(新高考)高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義第1部分 教材知識(shí)解讀 選擇性必修第三冊(cè) Unit 4 Adversity and Courage (含答案)

Ⅰ.認(rèn)閱讀單詞1．a(chǎn)dversityn．困境；逆境2．expeditionn．探險(xiǎn)；遠(yuǎn)征；探險(xiǎn)隊(duì)3．endurancen．忍耐力；耐久力4．cupboardn．櫥柜；壁櫥；衣柜5．stewardn．(輪船、飛機(jī)或火車(chē)上的)乘務(wù)員；服務(wù)員6．crushvt.毀壞；壓壞；壓碎n．擁擠的人群7．stoven．爐具；廚房灶具8．banjon．班卓琴(樂(lè)器)9．voyagen．&vi.航海；航行10．navyn．海軍；海軍部隊(duì)11．decentadj.相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)的；正派的；得體的12．cosyadj.溫馨的；舒適的13．crewn．(輪船、飛機(jī)等上面的)全體工作人員；專(zhuān)業(yè)團(tuán)隊(duì)；一群人14．rugbyn．橄欖球運(yùn)動(dòng)15．corporateadj.公司的；法人的；社團(tuán)的16．navigatorn．領(lǐng)航員；(飛機(jī)、船舶等上的)航行者17．episoden．(人生的)一段經(jīng)歷；(小說(shuō)的)片段；插曲18．motiven．動(dòng)機(jī)；原因；目的Ⅱ.記重點(diǎn)單詞1．bitteradj.嚴(yán)寒的；激烈而不愉快的；味苦的2．wagen．工資3．vigour(＝vigor)n．精力；力量；活力4．sinkvi.(sank/sunk，sunk)沉沒(méi)；下沉；下降vt.使下沉；使沉沒(méi)5．a(chǎn)bandonvt.舍棄；拋棄；放棄；遺棄6．blanketn．毯子7．miserableadj.痛苦的；令人難受的8．good/bad-temperedadj.脾氣好的/壞的9．genuineadj.真正的；真誠(chéng)的；可信賴(lài)的10．furnituren．家具11．thoroughadj.深入的；徹底的；細(xì)致的12．barkvi.&n．(狗)吠叫；吠叫聲；厲聲質(zhì)問(wèn)13．batn．球拍；蝙蝠vi.&vt.用球板擊球；揮打；拍打14．dampadj.潮濕的；濕氣重的15．recreationn．娛樂(lè)；消遣；游戲16．nephewn．侄子；外甥17．roughadj.洶涌的；粗糙的；粗略的18．motorn．發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)；馬達(dá)adj.有引擎的；機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)的19．candidaten．候選人；應(yīng)試者Ⅲ.知拓展單詞1．qualifiedadj.符合資格；具備……的知識(shí)(或技能、學(xué)歷等)→qualifyv．(使)具有資格；(使)合格→qualificationn．資格；資歷；資格證書(shū)2．enthusiasticadj.熱情的；熱心的→enthusiasticallyadv.熱情地→enthusiasmn．熱情；熱忱3．a(chǎn)boardadv.&prep.上(船、飛機(jī)、公共汽車(chē)等)→boardv．上船(或火車(chē)、飛機(jī)、公共汽車(chē)等)；寄宿n．木板；董事會(huì)；伙食4．a(chǎn)ssignvt.分派；布置；分配→assignmentn．任務(wù)；作業(yè)；分配5．envyn．&vt.羨慕；妒忌→enviousadj.嫉妒的；羨慕的6．belongingsn．[pl.]財(cái)物；動(dòng)產(chǎn)→belongvi.屬于；應(yīng)在(某處)7．selfishadj.自私的→selfishlyadv.自私地→selfishnessn．自私8．perseverancen．毅力；韌性；不屈不撓的精神→perseverevi.堅(jiān)持；孜孜以求9．resolvevi.&vt.決定；決心；解決(問(wèn)題或困難)n．決心；堅(jiān)定的信念→resolutionn．決議；解決；堅(jiān)定；決心10．crueladj.殘酷的；殘忍的；冷酷的→cruellyadv.殘忍地；殘酷地→crueltyn．殘忍；殘酷11．unfortunatelyadv.不幸地；遺憾地→fortunately(反)adv.幸運(yùn)地→fortunen．運(yùn)氣；財(cái)產(chǎn)12．guidancen．指導(dǎo)；引導(dǎo)；導(dǎo)航→guiden．導(dǎo)游；指南vt.帶領(lǐng)；引導(dǎo)；為……領(lǐng)路13．a(chǎn)dvertisingn．廣告活動(dòng)；廣告業(yè)→advertisevt.&vi.公布；宣傳；做廣告→advertisementn．廣告；宣傳14．loyaladj.忠誠(chéng)的；忠實(shí)的→loyaltyn．忠誠(chéng)；忠實(shí)15．commitmentn．承諾；保證；奉獻(xiàn)→commitvt.犯(錯(cuò)誤、罪行等)vi.&vt.(使)承擔(dān)義務(wù)；(使)作出保證→committedadj.盡心盡力的；堅(jiān)定的Ⅳ.背核心短語(yǔ)1．turnsb.down拒絕(某人)2．makefire生火3．giveoff放出(熱、光、氣味或氣體)4．dreamof/about夢(mèng)想5．a(chǎn)ttheageof在……歲時(shí)6．beenthusiasticabout對(duì)……充滿(mǎn)熱情7．become/bestuckin陷于8．throwaway扔掉9．managetodosth.設(shè)法做成某事10．gofrombadtoworse每況愈下1．messn．凌亂2．midnightn．午夜3．mildadj.溫和的；輕微的4．mineraln．礦物質(zhì)，礦物5．ministern．部長(zhǎng)；牧師6．minorityn．少數(shù)；少數(shù)民族7．misleadingadj.欺騙的；誤導(dǎo)性的8．mixturen．混合；混合物1．BelowaresomeofBlackborow’sdiaryentries.(全部倒裝)下面是布萊克博羅的一些日記摘錄。2．Beforeweabandonedtheship，Shackletoncalmlycalledustogetherandtoldustorescueourmostessentialsupplies—thesmallboats，ourfood，thecookstove，candles，clothes，andblankets.(before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)在我們棄船之前，沙克爾頓鎮(zhèn)定地把我們召集在一起，告訴我們要搶救我們最基本的供給品——小船、食物、爐子、蠟燭、衣服和毯子。3．HowcouldIbecomeasselfishandbad-temperedasThomasOrde-Lees！(as...as...)我怎么能變得像托馬斯·奧德利斯一樣自私和脾氣暴躁呢！4．Itwilleventuallyleadtosuccessaslongasyoupersevere.(aslongas只要)只要你堅(jiān)持，最終就會(huì)成功。5．Ifitweren’tforseaanimals，wewouldallstarve.(if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句)要是沒(méi)有海上的動(dòng)物，我們都會(huì)餓死的。請(qǐng)先從表格中選用本單元所學(xué)詞匯完成下列短文，然后核對(duì)答案并背誦該短文。eq\x(qualified，resolve，aboard，fortunately，sink，enthusiastic)Borninawealthyfamily，mynephew，Jack，leadssuchathoroughlydecentandcosylifethathehardlymeetswithcrueladversities.Hehasbeendreamingofanadventuresincehewasyoung.At18，Jack1.resolvedtojoinanexpeditionadvertisedinthenewspaper，buttheleaderturnedhimdownbecausehethoughtJackwasnot2.qualified.Fullofvigour，Jackneverabandonedhisdreamforhewasso3.enthusiasticaboutagreatvoyage.At19，hejoinedthenavyandwasassignedtobeastewardwithlowwages.Onabittercoldday，thecrewwent4.aboardamassiveshipboundforAtlanticOcean.Jackwasgenuine，good-temperedandloyalandhewasn’tselfish，either.Heoftenplayedthebanjoforrecreation.Sothosewhowereontheshipalllikedhim.Unfortunately，oneday，themotorbrokedownandtheshipgotcrushedonahugeiceberg.Whentheshipsank，theirheartsalso5.sank.Atthattime，thecalmcaptainmadeacommitmenttosavethemandcommandedthemtothrowawaytheirbelongingssuchasstoves，blankets，bats，cupboardsandotherpiecesoffurniture.Finally，theywere6.fortunateenoughtoescapetheship.Itwastheirendurance，resolutionandperseverancethathelpedthemsurvive.Onthedistantisland，Jackmanagedtomakefirewithanimalfat，whichgaveoffasmellysmellandthenhecookedseaanimals.Onemonthlater，theyweresavedbyapassingship.Insummary，ithasbeenamiserablebutunforgettableepisodeinJack’slife.提示：題干中加底紋詞匯為本單元詞匯enthusiasticadj.熱情的；熱心的(enthusiasticallyadv.熱情地；熱心地enthusiasmn．熱情；熱忱)?beenthusiasticabout(doing)sth.對(duì)(做)……熱情?lack/befullofenthusiasm缺乏/充滿(mǎn)熱情withenthusiasm(＝enthusiastically)熱情地(1)Heisselfishandbad-tempered.Thus，hewillneverbeenthusiasticabouthelpingthoseintrouble.(2)我不僅熱情而且容易相處，這使得我能勝任報(bào)紙上所刊登的志愿者工作。(應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作之個(gè)人優(yōu)勢(shì))Iamnotonlyenthusiasticbutalsoeasytogetalong/onwith，whichmakesmequalifiedforthevoluntaryworkadvertisedinthenewspaper.(3)盡管失敗了幾次，伯納德和約翰仍然熱情地做爆米花。(2020·新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ，讀后續(xù)寫(xiě))BernardandJohnstillmadepopcornenthusiastically/withenthusiasminspiteofseveralfailures.aboardadv.&prep.上(船、飛機(jī)、公共汽車(chē)等)[boardvt.&vi.上船(或火車(chē)、飛機(jī)、公共汽車(chē)等)n．木板；董事會(huì)；伙食broadadj.寬闊的；廣闊的abroadadv.在/到國(guó)外；在/到海外]?goaboard上船(飛機(jī)、火車(chē)等)?onboard在船(火車(chē)或飛機(jī))上?goabroad出國(guó)(1)他身材高大，肩膀?qū)掗?，留著胡子，總是滿(mǎn)面笑容。(讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)之外貌描寫(xiě))Heistallwithbroadshouldersandabeardandalwayswearsabroadsmile.(2)得知你將去國(guó)外深造，我寫(xiě)信告知你一些必要的注意事項(xiàng)。(應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作之告知信)Learningthatyouwillgoabroadforfurtherstudy，I’mwritingtoinformyouofsomenecessarydo’sanddon’ts.(3)這對(duì)年輕夫婦一上船，他們就吃東西、說(shuō)話、大笑，好像他們是這世界上僅存的人。①Theinstanttheyoungcouplewentaboardtheship，theywereeating，talkingandlaughingloudlyasiftheyweretheonlypeopleintheworld.(aboard)②Theinstanttheyoungcoupleboardedtheship，theywereeating，talkingandlaughingloudlyasiftheyweretheonlypeopleintheworld.(board)envyn．&vt.羨慕；嫉妒(enviousadj.嫉妒的；羨慕的)?envysb.(doing)sth.羨慕/嫉妒某人(做)某事withenvy羨慕地；嫉妒地greenwithenvy嫉妒地眼紅；十分羨慕/嫉妒?beenviousof羨慕，嫉妒(1)Iamenvious(envy)ofyou，becauseyouareleadingsuchacosyanddecentlife.(2)老實(shí)說(shuō)，我真羨慕你獲得了優(yōu)秀畢業(yè)生的稱(chēng)號(hào)，我應(yīng)該向你學(xué)習(xí)。Honestlyspeaking，IdoenvyyougettingthetitleoftheExcellentGraduateandIshouldfollowyourexample.(3)李明不僅學(xué)得快，而且善于用邏輯思維解決難題，我十分羨慕。NotonlyisLiMingquickatlearningbutalsoheisgoodatsolvingtoughproblemswithlogicalmind.Iamgreenwithenvy.abandonvt.舍棄；拋棄；放棄n．放任；放縱(abandonedadj.被遺棄的；放縱的)?abandononeselfto(doing)sth.沉湎于(做)……；縱情于(做)……abandondoingsth.放棄做某事?beabandonedto(doing)sth.沉湎于(做)……(1)Heabandonedasking(ask)forhisguidance，whichwasbeyondourexpectations.(2)Iabandonedmyselftocomputergames.Iperformedextremelybadlyintheend-of-termexamination.①Abandoningmyselftocomputergames，Iperformedextremelybadlyintheend-of-termexamination.(用現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)改寫(xiě))②Abandonedtocomputergames，Iperformedextremelybadlyintheend-of-termexamination.(用過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)改寫(xiě))resolvevi.&vt.決定；決心；解決(問(wèn)題或困難)n．決心；堅(jiān)定的信念(resolutionn．決定；解決；決心)resolvetodosth.決定做某事(1)Thestewardmadearesolution(resolve)tovisitherrelativesmoreoften.(2)文化遺產(chǎn)代表我們祖先的智慧，因此我們國(guó)家已經(jīng)決定不遺余力地保護(hù)它們。(話題寫(xiě)作之文化遺產(chǎn)與保護(hù))Culturalrelicsrepresentthewisdomofourancestors，soourcountryhasresolvedtosparenoefforttoprotectthem.(3)為了解決沖突，我們應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)多溝通，設(shè)身處地為他人著想。(話題寫(xiě)作之人際溝通)Toresolveconflicts，weshouldlearntocommunicatemoreandputourselvesinothers’place.HowcouldIbecomeasselfishandbad-temperedasThomasOrde-Lees！我怎么能變得像托馬斯·奧德利斯一樣自私和脾氣暴躁呢！as...as...意為“和……一樣”，表示同級(jí)比較。其中第一個(gè)as為副詞，第二個(gè)as為連詞或介詞。其基本用法為：as＋adj./adv.＋as...，還有如下用法：?否定式：notas/so＋adj./adv.＋as...?倍數(shù)＋as＋adj./adv.＋as...?asmuch/many＋名詞＋as...(1)他和我一樣勤奮，因此，他已取得了和我一樣多的進(jìn)步。Heisashard-workingasme，sohehasmadeasmuchprogressasme.(2)我們投入的時(shí)間和精力是她以前的兩倍，所以我深信我們能成功。Wehavedevotedtwiceasmuchtimeandenergyasshedidbefore，soIamgreatlyconvincedthatwewillsucceed.(3)在我看來(lái)，這本書(shū)沒(méi)有你認(rèn)為的那么有趣。AsfarasIamconcerned，thebookisnotas/sointerestingasyouthink.Ifitweren’tforseaanimals，wewouldallstarve.要是沒(méi)有海上的動(dòng)物，我們都會(huì)餓死的。本句為if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句，敘述與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。虛擬語(yǔ)氣在if虛擬條件句中的運(yùn)用如下：?與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式(be動(dòng)詞一般用were)，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“would/could/should/might＋動(dòng)詞原形”?與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“had＋過(guò)去分詞”，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“would/could/should/might＋have＋過(guò)去分詞”?與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式、weretodo或shoulddo，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“would/could/should/might＋動(dòng)詞原形”(1)受邀在這里做演講我倍感榮幸。今天我的演講主題是“如果我是一名環(huán)衛(wèi)工人”。如果我是一名環(huán)衛(wèi)工人，我會(huì)讓我們的城市更干凈，讓街上沒(méi)有任何垃圾。(應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作之演講稿)Ifeelhonoredtobeinvitedheretodeliveraspeech.Todaythetopicofmyspeechis“IfIwereadustman”．IfIwereadustman，Iwouldmakeourcitycleanerwithnorubbishlyingonthestreet.(2)如果我早聽(tīng)從你的建議，我就會(huì)通過(guò)這場(chǎng)重要的考試了。IfIhadfollowedyouradviceearlier，Iwouldhavepassedtheimportantexam.(3)如果我明天看到他，我就會(huì)告訴他我在昨天舉行的比賽中獲得了第一名的好消息。IfIsaw/weretosee/shouldseehimtomorrow，IwouldinformhimofthegoodnewsthatIrankedfirstinthecompetitionheldyesterday.提示：題干中加底紋詞匯為上一單元詞匯Ⅰ.一詞多義練/熟詞生義練——清除閱讀障礙1．rougheq\x(A.洶涌的；風(fēng)浪很大的B.崎嶇的C.粗略的D.艱難的E.粗魯?shù)?(1)Ican’ttoleratesailinginroughsea.A(2)Accordingtoaroughestimate，aboutfiftysealsstarvetodeathannually.C(3)Idon’tknowhowtoreleasethepressureinsucharoughtime.D(4)Theiceontheroughroadhasmeltedanditissafetodriveonitnow.B(5)Heissucharoughchildthathedoesn’tbehavehimself.E2．快速閱讀下列句子并猜測(cè)句中加黑詞匯的漢語(yǔ)意思(1)Tomysadness，mysonwasabandonedtosmokinganddrinking.沉湎于(2)Shewassincereandgenuineinherwishtomakeupforherformermistakes.真誠(chéng)的Ⅱ.核心知識(shí)強(qiáng)化練——鞏固語(yǔ)言知識(shí)1．Myheartsank/sunk(sink)whenIwasinformedthatmymoderatereformsendedupinfailure.2．WhenIsubmittedtheregulationsIdesignedtomyboss，heturnedmedownimmediately.3.Dozensofworkersarequalified(qualify)fortheirjobsintheinternationalfirm.4．Ourmonitorisenthusiasticaboutcreatingaharmoniouscampusandheoftenlaunchessomecampaignstopromoteit.5．Thesepolicieswillbeabandoned(abandon)becauseoffinancialproblemsnextyear.6．Wehaveresolvedtoreduce(reduce)ourcarbonfootprintbyrestrictingtheamountofcarbondioxideourlifestylesproduce.7．Fortunately(fortunate)，Isucceededinseizingthispreciouschancetobeavolunteerintheactivity.8．IpromisethatIwillbeloyaltotheenterpriseandIwillneverquitmyjob.9．Ridingbicyclesbenefitstheenvironmentalconservationbecausetheywon’tgiveoffwastegas.10．Theenterpriseshavethoroughly(thorough)implementedwhattheyhavepromisedtothepublic.Ⅰ.單句寫(xiě)作——應(yīng)用文增分練話題寫(xiě)作之人際交往1．以下是我最近一直在經(jīng)歷的事情。(全部倒裝)BelowiswhatIhavebeenexperiencingrecently.2．我一直和我的同學(xué)相處得不好，我不知道如何和他們一樣熱情地交流。(as...as)Ihavebeengettingon/alongbadlywithmyclassmatesandIdon’tknowhowtocommunicateasenthusiasticallyastheydo.3．在我的老師幫助我之前，我一直茫然失措。(before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)Beforemyteachershelpme，Ihavebeenataloss.4．我親愛(ài)的老師們一直告訴我：“只要你足夠自信，抓住每個(gè)和別人聊天的機(jī)會(huì)，你就可以改變這種情況?！?aslongas)Mydearteacherskeeptellingme，“Aslongasyouareconfidentenoughandgraspeverychancetochatwithothers，youcantransformthesituation.”5．如果老師們沒(méi)有幫助我，我就不會(huì)和我的同學(xué)做朋友。(if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句)Iftheteachershadn’tgivenmeahand，Iwo