproperlyshapedinherentlyflawedcomplexinstructureMuseumsstoppedexhibitingsomeofGilardi'sartworksto.keepthemfromhurtingvisitorsduplicatethemforfuturedisplayhavetheiringredientsanalyzedpreventthemfromfurtherdamageTheauthorthinksthatpreservationofplasticsis,[A]costly[B]unworthyunpopularchallengingInFerreira*sopinion,preservationofplasticartifacts.willinspirefuturescientificresearchhasprofoundhistoricalsignificancewillhelpusseparatethematerialageshasanimpactontoday*sculturallifeSectionIIReadingComprehension【答案】[A]maintainingtheirplasticitems[C]inherentlyflawed[D]preventthemfromfurtherdamage[D]challenging[B]hasprofoundhistoricalsignificanceText2Asthelatestcropofstudentspentheirundergraduateapplicationformandweighuptheiroptions,itmaybeworthconsideringjusthowthepoint,purposeandvalueofadegreehaschangedandwhatGenerationZneedtoconsiderastheystartthethirdstageoftheireducationaljourney.Millennialsweretoldthatifyoudidwellinschool,gotadecentdegree,youwouldbesetupforlife.Butthatpromisehasbeenfoundwanting.Asdegreesbecameuniversal,theybecamedevalued.Educationwasnolongerasecurerouteofsocialmobility.Today,28percentofgraduatesintheUKareinnon-graduateroles,apercentagewhichisdoubletheaverageamongOECDcountries.Thisisnottosaythatthereisnopointingettingadegree,butratherstressthatadegreeisnotforeveryone,thattheswitchfromclassroomtolecturehallisnotaninevitableoneandthatotheroptionsareavailable.Thankfully,therearesignsthatthisisalreadyhappening,withGenerationZseekingtolearnfromtheirmillennialpredecessors,evenifparentsandteacherstendtobestillsetinthedegreemindset.Employershavelongseentheadvantagesofhiringschoolleaverswhooftenprovethemselvestobemorecommittedandloyalemployeesthangraduates.Manytooareseeingtheadvantagesofscrappingadegreerequirementforcertainroles.Forthoseforwhomadegreeisthedesiredroute,considerthatthismaywellbethefirstofmany.Inthisageofgeneralists,itpaystohavespecificknowledgeorskills.Postgraduatesnowearn40percentmorethangraduates.Whenmoreandmoreofushaveadegree,itmakessensetohavetwo.ItisunlikelythatGenerationZwillbedonewitheducationat18or21;theywillneedtobeconstantlyup-skillingthroughouttheircareertostayemployable.Ithasbeenestimatedthatthisgeneration,duetothepressuresoftechnology,thewishforpersonalfulfilmentanddesirefordiversity,willworkfor17differentemployersoverthecourseoftheirworkinglifeandhavefivedifferentcareers.Education,andnotjustknowledgegainedoncampus,willbeacorepartofGenerationTscareertrajectory.Oldergenerationsoftentalkabouttheirdegreeinthepresentandpersonaltense:'Iamageographer1or'Iamaciassist.Theirsonsordaughterswouldneversaysuchathing;itsasiftheyalreadyknowthattheirdegreewon'tdefinetheminthesameway.TheauthorsuggeststhatGenerationZshould.becarefulinchoosingacollegebediligentateacheducationalstagereassessthenecessityofcollegeeducationpostponetheirundergraduateapplicationThepercentageofUKgraduatesinnon-graduaterolesreflect.MillenniarsopinionsaboutworktheshrinkingvalueofadegreepublicdiscontentwitheducationthedesiredrouteofsocialmobilityTheauthorconsidersitagoodsignthat.GenerationZareseekingtoearnadecentdegreeschoolleaversarewillingtobeskilledworkersemployersaretakingarealisticattitudetodegreesparentsarechangingtheirmindsabouteducationItisadvisedinParagraph5thatthosewithonedegreeshould.makeanearlydecisionontheircareerattendonthejobtrainingprogramsteamupwithhigh-paidpostgraduatesfurthertheirstudiesinaspecificfieldWhatcanbeconcludedaboutGenerationZfromthelasttwoparagraphs?Lifelonglearningwilldefinethem.Theywillmakequalifiededucators.Degreeswillnolongerappealthem.Theywillhavealimitedchoiceofjobs.【答案】[C]reassessthenecessityofcollegeeducation[B]theshrinkingvalueofadegree[C]employersaretakingarealisticattitudetodegrees[D]furthertheirstudiesinaspecificfield[A]Lifelonglearningwilldefinethem.Text3Enlightening,challenging,stimulating,fun.TheseweresomeofthewordsthatNaturereadersusedtodescribetheirexperienceofart-sciencecollaborationsinaseriesofarticlesonpartnershipsbetweenartistsandresearchers.Nearly40%oftheroughly350peoplewhorespondedtoanaccompanyingpollsaidtheyhadcollaboratedwithartists;andalmostallsaidtheywouldconsiderdoingsoinfuture.Suchanencouragingresultisnotsurprising.Scientistsareincreasinglyseekingoutvisualartiststohelpthemcommunicatetheirworktonewaudiences.“Artistshelpscientistsreachabroaderaudienceandmakeemotionalconnectionsthatenhancelearning/1Onerespondentsaid.OneexampleofhowartistsandscientistshavetogetherrockedthesensescamelastmonthwhentheSydneySymphonyOrchestraperformedareworkedversionofAntonioVivaldi'sTheFourSeasons.Theyreimaginedthe300-year-oldscorebyinjectingthelatestclimatepredictiondataforeachseason—providedbyMonashUniversity'sClimateChangeCommunicationResearchHub.TheperformancewasacreativecalltoactionaheadofNovember'sUnitedNationsClimateChangeConferenceinGlasgow,UK.Butagenuinepartnershipmustbeatwo-waystreet.FewerartiststhanscientistsrespondedtotheNaturepoll;however,severalrespondentsnotedthatartistsdonotsimplyassistscientistswiththeircommunicationrequirements.Norshouldtheirworkbeconsideredonlyasanobjectofstudy.Thealliancesaremostvaluablewhenscientistsandartistshaveasharedstakeinaproject,areabletojointlydesignitandcancritiqueeachother'swork.Suchanapproachcanbothpromptnewresearchaswellasresultinpowerfulart.Morethanhalfacenturyago,theMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyopeneditsCenterforAdvancedVisualStudies(CAVS)toexploretheroleoftechnologyinculture.Thefoundersdeliberatelyfocusedtheirprojectsaroundlight—hencethe"visualstudies"inthename.Lightwasasomethingthatbothartistsandscientistshadaninterestin,andthereforecouldformthebasisofcollaboration.Asscienceandtechnologyprogressed,anddividedintomoresub-disciplines,thecentrewassimultaneouslylookingtoatimewhenleadingresearcherscouldalsobeartists,writersandpoets,andviceversa.Nature'spollfindingssuggestthatthistrendisasstrongasever,but,tomakeacollaborationwork,bothsidesneedtoinvesttime,andembracesurpriseandchallenge.Thereachofart-sciencetie-upsneedtogobeyondthenecessarypurposeofresearchcommunication,andparticipantsmustnotfallintothetrapofstereotypingeachother.Artistsandscientistsalikeareimmersedindiscoveryandinvention,andchallengeandcritiquearecoretoboth,too.AccordingtoParagraph1,art-sciencecollaborationshave.caughttheattentionofcriticsreceivedfavorableresponsespromotedacademicpublishingsparkedheatedpublicdisputesThereworkedversionofTheFourSeasonsismentionedtoshowthatartcanofferaudienceseasyaccesstosciencesciencecanhelpwiththeexpressionofemotionspublicparticipationinsciencehasapromisingfutureartiseffectiveinfacilitatingscientificinnovationsSomeartistsseemtoworryaboutintheart-sciencepartnership.theirrolemaybeunderestimatedtheirreputationmaybeimpairedtheircreativitymaybeinhibitedtheirworkmaybemisguidedWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutCAVS?Itwasheadedalternatelybyartistsandscientists.Itexemplifiedvaluableart-sciencealliances.Itsprojectsaimedatadvancingvisualstudies.Itsfounderssoughttoraisethestatusofartists.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorholdsthatart-sciencecollaborationsarelikelytogobeyondpublicexpectationswillintensifyinterdisciplinarycompetitionshoulddomorethancommunicatingsciencearebecomingmorepopularthanbefore【答案】[B]receivedfavorableresponses[A]artcanofferaudienceseasyaccesstoscience[A]theirrolemaybeunderestimated[B]Itexemplifiedthevaluableart-sciencealliances.[C]shoulddomorethancommunicatingscienceText4ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsofNewZealand,sEmploymentRelationsAct2000(ERA)preventanemployerfromfiringanemployeewithoutgoodcause.Instead,dismissalsmustbejustified.Employersmustbothshowcauseandactinaprocedurallyfairway.Personalgrievanceproceduresweredesignedtoguardthejobsofordinaryworkersfrom“unjustifieddismissals".Thepremisewasthatthecommonlawofcontractlackedsufficientsafeguardsforworkersagainstarbitraryconductbymanagement.Longgonearethedayswhenabosscouldsimplygiveanemployeecontractualnotice.Buttheseprovisionscreatedifficultiesforbusinesseswhenappliedtohighlypaidmanagersandexecutives.Ascountlessboardsandbusinessownerswillattest,constrainingfirmsfromfiringpoorlyperforming,high-earningmanagersisahandbrakeonboostingproductivityandoverallperformance.ThedifferencebetweenC-gradeandA-grademanagersmayverywellbethedifferencebetweenbusinesssuccessorfailure.Betweenpreservingthejobsofordinaryworkersorlosingthem.Yetmediocrityisnolongerenoughtojustifyadismissal.Consequently—andparadoxically—lawsintroducedtoprotectthejobsofordinaryworkersmaybeplacingthosejobsatrisk.Ifnotplacingjobsatrisk,totheextentemploymentprotectionlawsconstrainbusinessownersfromdismissingunder-performingmanagers,thoselawsactasaconstraintonfirmproductivityandthereforeonworkers*wages.Indeed,in“AnInternationalPerspectiveonNewZealand*sProductivityParadox"(2014),theProductivityCommissionsingledoutthelowqualityofmanagerialcapabilitiesasacauseofthecountry,spoorproductivitygrowthrecord.NorarehighlypaidmanagersthemselvesimmunefromtheharmcausedbytheERA,sunjustifieddismissalprocedures.Becauseemploymentprotectionlawsmakeitcostliertofireanemployee,employersaremorecautiousabouthiringnewstaff.Thismakesitharderforthemarginalmanagertogainemployment.Andfirmspaystafflessbecausefirmscarrytheburdenoftheemploymentarrangementgoingwrong.Societyalsosuffersfromexcessiveemploymentprotections.Stringentjobdismissalregulationsadverselyaffectproductivitygrowthandhamperbothprosperityandoverallwell-being.AcrosstheTasmanSea,Australiadealswiththeunjustifieddismissalparadoxbyexcludingemployeesearningaboveaspecified“high-incomethreshold"fromtheprotectionofitsunfairdismissallaws.InNewZealand,a2016privatemembers1Billtriedtopermitfirmsandhigh-incomeemployeestocontractoutoftheunjustifieddismissalregime.However,themechanismsproposedwereunwieldyandtheBillwasvoteddownfollowingthechangeingovernmentlaterthatyear.ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsoftheERAareintendedto.punishdubiouscorporatepracticesimprovetraditionalhiringproceduresexemptemployersfromcertaindutiesprotecttherightsofordinaryworkersItcanbelearnedfromparagraph3thattheprovisionsmay.hinderbusinessdevelopmentunderminemanagers*authorityaffectthepublicimageofthefirmsworsenlabor-managementrelationsWhichofthefollowingmeasureswouldtheProductivityCommissionsupport?Imposingreasonablewagerestraints.Enforcingemploymentprotectionlaws.Limitingthepowersofbusinessowners.Dismissingpoorlyperformingmanagers.WhatmightbeaneffectofERA'sunjustifieddismissalprocedures?Highlypaidmanagerslosetheirjobs.Employeessufferfromsalarycuts.Societyseesariseinoverallwell-being.Employersneedtohirenewstaff.Itcanbeinferredthatthe“high-incomethreshold"inAustralia.hassecuredmanagers'earningshasproducedundesiredresultsisbeneficialtobusinessownersisdifficulttoputintopractice【答案】[D]protecttherightsofordinaryworkers[A]hinderbusinessdevelopment[D]Dismissingpoorlyperformingmanagers.[B]Employeessufferfromsalarycuts.[D]isdifficulttoputintopracticeSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartAText1.【答案】[A]maintainingtheirplasticitems【解析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題下關(guān)鍵詞Paragraph1和museumsarefacedwithdifficultiesin定位到第一段⑦句:Allofwhichcreateshugeheadachesforinstitutions,suchasmuseums,tryingtopreserveculturallyimportantobjects.（所有這些給?些機構(gòu)帶來了巨大的麻煩,比如試圖保護具有重要文化意義的物品的博物館）。其中allofwhich指代上文③至⑥句所提到的塑料材料的種種問題:Butsomeplasticmaterialschangeovertime...meltintosludge.（ー些塑料材料隨著時間的推移而改變......融化成污泥）,可見,博物館在維護其塑料藏品方面有困難。A項maintainingtheirplasticitems（維護他們的塑料藏品）是對③至⑦句的概括總結(jié),maintain對應(yīng)preserve。所以本題選A。.【答案】[C]inherentlyflawed【解析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞VanOostenbelievesthatcertainplasticobjectsare定位到第二段①句（其中certainplasticobjects對應(yīng)Certainartifacts）：Certainartifactsareespeciallyvulnerablebecausesomepioneersinplasticartdidn'talwaysknowhowtomixingredientsproperly,saysTheavanOosten（TheavanOosten說,某些手工藝品特別脆弱,因為ー些塑料藝術(shù)的先驅(qū)并不總是知道如何正確地混合原料）?？梢?某些塑料藝術(shù)品在制作過程中就存在原料未能正確混合的問題,導(dǎo)致塑料藝術(shù)品本身就存在缺陷。C項inherentlyflawed（本身存在缺陷）是對①句的概括總結(jié)。所以本題選C。.【答案】[D]preventthemfromfurtherdamage【解析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞MuseumsstoppedexhibitingsomeofGilardi7sartworksto定位到第四段②③句。②句指出It'sespeciallyvulnerabletolightdamage,andbythemid-1990s,Gilardi'spumpkins,roses,andotherfiguresweresplittingandcrumbling（它極易受到光的損害,到了20世紀(jì)90年代中期,Gilardi的南瓜、玫瑰和其他圖形都在分裂和破碎）,③句繼而指出Museumslockedsomeofthemawayinthedark（博物館把其中一些鎖在黑暗中）。可見,博物館將之封存在黑暗中是為了避免其遭受更多的光損害。D項preventthemfromfurtherdamage（避免它們受到進ー步的損害）是對②③句的合理推斷。所以本題選Do.【答案】[D]challenging【解析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞preservationofplastics定位到第六段①句:DespitesuccessstorieslikevanOosten's,preservationofplasticswilllikelygetharder（盡管有van〇osten這樣的成功案例,但塑料的保存可能會變得更加困難）。D項challenging（挑戰(zhàn)性的）是對getharder的同義替換。所以本題選D。.【答案】[B]hasprofoundhistoricalsignificance【解析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Ferreira和preservationofplasticartifacts定位到第七段②@句。②句指出archaeologistsfirstdefinedthegreatmaterialagesofhumanhistory—StoneAge,IronAge,andsoon—afterexam