生物學(xué)導(dǎo)論詳解

生物學(xué)導(dǎo)論詳解演示文稿第一頁，共三十三頁。優(yōu)選生物學(xué)導(dǎo)論第二頁，共三十三頁。Contents19.1LivingThingsasChemicalFactories19.2Kilocalories,BasalMetabolism,andWeightControl19.3TheChemicalofYourDiet19.4AmountsandSourcesofNutrients(self-learning)19.5TheFoodGuidePyramidwithFiveFoodGroups19.6EatingDisorders19.7DeficiencyDiseases19.8NutritionThroughtheLifeCycle19.9NutritionforFitnessandSports(self-learning)第三頁，共三十三頁。KeytermsAbsorption吸收Anorexianervosa神經(jīng)性厭食癥Assimilation同化Basalmetabolicrate基礎(chǔ)代謝率Bulimia易餓癥Calorie卡路里Digestion消化Foodguidepyramid金字塔食物指南Ingestion攝取Kilocalorie大卡Kwashiorkor惡性營養(yǎng)不良Mineral礦物質(zhì)Nutrition營養(yǎng)Obese肥胖的Specificdynamicaction(SDA)食物特殊動(dòng)力作用Vitamin-deficiencydisease維生素缺乏癥第四頁，共三十三頁。19.1Livingthingsaschemicalfactories:

MatterandEnergyManipulatorsNutrients:moleculesrequiredtosupportlivingthingsNutritionAbranchofscienceProcessesbywhichwetakeinfoodandutilizeitIngestion,digestion,absorption,assimilationGeneticmaterial,DNA,controltheinterconversionprocesses第五頁，共三十三頁。19.2Kilocalories,BasalMetabolism,andWeightcontrolKilocalorie大卡:theunitusedtomeasuretheamountofenergyinfoods1kilocalorie=theamountofenergyneededtoraisethetemperatureof1kilogramofwater1oC1kilocalorie(C)=1000calorie第六頁，共三十三頁。BasalmetabolicrateBasalmetabolicrate(BMR,基礎(chǔ)代謝率):therateatwhichthebodyusesenergywhenatrestFactorsaffectBMR:age,sex,climate,altitude,physicalcondition,hormones,previousdiet,percentageofweightthatisfat,andtimeofyearSpecificdynamicaction(SDA)食物特殊動(dòng)力作用:amountofenergyneededtoprocessthefood,10%oftotaldailykilocalorieintakeActivitylevel第七頁，共三十三頁。Bodymassindex(BMI,體重指數(shù))weightinkilogramsBMI=——————————(heightinmeter)2IdealBMI:18.5~25kg/m2第八頁，共三十三頁。Weightcontrol:

amatterofbalancingthekilocaloriesingested攝取withthoseofexpendedDecreasingorincreasing500~1000kilocaloriesperday→1~2pounds(0.45~0.9kilogram)perweek第九頁，共三十三頁。Stepsinweightcontrol:CheckwithyourphysicianDeterminethenumberofkilocaloriesyouareconsumingReducetheamountoffoodorincreaseyourintake:1200kilocaloriesAnothervaluablewayisanincreaseinexercisewhilekeepingfoodintakeconstantInsisting第十頁，共三十三頁。19.3ThechemicalcompositionofyourdietKindsofnutrients:Carbohydrates(碳水化合物)Lipids(脂類)Proteins(蛋白質(zhì))Vitamins(維生素)Minerals(礦物質(zhì))Water(水分)第十一頁，共三十三頁。CarbohydratesCarbohydrate:monosaccharidesordisaccharides,starch(primaryformofcarbohydrateweobtained),glycogen,celluloseFunction:UtilizedincellularrespirationtoprovideenergyUsedasbuildingblocksinthemanufactureofmoleculessuchasnucleicacidAsourceoffiberthatslowstheabsorptionofnutrientsandstimulatesperistalsis蠕動(dòng)intheintestinaltract第十二頁，共三十三頁。LipidsSubclassesoflipids:

Phospholipids(磷脂):essentialcomponentsofcellmembranesSteroids(類固醇):manyarehormones,cholesterol膽固醇Truefats(triglycerides,甘油三磷脂):sourceofenergy,essentialfattyacids,dissolvesomevitaminsDefendingfromcoldandheatloss,shockabsorberGivepleasanttaste,fullfeelingofameal第十三頁，共三十三頁。ProteinsFunction:Essentialcomponentsofhemoglobin血色素andcellmembranes,antibodies,enzymes,somehormones,hair,muscle,tissuefiber,collagen膠原質(zhì)Providealast-ditch最后的sourceofenergyduringstarvationCannotbestoredforlateruseTheamountofproteinnecessaryinthedietsisabout50grams/day第十四頁，共三十三頁。VitaminsVitaminsareorganicmolecules,neededinminuteamountstomaintainessentialmetabolicactivitiesCannotbemanufacturedbythebodyPlayaroleinassistingspecificenzymesthatbringaboutessentialbiochemicalchanges,coenzymes(輔酶)Highdosesofvitamins →toxic第十五頁，共三十三頁。MineralsAllmineralsareinorganicelements

CannotbesynthesizedbybodyCannotbebrokendownordestroyedbymetabolismorcookingCanfunctionasregulators,activators催化劑(Mg++),transmitters(Na+,K+)傳導(dǎo)物,controllersofenzymaticreaction第十六頁，共三十三頁。WaterUniversalsolventAllthechemicalreactionsinlivingthingstakeplaceinwaterPrimarycomponentofblood,lymph,bodytissuefluids組織液WastesareeliminatedfrombodydissolvedinwaterConveyor傳輸ofheat,wastesEssentialreactantsinhydrolytic水解reactionsofmetabolism第十七頁，共三十三頁。19.5ThefoodguidepyramidwithfivefoodgroupsGrainproductsgroupVegetablegroupFruitgroupMeat,poultry,fish,anddrybeansgroupDairyproductsgroup第十八頁，共三十三頁。GrainproductsgroupProvidemostofkilocalorierequirementsintheformofcomplexcarbohydrates,fiber,vitaminB,minerals6~11servings(1serving=1sliceofbread;1/2cupofcookedcereal,1ounceofreadytoeatcereal,100kilocalories)eachday第十九頁，共三十三頁。Fruitgroup2or4servingperday(1serving=1mediumapple;?cupoffruit;?cupofjuice)Providefiber,carbohydrate,water,vitamins(particularlyvitaminC)第二十頁，共三十三頁。Vegetablesgroup3~4servings(1serving=acupofrawleafyvegetables,?cupofothertypes)eachdayProvidevitamins,water,minerals,fiber第二十一頁，共三十三頁。Dairyproductsgroup2servings(1serving=1cupoficecream,milk,or2ouncesofcheese)eachdayProvidesminerals,water,vitamins,carbohydrates,protein第二十二頁，共三十三頁。Meat,poultry,fish,and

drybeansgroup

5~7ounces(140~200grams)perdayProteinrich第二十三頁，共三十三頁。19.6EatingdisordersThreemostcommoneatingdisorders:Obesity(肥胖)Bulimia(易餓癥)Anorexianervosa(神經(jīng)性食欲缺乏)第二十四頁，共三十三頁。ObesityBMI≥30kg/m2Affectthepeople’shealthandlifespanImbalancebetweenneedforkilocaloriesandtheamountoffoodatePrevailingcultureGeneticreasonChemicalimbalance ofthenervoussystem第二十五頁，共三十三頁。BulimiaBulimia易餓病isadiseaseconditioninwhichthepersonhasacycleofeatingbinges狂歡followedbypurgingthebodyofthefoodbyinducingvomiting嘔吐orusinglaxatives輕瀉劑第二十六頁，共三十三頁。AnorexianervosaAnutritionaldeficiencydisease營養(yǎng)缺乏癥,characterizedbysevere,prolongedweightlossasaresultofavoluntarysevererestrictioninfoodintakeThisdiseaseisthoughttostemfromsocialandculturalfactors第二十七頁，共三十三頁。19.7Deficiencydiseases營養(yǎng)缺乏癥Protein-deficiencydiseaseKwashiorkor(惡性營養(yǎng)不良):distended擴(kuò)大的belly,slowgrowth,slowmovement,emotionallydepressed第二十八頁，共三十三頁。Starvation:Vitamin-deficiencydisease維生素缺乏癥:rare第二十九頁，共三十三頁。19.8NutritionthroughthelifecycleInfancy(birthto12months):

FirstgrowthspurtAperson’stotalenergyrequirementsperkilogramarehighest:100kilocaloriesperkilogramofbodyweightperday50%forbasalmetabolicrateHumanbreastmilkisthemostappropriatefood第三十頁，共三十三頁。Childhood(1yeartopuberty青春期)GrowlowerthaninfancyProtein,