焊接的健康與安全welding health and safety

WeldingHealthandSafety

焊接作業(yè)的健康與安全Hazards危害性Weldinghasboth“Apparent”hazardsand“Hidden”hazards.Apparenthazardsarethosewhichcanbeeasilyidentified.Hiddenhazardsarethosenotseenandoftenforgotten.焊接分明顯的危害和隱藏的危害，明顯的危害是容易鑒定而隱藏的危害是不明顯而且容易忽略的。Someoftheseare:

ElectricalShock觸電

Overexposuretoarcradiation電弧光輻射

Fumesandgasses有害的煙和氣Burnsandfire灼傷和火災(zāi)

Compressedgascylinders壓力容器

Noise噪音

EHS俱樂(lè)部ElectricalSafety電氣安全Electricshockandelectrocutionarepossiblehazardswithallweldingprocesses.在整個(gè)焊接過(guò)程中，觸電和電擊是可能存在的危害。①EHS俱樂(lè)部ElectricalSafety電氣安全FuseorBreakerpanel保險(xiǎn)絲或者斷路面板PowerSupplycables電源線Internalpartsofthepowersource電源內(nèi)部零件Exposedwiresontheweldinglead.焊接端面上的裸線Contactwiththeelectrodeandtheworkpiece.電極和工件之間的連接Wetglovesorskin.濕的手套或者外套Theprimaryside:主要方面:Thesecondaryside:次級(jí)方面:Therearetwodifferentareasofconcern.有兩個(gè)不同的區(qū)域需要注意。①EHS俱樂(lè)部Primarysidepowerisnormallyishighamperage/highvoltage.Theweldershouldnotworkinthisarea.Itshouldleftuptoaqualifiedmaintenanceperson.初級(jí)電源通常是高電流/電壓,焊工不應(yīng)工作在這個(gè)區(qū)域。它應(yīng)該由一個(gè)合格的維護(hù)人操作。Notice:注意：EHS俱樂(lè)部ElectricalSafety電氣安全①ACCurrent交流電Paralyzesvoluntarymuscles.肌肉麻痹ACistheprimarypowerforweldingwhichismuchhigherthantheoutputweldingcurrent.交流電主電源處電壓比輸出端高很多DCCurrent直流電DCCurrentcancauseseverinternalburnsbutdoesnotparalyzemuscles.直流電能引起嚴(yán)重的內(nèi)部燃燒，但不會(huì)使肌肉麻痹Question:Whichismoredangerous?哪個(gè)更危險(xiǎn)？ACCurrentorDCCurrent？交流電或直流電？Answer:InGMAW,ACcurrentismoredangerous.氣體保護(hù)電弧焊中，交流電是更加危險(xiǎn)的。EHS俱樂(lè)部ElectricalSafety電氣安全①WorkReturnLeadvs.Ground.工作回路引線和接地Theworkreturnleadisoftenreferredtoastheground.工作回路引線有點(diǎn)像接地Workreturnandgroundingaretwodifferentthings.但是接地和工作回路引線是兩種不同的事情。EHS俱樂(lè)部ElectricalSafety電氣安全①Groundingis：接地是：Acableattachedtoacopperroddrivenintotheground.電纜聯(lián)接銅棒插入地下。Itspurposeistocarryawaycurrentincaseofatransformerfault,powersurge,orstrayvoltage.它的目的將使在變壓器故障,電力高峰及短路情況下把電流導(dǎo)入地下。AWorkReturnLeadis:工作回路引線是:Acableattachedtotheworkpiece.電纜被連接到工件上。Itspurposeistocreateacompletecircuitforwelding.它的目的是使焊接時(shí)建立一條完全回路。EHS俱樂(lè)部ConnectingtheWorkReturnlead連接工作回路引線ElectricalSafety電氣安全①Properconnectionisveryimportant，becausetheweldingcurrentwillfindtheeasiestpathbacktothePowersource.正確的連接非常重要,因?yàn)楹附与娏鲗⑷菀渍业椒祷氐焦β试吹穆窂?。Possiblythroughthebuildingifthereisametalfloor.容易通過(guò)金屬平臺(tái)穿過(guò)建筑。Throughanattachedliftingdevicesuchasanoverheadcrane.通過(guò)一個(gè)附屬的起重裝置例如一架吊車。Throughpowertoolsifotheroperationsbeingperformedontheassemblyyouareweldingon.當(dāng)在焊接時(shí)如果有組裝的時(shí)候，通過(guò)一個(gè)手動(dòng)工具。EHS俱樂(lè)部Possiblecurrentreturnpaths.目前可能的返回路徑。Throughoverheadliftingdevices.通過(guò)起重設(shè)備Throughmetalplatesthatmaybeplacedinthefloorforotherfunctions.通過(guò)放在地上的金屬板或類似物品Throughpowertoolsusedforotheroperationsonthesameunit.在同一個(gè)產(chǎn)品上操作時(shí)，通過(guò)電動(dòng)工具ElectricalSafety電氣安全①EHS俱樂(lè)部ElectricalSafetyTips:PowerSource電氣安全提示：電源Shouldbeinstalledandservicedbyaqualifiedelectricianormaintenanceperson.持有電工證的電工或則維修人員安裝電源和維護(hù)。Avoidworkingnearprimarysidepowercables.避免在主要電源端附近工作。Neverrunoverprimarysideoranyotherpowercableswithaforklift.Also,becarefulnottodropheavyobjectsonpowercords.Damagetotheoutercasingcanresultandexposetheconductorunderneath.絕對(duì)不能使用叉車壓住主要電源端和任何電源線。同樣，小心不要掉重物在電源線上。破壞電器箱將會(huì)是使導(dǎo)體裸露。ElectricalSafety電氣安全①EHS俱樂(lè)部ElectricalSafetyTips:WeldingEquipment電氣安全提示：焊接設(shè)備Checkcablesforwornorcutinsulation.檢查電源線是否磨損或者絕緣斷開(kāi)。Letyoursupervisorknowifdamageisfoundsomaintenancecanbecalled.如果發(fā)現(xiàn)破壞，通知你的主管讓維修人員去修理。ElectricalSafety電氣安全①EHS俱樂(lè)部ElectricalSafetyTips:ProtectiveClothing電氣安全提示：防護(hù)服Wearproperglovesthataredryandfreeofholes.穿那些干燥的且有通氣孔的特制的手套Wearrubbersoledsafetyshoes.穿橡膠制作的安全鞋ElectricalSafety電氣安全①EHS俱樂(lè)部ElectricalSafetyTips:WorkReturnLead電氣安全提示：工作回路引線Makesuretheworkreturnleadisproperlyconnectednearthepointofweldingandmakesgoodelectricalconnection.確定工作回路引線是被正確的夾在焊接點(diǎn)的附近和確保有好的電氣連接。Donotplacethepowersourceonafloorthatcouldconductweldingcurrent.不要將電源放置在能導(dǎo)電的地面上。Neverleaveanoverheadcraneorotherliftingdeviceconnectedtotheassemblybeingwelded.Currentcantravelbackthroughthesedevicesandcauseveryseriousdamage.不要把吊機(jī)或是其它起重設(shè)備連接在正在焊接的產(chǎn)品上。通過(guò)這些設(shè)備電流能夠回流，也能引起非常嚴(yán)重的破壞。ElectricalSafety電氣安全①EHS俱樂(lè)部ElectricalSafetyTips:IncaseofElectricalShock電氣安全提示：假如發(fā)生電擊Ifpossible,turnthepoweroffimmediately.如有可能，立即關(guān)閉電源。Donottrytopullthevictimfreewhileincontactwiththeelectricalpower.不要試圖去推開(kāi)那些正觸電的受害者。ActivatetheEMS(emergencymedicalsystem),call120.Alertfirstrespondersaccordingtoprotocolspostednearthephonesintheshop.啟動(dòng)急救系統(tǒng)，呼叫120。向廠房里電話邊張貼的負(fù)責(zé)人提供警報(bào)。ElectricalSafety電氣安全①EHS俱樂(lè)部Ultraviolet–UV紫外線Visible可見(jiàn)光Infrared-(IR)紅外線ArcRadiation電弧輻射②Theweldingarcemitsthreetypesofradiation.焊接時(shí)有三種輻射產(chǎn)生。EHS俱樂(lè)部ShortwavelengthUVcauses“Arceye”or“Weldersflash”短波紫外線引起的眼病。UVintherangeof300-400Nano-Meters(NM)hasbeenassociatedwiththeformationofcataracts.紫外線引起白內(nèi)障。InfraredandVisiblelightcancauseburnsandretinallesions.紅外線和可見(jiàn)光損壞視網(wǎng)膜。ArcRadiation電弧輻射②EHS俱樂(lè)部Themostcommontypeofeyeinjuryfromradiationis“arceye”or“weldersflash”.最常見(jiàn)的眼病，從輻射是“紅眼”或“電光性眼炎”。Severalhoursafterexposure,you’reeyeswillfeellikethereissandinthemandwillberedandswollen.眼睛曝光幾個(gè)小時(shí)后，會(huì)覺(jué)得像有沙子，他們將變紅和腫脹。Theeffectsareshortlivedandcanbetreatedbyavisittotheemergencyroomwheredropscanbeadministeredtocorrectthiscondition.影響是短暫的。到急診室處理有助于緩解和改善這樣的狀況。However,theeyescanbepermanentlydamagedbyintenseexposureovertime.然而，曝光時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng)的話，視力將會(huì)永久的傷害。

ArcRadiation電弧輻射②EHS俱樂(lè)部ClearPlasticlensesandsideshieldswillblockshortwaveUVandhelpavoidexposure.透明膠鏡片將阻止短波紫外線，并有助于避免曝光。UVintherangeof300to400Nano-Meters,Infrared,andvisiblelightarenotblockedbyclearplastic.Thecorrectshadeoffilterplateneedstobeusedtopreventexposure.透明膠鏡片不可以攔住300~400納米范圍的紫外線，紅外線和可見(jiàn)光的。需要選用正確的濾光片來(lái)防止曝光。ArcRadiation電弧輻射②EHS俱樂(lè)部ArcRadiation電弧輻射②Thefollowingslideisachartofrecommendedfilterplateshadesfordifferentweldingprocessesandcurrentlevels.以下說(shuō)明不同的焊接時(shí)需要不同濾光片的種類。EHS俱樂(lè)部Arcradiationcancauseaconditionverymuchlikesunburn.電弧輔射可能導(dǎo)致很多象曬斑的情況Thehazardisincreasedbyhigheramperageandargonbasedgas.更高的安培數(shù)和氬氣體會(huì)增加危險(xiǎn)ArcRadiation電弧輻射②Properweldingclothessuchassleeves,capesleeves,aprons,andahelmetshouldbewornforprotection.穿適當(dāng)?shù)暮附臃b例如袖子，護(hù)袖，圍裙，頭盔將保護(hù)身體。Screensandprotectivebarriersshouldbeinplacetoprotectnon-weldersinthearea.防曬霜和防護(hù)墻在焊接區(qū)域應(yīng)該是保護(hù)非焊工。Sunscreencanbeusedtoprotectexposedskin.

防曬霜可以被用于保護(hù)暴露的皮膚EHS俱樂(lè)部Highlyreflectivematerialssuchasaluminum,stainlesssteel,andgalvanizedincreasetheriskofexposure.高度反射性材料例如鋁，不銹鋼和鍍鋅增加曝光的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Arcradiationisreflectedoffthesematerialsandcausesinjurytothebackoftheneckorotherexposedareas.弧輻射被反射這些材料并且造成傷害到脖子或其他被暴露的區(qū)域的后面Properclothingorsunscreencanhelpeliminateorminimizetheexposure.適當(dāng)?shù)囊挛锘蛘陉?yáng)霜可能幫助消滅或使曝光減到最小ArcRadiation電弧輻射②EHS俱樂(lè)部CausesofFumesandGasses.煙塵和廢氣產(chǎn)生的原因。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③Becauseofthevariablesinfumeandgasgenerationwithdifferentweldingprocesses,wewillneedtotreatthesubjectinaverygeneralizedway.由于發(fā)煙和氣體不同的焊接過(guò)程產(chǎn)生不同煙和氣，我們將需要制定一個(gè)廣泛的方式對(duì)待這個(gè)問(wèn)題。Fumeandgassescanbehazardousifproperventilationisnotused.如果沒(méi)有適當(dāng)?shù)目諝饬鲃?dòng)，發(fā)煙和氣體是很危害的。EHS俱樂(lè)部Contaminantsintheweldplume:焊接中的污染物：Particulatematterintheweldplumegivestheplumeit’scolor.特殊的物質(zhì)在焊接中產(chǎn)生它自己特有的顏色。Theparticulateiscomposedprimarilyofoxidizedfillermetal,basemetal,andanycoatingsfoundonthebasemetal.微粒物質(zhì)主要由被氧化的填充金屬、母材和所有覆蓋在母材上的東西。Weldersshouldtakecaretoavoidbreathingthefumesbecauseofthepotentialassociatedhealthhazards.焊工應(yīng)當(dāng)心避免吸入煙塵,因?yàn)樗c身體建康相關(guān)聯(lián)。AluminumandIronparticlescancausedustdiseaseofthelungesiflevelsarehighenoughandoccuroveralongperiodoftime.鋁和鐵微粒可能導(dǎo)致刺的積塵病，如果量是足夠多和長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③EHS俱樂(lè)部Contaminantsintheweldplume:焊接中的污染物：Somemetalsposeamoreserioushealthhazard.一些金屬構(gòu)成更嚴(yán)重的健康危害Itisveryimportanttouseallavailablesafetydeviceswhenworkingwiththesematerials:它是很重要的當(dāng)與這些材料一起使用時(shí)，使用所有可利用的保險(xiǎn)裝Manganese,foundinAluminum(3003),caneffectthecentralnervoussystem,resultinginimpairedspeechandmovement.錳與鋁(3003)焊接，可能影響中央神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)，造成語(yǔ)言和行動(dòng)功能受損。FumesfromstainlesssteelandotherspecializedconsumableshavethepotentialtocontaincertaincompoundsofChromiumand/ornickel.Someofthesecompoundsareknownorsuspectedtohavecausedlungcancerinprocessesotherthanwelding.從不銹鋼的發(fā)煙和其他專業(yè)消費(fèi)品有潛力包含鉻和鎳某些化合物。除焊接之外，其中一些化合物在過(guò)程中知道或被懷疑有導(dǎo)致的肺癌。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③EHS俱樂(lè)部Contaminantsintheweldplume:焊接中的污染物：ThemostcommoncoatingfoundatGreenheckisZinc,whichisthecoatingfoundonGalvanizedorGalvanealmaterial.在格林瀚克最主要的涂層材料是鍍鋅板,是一種電鍍或熱鍍鋅的材料。Zincmeltsbetween800°and900°andiseasilyvaporizedbytheweldingarc.鋅融化在800度到900度之間,通過(guò)焊弧很易蒸發(fā),。TheresultingfumeisZincOxide.隨之發(fā)生煙是氧化鋅。ZincOxide,inlargeenoughquantitiescancause“ZincFever”or“MetalFumeFever”.氧化鋅，在足夠大的數(shù)量，可引起自然或金屬灰發(fā)燒。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③EHS俱樂(lè)部FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③Contaminantsintheweldplume:焊接中的污染物：Cause原因Effect結(jié)果Zinc（GalvanizedSteel）涂鋅（鍍鋅鋼）Exposuretozincfumescanresultin“ZincFever”or“MetalFumeFever”暴光的鋅可能引起自燃或金屬灰發(fā)燒CadmiumPlating電鍍鉻Exposuretocadmiumfumescanbetoxic暴光的鉻氣可能引起中毒Lead-Containingpaints含鉛油漆Exposuretoleadfumescan

betoxic可能引起中毒Zincchromatepaints含鋅鉻酸鹽的油漆Hexavalentchromiumisassociatedwithlungcancer六價(jià)鉻離子可能引起肺癌EHS俱樂(lè)部FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③Gasses廢氣Asphyxiates(inert)使窒息(惰性氣體)Irritants刺激性氣體Systemicpoisons全身的毒氣CarbondioxideArgonCarbonmonoxide二氧化碳?xì)鍤庖谎趸糘zoneChloridesFluoridesSulfurdioxide臭氧氯化物氟化物二氧化硫Fluorides,OxidesofNitrogenPhosgene氟化物氧化氮光氣EHS俱樂(lè)部ConfinedSpace:狹小的空間：Asphyxiatescanbeveryhazardousinconfinedspaces.在狹小的空間內(nèi),呼吸不暢是很危險(xiǎn)的。Thesegasesareheavierthanairandcansettleinenclosedareasanddisplaceoxygen.這些氣體比空氣重，并能解決在封閉區(qū)和取代氧氣。Alwaysusesometypeofventilationtokeepfreshairflowinginthistypeofenvironment.總要使用一些通風(fēng)器以保持新鮮空氣的流動(dòng)，在這種類型的環(huán)境。Theremaynotbeanywarningsignsofoxygendeficiency.Youmaysimplyloseconsciousness.可能沒(méi)有任何警告標(biāo)志的氧氣不足。你可能很容易失去意識(shí)。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③EHS俱樂(lè)部Gasesproducedbywelding:焊接產(chǎn)生的氣體：Caremustbetakenwhenusingcleaningsolventsformulatedwithchlorinatedhydrocarbons.必須注意當(dāng)使用清洗溶劑與氯化碳?xì)浠衔颰richloroethyleneandPerchloroethyleneareexamplesofthese.氯乙烯和全氯乙烯是這些的例子。WhenvaporsfromthesecleaningsolventsareexposedtoUVfromtheweldingarc,Phosgenegasisproduced.當(dāng)蒸汽從這些清洗溶劑是暴露在紫外線從焊接電弧，光氣是天然氣生產(chǎn)。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③EHS俱樂(lè)部OzonecanbeaproblemwhenweldingAluminum當(dāng)焊接鋁件時(shí)臭氧是一個(gè)問(wèn)題。Cancauseheadache,chestpain,andshortnessofbreath.能導(dǎo)致頭痛,胸悶和呼吸短促。Veryhighlevelsofexposuretoozonecancausefluidtobuildupinthelungsandevendeath.非常嚴(yán)重的暴露于臭氧中能使流進(jìn)肺中和甚至死亡。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③Gasesproducedbywelding:焊接產(chǎn)生的氣體：EHS俱樂(lè)部TheproductionofOzonedependsonthetypeoffillermetalused.臭氧的產(chǎn)生主要依靠那種焊絲被使用。Theuseof4043fillermetalcausestheformationofozone.使用4043焊絲能導(dǎo)致臭氧的產(chǎn)生。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③Gasesproducedbywelding:焊接產(chǎn)生的氣體：EHS俱樂(lè)部ReducingtheRisk:減少危險(xiǎn)：Keepyourheadoutoftheweldingplume.保持你的頭部離開(kāi)焊接廢氣。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③EHS俱樂(lè)部ReducingtheRisk:減少危險(xiǎn)：FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③Uselocalfumeextractiondevicestohelpremovethefume.利用局部的排煙裝置，以幫助排走煙氣。EHS俱樂(lè)部ReducingtheRisk:減少危險(xiǎn)：FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③Usefiltersorotherdevicestofiltertheairinyourbreathingzone.在你呼吸地方使用過(guò)濾器或其他裝置，以過(guò)濾空氣。EHS俱樂(lè)部ReducingtheRisk:減少危險(xiǎn)：FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③Insomecasesitmaybenecessarytoremovethecoatingfromthebasemetalbeforewelding.在某些情況下，也許要先清理涂層從金屬母材上在焊前Makesureyouknowtheproperwaytoremovethecoating.Grindingsomecoatingsmaybejustashazardousaswelding.確保您知道正確的做法對(duì)于清理涂層。磨削有些涂料可能只是為減少焊接危險(xiǎn)EHS俱樂(lè)部Burnsareoneofthemostcommonhazardsfacedinallweldingprocesses.燒傷是最常見(jiàn)的危險(xiǎn)在所有焊接工作中。Arcradiation,sparks,spatter,andthepartsthemselvescancauseseriousinjury.電弧輻射，火花飛濺及零件本身可能導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重傷害。BurnsandFire燒傷和火災(zāi)④EHS俱樂(lè)部ProtectiveClothingandGear.防護(hù)服和手套。BurnsandFire燒傷和火災(zāi)④Propergearandclothingcanhelpprotectyoufromthesehazards.適當(dāng)?shù)难b備和服裝可以幫助您避免這些危害。WeldingMaskWeldingGlovesDustMaskProtectiveClothingWeldingApronEHS俱樂(lè)部Cleaningsolventsanddegreasersareflammableandposeaseverefireandexplosionhazard.清洗溶劑和脫脂劑是易燃的及構(gòu)成嚴(yán)重火災(zāi)和爆炸危險(xiǎn)。BurnsandFire燒傷和火災(zāi)④Fireisalsoamajorconcernassociatedwithwelding.火災(zāi)也是焊接時(shí)主要要考慮的。Thesesubstancesshouldbekeptoutoftheweldingarea.這些物質(zhì)應(yīng)遠(yuǎn)離焊接區(qū)域貯存。EHS俱樂(lè)部Materialssuchaspaperandragsarecombustibleandcanbeignitedbysparksandspatterfromtheweldingprocess.材料如紙張和抹布都是易燃物，可點(diǎn)燃的火花飛濺從焊接過(guò)程中。Thesematerialscansmolderforhoursbeforecatchingfire.這些材料在著火前能悶燒幾個(gè)小時(shí)。Allcombustiblematerialsshouldbekeptoffthefloorandoutoftheimmediateweldingarea.所有可燃材料應(yīng)保存在地面上，且于眼能看到的焊接區(qū)域。Thesematerialsshouldbeplacedinafireproofcontainerattheend