考研考博-英語-中國石油大學(xué)（華東）考試押題卷含答案詳解

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-中國石油大學(xué)（華東）考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Wehaveinvested（）80,000inthisprojectbuttillnowthereisnohopeforustogetapennyback.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.subsequently

B.unexpectedly

C.approximately

D.reluctantly

【答案】C

【解析】詞義辨析題。subsequently隨后；unexpectedly想不到的；approximately大約,

近乎；reluctantly不情愿地。句意：我們在這個項(xiàng)目上投資了大約8萬美元,

但到目前為止,

我們還沒有希望收回一分錢。選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

2.翻譯題

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslateitintoChinese.

Rationally,weknowthatreadingisthefoundationstoneofalleducation,andthereforeanessentialunderpinningoftheknowledgeeconomy.Soreadingis-orshouldbe—anaspectofpublicpolicy.Butperhapsevenmoresignificantisitsemotionalroleasthestartingpointforindividualvoyagesofpersonaldevelopmentandpleasure.Bookscanhelpcreateandreinforceoursenseofself.

Ifreadingweretodeclinesignificantly,itwouldchangetheverynatureofourspecies.Ifwe,inthefuture,arenolongerwiredforsolitaryreflectionandcreativethought,wewillbediminished.Technologythrowsupasmanysolutionsasitdoeschallenges:foreverydooritcloses,anotheropens.Sotheability,offeredbydeviceslikee-readers,smartphonesandtablets,tocarryanentirelibraryinyourhandisanamazingopportunity.

【答案】從理性角度來講，我們知道閱讀是一切教育的基石，因此是知識經(jīng)濟(jì)的基本支撐。所以閱讀是——或者應(yīng)當(dāng)是——公共政策的一個方面。但也許更重要的是它作為個人發(fā)展和快樂之旅的起點(diǎn)的情感作用。書籍可以幫助創(chuàng)造和加強(qiáng)我們的自我意識。

如果閱讀能力顯著下降，人類的天性也會發(fā)生變化。如果我們將來不再被自我反思和創(chuàng)造性的思想所束縛，我們將會逐漸消失。技術(shù)提出的解決方案與挑戰(zhàn)一樣多：每關(guān)上一扇門，另一扇門就會打開。因此，由閱讀器、智能手機(jī)和平板電腦等設(shè)備提供的功能，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)將整個圖書館放在手中的絕好機(jī)會。

3.單選題

Extraordinarycreativeactivityhasbeencharacterizedasrevolutionary,flyinginthefaceofwhatisestablishedandproducingnotwhatisacceptablebutwhatwillbecomeaccepted.Accordingtothisformulation,highlycreativeactivitytranscendsthelimitsofanexistingformandestablishesanewprincipleoforganization.However,theideathatextraordinarycreativitytranscendsestablishedlimitsismisleadingwhenitisappliedtothearts,eventhoughitmaybevalidforthesciences.Differencesbetweenhighlycreativeartandhighlycreativescienceariseinpartfromadifferenceintheirgoals.Forthesciences,anewtheoryisthegoalandendresultofthecreativeact.Innovativescienceproducesnewpropositionsintermsofwhichdiversephenomenacanberelatedtooneanotherinmorecoherentways.Suchphenomenaasabrilliantdiamondoranestlingbirdarerelegatedtotheroleofdata,servingasthemeansforformulatingortestinganewtheory.Thegoalofhighlycreativeartisverydifferent:thephenomenonitselfbecomesthedirectproductofthecreativeact.Shakespeare’sHamletisnotatractaboutthebehaviorofindecisiveprincesortheusesofpoliticalpower:norisPicasso’spainting“Guernica”primarilyapropositionalstatementabouttheSpanishCivilWarortheevilsoffascism.Whathighlycreativeartisticactivityproducesisnotanewgeneralizationthattranscendsestablishedlimits,butratheranaestheticparticular.Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploit,inaninnovativeway,thelimitsofanexistingform,ratherthantranscendthatform.

Thisisnottodenythatahighlycreativeartistsometimesestablishesanewprincipleoforganizationinthehistoryofanartisticfield;thecomposerMonteverdi,whocreatedmusicofthehighestaestheticvalue,comestomind.Moregenerally,however,whetherornotacompositionestablishesanewprincipleinthehistoryofmusichaslittlebearingonitsaestheticworth.Becausetheyembodyanewprincipleoforganization,somemusicalworks,suchastheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerata,areofsignalhistoricalimportance,butfewlistenersormusicologistswouldincludetheseamongthegreatworksofmusic.Ontheotherhand,Mozart’sTheMarriageofFigaroissurelyamongthegreatworksofmusiceventhoughitsmodestinnovationsareconfinedtoextendingexistingmeans.IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionsrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.Rather,hewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits—therules,forms,andconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozart,HandelandBach—instrikinglyoriginalways.

1.Theauthorconsidersanewtheorythatcoherentlyrelatesdiversephenomenatooneanothertobethe（）.

2.TheauthorimpliesthatBeethoven’smusicwasstrikinglyoriginalbecauseBeethoven（）.

3.ThepassagestatesthattheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerataare（）.

4.ThepassagesuppliesinformationforansweringallofthefollowingquestionsEXCEPT（）.

5.Theauthorregardstheideathatallhighlycreativeartisticactivitiestranscendlimitswith（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.basisforreaffirmingawell-establishedscientificformulation

B.byproductofanaestheticexperience

C.toolusedbyascientisttodiscoveranewparticular

D.resultofhighlycreativescientificactivity

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.strovetooutdohispredecessorsbybecomingthefirstcomposertoexploitlimits

B.fundamentallychangedthemusicalformsofhispredecessorsbyadoptingarichlyinventivestrategy

C.embellishedandinterwovethemelodiesofseveralofthegreatcomposerswhoprecededhim

D.manipulatedtheestablishedconventionsofmusicalcompositioninahighlyinnovativefashion

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.unjustifiablyignoredbymusicologists

B.notgenerallyconsideredtobeofhighaestheticvalueeventhoughtheyareimportantinthehistoryofmusic

C.amongthoseworksinwhichpopularhistoricalthemeswereportrayedinamusicalproduction

D.ofteninappropriatelycitedasexamplesofmusicalworksinwhichanewprincipleoforganizationwasintroduced

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Hasunusualcreativeactivitybeencharacterizedasrevolutionary?

B.DidBeethovenworkwithinamusicaltraditionthatalsoincludedHandelandBach?

C.Is.Mozart’sTheMarriageofFigaroanexampleofacreativeworkthattranscendedlimits?

D.WhobesidesMonteverdiwrotemusicthattheauthorwouldconsidertoembodynewprinciplesoforganizationandtobeofhighaestheticvalue?

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.deepskepticism

B.strongindignation

C.markedindifference

D.moderateamusement

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.判斷推理題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“coherentlyrelatesdiversephenomena”定位到文章第一段“…h(huán)ighlycreativeactivitytranscendsthelimitsofanexistingformandestablishesanewprincipleoforganization…Innovativescienceproducesnewpropositionsintermsofwhichdiversephenomenacanberelatedtooneanotherinmorecoherentways.”可知高度創(chuàng)造性的活動超越了現(xiàn)有形式的限制，建立了新的組織原則。創(chuàng)新的科學(xué)產(chǎn)生了新的理論，在這個理論中，使不同的現(xiàn)象以更加連貫清晰的方式聯(lián)系在一起?？膳袛喑鲎髡哒J(rèn)為這種將不同的現(xiàn)象更加連貫地聯(lián)系起來的新理論是高度創(chuàng)造性科學(xué)活動的結(jié)果。故選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“Beethoven’smusic”定位到文章第二段“IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionsrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.Rather,hewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits—therules,forms,andconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozart,HandelandBach—instrikinglyoriginalways.”可知據(jù)說貝多芬推翻了規(guī)則，把音樂從沉悶的傳統(tǒng)形式中解放出來。但是仔細(xì)研究貝多芬的音樂就會發(fā)現(xiàn)，他的音樂并沒有推翻任何基本規(guī)則。相反，他是一位無與倫比的戰(zhàn)略家，他從海頓、莫扎特、亨德爾和巴赫等前輩那里繼承了一些規(guī)則、形式和慣例，并以驚人的獨(dú)特的方式加以利用?？膳袛喑鲎髡咛岬截惗喾业囊魳肪哂畜@人的獨(dú)創(chuàng)性是因?yàn)樨惗喾乙砸环N高度創(chuàng)新的方式操縱著音樂創(chuàng)作的既定的規(guī)則。故選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“FlorentineCamerata”定位到文章第二段“…whetherornotacompositionestablishesanewprincipleinthehistoryofmusichaslittlebearingonitsaestheticworth.Becausetheyembodyanewprincipleoforganization,somemusicalworks,suchastheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerata,areofsignalhistoricalimportance,butfewlistenersormusicologistswouldincludetheseamongthegreatworksofmusic.”可知一部作品是否在音樂史上確立了新的原則，與它的美學(xué)價(jià)值并沒有多大的關(guān)聯(lián)。因?yàn)樗w現(xiàn)了一種新的組織原則。有些音樂作品，如佛羅倫薩的歌劇，具有顯著的歷史重要性，但是很少有聽眾或音樂學(xué)家會把這些作品列入偉大的音樂作品之列?？膳袛喑鲎髡哒J(rèn)為弗羅倫薩的歌劇雖然在音樂史上很重要，帶來了巨大的影響，但是并沒有認(rèn)為具有很高的審美價(jià)值。故選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Extraordinarycreativeactivityhasbeencharacterizedasrevolutionary…”，可知杰出的創(chuàng)造性活動具有革命性的特征，可回答選項(xiàng)A的問題，故選項(xiàng)A可排除。根據(jù)文章第二段“Rather,hewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits—therules,forms,andconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozart,HandelandBach—instrikinglyoriginalways.”可知他是一位無與倫比的戰(zhàn)略家，他從海頓、莫扎特、亨德爾和巴赫等前輩那里繼承了一些規(guī)則、形式和慣例，并以驚人的獨(dú)特的方式加以利用?？苫卮疬x項(xiàng)B的問題，故選項(xiàng)B可排除。根據(jù)文章第二段“Mozart’sTheMarriageofFigaroissurelyamongthegreatworksofmusiceventhoughitsmodestinnovationsareconfinedtoextendingexistingmeans.”可知莫扎特的《費(fèi)加羅的婚姻》無疑是偉大的音樂作品之一，盡管它僅僅體現(xiàn)出對現(xiàn)有方式和規(guī)則的擴(kuò)展創(chuàng)新?？苫卮疬x項(xiàng)C的問題，故選項(xiàng)C可排除。文章第二段中，除了提到Monteverdi的音樂作品體現(xiàn)了新的創(chuàng)作原則并且具有很好的審美價(jià)值，并未提及其它的音樂家。故選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

5.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“allhighlycreativeartisticactivitiestranscendlimits”定位到文章第一段最后兩句“Whathighlycreativeartisticactivityproducesisnotanewgeneralizationthattranscendsestablishedlimits,butratheranaestheticparticular.Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploit,inaninnovativeway,thelimitsofanexistingform,ratherthantranscendthatform.”可知具有高度創(chuàng)造性的藝術(shù)活動所產(chǎn)生的并不是一種超越既定規(guī)則的新的概括，而是一種美學(xué)上的特殊產(chǎn)物。極具創(chuàng)造力的藝術(shù)家所創(chuàng)造的美學(xué)細(xì)節(jié)，以一種創(chuàng)新的方式，擴(kuò)展或利用了一種現(xiàn)有的形式規(guī)則，而不是超越那種形式?？膳袛喑鲎髡邔τ谒芯哂懈叨葎?chuàng)造性的藝術(shù)活動都超越了現(xiàn)有的形式和規(guī)則的觀點(diǎn)是持有懷疑態(tài)度的。故選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

4.單選題

Thetrainfromthecapitalwasderailedlastnightinthemountainarea,butfortunatelytherewereno（）,policesaid.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.catastrophes

B.cataracts

C.casualties

D.caprices

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。catastrophe“大災(zāi)難”；cataract“大瀑布，洪水”；casualty“傷亡人員”；caprice“任性，反復(fù)無常；隨想曲”。句意：昨晚，從首都出發(fā)的火車在山區(qū)脫離軌道，慶幸的是沒有人員傷亡。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

5.單選題

Immigrationofficialshavetobeverycarefulindecidingwhetherto（）alloronlysomeofthoseillegalimmigrants.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.dissolve

B.deport

C.distract

D.detect

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)dissolve“解散，使溶解”，B選項(xiàng)deport，“驅(qū)逐出境，放逐”，C選項(xiàng)“轉(zhuǎn)移，分散”，D選項(xiàng)detect“察覺，發(fā)現(xiàn)”。句意：移民官員在決定是將全部非法移民驅(qū)逐出境還是僅將部分非法移民驅(qū)逐出境時必須非常謹(jǐn)慎。因此,B選項(xiàng)符合句意。

6.翻譯題

“Intelligence”atbestisanassumptiveconstruct—themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Thereismoreagreementonthekindsofbehaviorreferredtobythetermthanthereisonhowtointerpretorclassifythem.Butitisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideasreadily,makedistinctions,reasonlogically,andmakeuseofverbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild'scapacityforlearning,particularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnotmeasurecharacter,socialadjustment,physicalendurance,manualskills,orartisticabilities.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughlycomparabletocriticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity.Nowsincetheassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthescalewithwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa“valid”or“fair”comparison.

【答案】“智力”充其量只是一個假設(shè)性的概念,因?yàn)橹橇Φ暮x從來就是模糊的。人們對智力所指的不同表現(xiàn),比對這些表現(xiàn)如何解釋或分類,看法更為一致,但是一般認(rèn)為智力好的人是能夠迅速領(lǐng)會思想、區(qū)分事物、進(jìn)行邏輯推理并運(yùn)用文字和數(shù)車符號來解決問題的人。智力測驗(yàn)只是粗略衡量一個兒童的學(xué)習(xí)能力,尤其是學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)校所要求的不同知識的能力。智力測驗(yàn)并不測定人的品格、社會適應(yīng)能力、身體耐力、手工技能或藝術(shù)才能。批評智力測試不反映上述情況,就猶如批評溫度計(jì)不測風(fēng)速一樣。既然對智力的評估是比較而言的,那么我們就必須確保在對我們的對象迸行比較時,我們所使用尺度能提供“有效的”；或“公平的”比較。

7.單選題

strophysicistswrestlingwiththestudyofanewkindofstar,theflat,“two-dimensional”configurationsknownasaccretiondiskshaverecentlygainednewinsightsintothebehaviorofthesestars.Accretiondisksexistinavarietyofsituationswheremattersswirlaroundacompactstarsuchasawhitedwarfstaroraneutronstar.Accretiondisksarealsosuspectedofplayingapartinmoreexoticsituations,inwhichthecentralobjectisimaginedtobeasupermassiveblackhole,theultimateformofcollapsedmatter,ratherthanacompactstar.Themodelingofaccretiondisksisstillinitsinfancy,asituationanalogoustothedayswhenordinarystarsweremodeledbyusingelementaryscalinglawswithoutbenefitofknowledgeofthenuclearprocessesthatpowerthestars.Similarly,thebasicphysicsofthepowerbywhichaccretiondisksradiate,thoughttooriginateinaformofturbulentfriction,isknownonlyatthecrudestlevel.

AccretiondiskswerefirstdefinedinthecontextofCataclysmicvariables.Inthesesystems,matterfromtheouterlayersofanordinarystarisattractedbythegravitationalinfluenceofanearbyorbitingwhitedwarfstar,thematterlostfromtheordinarystarcannotstrikethesurfaceofthetinywhitedwarfdirectlybutsettlesintoanorbitaroundthestar.Theviscosityinthediskthusformedcausesheating,radiation,andaslowspiralingofdiskmatterontothesurfaceofthewhitedwarf.

Therapidadvancesmadeinx-rayastronomyinthepastdecadehaveidentifiedasecondtypeofsysteminwhichaccretiondisksoccur.Insuchasystem,anaccretiondiskwhirlsaboutaneutronstarratherthanawhitedwarf.Theinnerreachesoftheaccretiondiskextenddeeplyintothegravitationalpotentialoftheneutronstarwhereveryrapidmotionistherule.Theenergyreleasedbyfrictionandtheactualrainingofthematerialfromthediskontothesurfaceoftheneutronstarissogreatthatradiationisgivenoffinapowerfulfloodofx-rays.Andinatleastonecase,x-rayastronomersbelievethattheobjectinthecenterofanaccretiondiskisablackhole,suggestingthatathirdsystemmayexist.

Ithadbeenassumedthatportionsofaccretiondiskswouldbeunstableandthat,asaresult,clumpingoftheirmatterintoringswouldoccur.Thereisnoevidencefromobservation,however,thataccretiondisksdo,infact,sufferfromtheseinstabilities.Inrecentwork,AbramowiczhasshownthataddedgravitationaleffectsduetogeneralrelativitymayaltertheexpectedNewtoniangravitationalrelationshipsinsuchawaythatthediskremainsstable,indicatingthatitispossiblethatthesepredictedinstabilitiesdonotoccur.

Furtherprogresstowardunderstandingaccretiondiskswillinvolvedefiningandproposingsolutionstorestrictedproblemsjustaswasdoneinthiscaseandwasdoneandcontinuestobedoneforordinarystars.Abramowicz'workisavaluableexampleofthecarethatmustbetakenbeforereachingconclusionsregardingaccretiondisks.

1.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatpredictionsoftheinstabilityofaccretiondiskswerebasedonwhichofthefollowing?

3.Theauthor’sattitudetowardAbramowicz’workcanbestbedescribedasoneof（

）.

4.Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutcurrentscientificknowledgeofthenuclearprocessesofordinarystars?

5.ThepassagesuggeststhatAbramowicz’workwasmotivatedbywhichofthefollowingassumptions?

6.Thepassageimplieswhichofthefollowingabouttheprogressofknowledgeinastrophysics?

7.Thepassagesuggeststhat,comparedtothestudyofordinarystars,thestudyofaccretiondisksis（

）.

8.Accordingtothepassage,someaccretiondisksoriginatedin（

）.

9.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthesignificanceofAbramowicz’workisthatit（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.comparingAbramowicz’worktotheworkofearlierastrophysicists

B.providinginformationaboutaccretiondisksanddiscussingsignificantnewwork

C.definingtheconditionsunderwhichaccretiondiskscanbeobserved

D.exploringthequestionofwhetherablackholecaneverbethecentralobjectofanaccretiondisk

E.describingthephenomenonofaccretiondisksandreviewingseveralconflictingtheoriesoftheirorigins

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.AcalculationoftheprobableeffectsofstandardNewtoniangravitationalrelationships

B.AcalculationoftheprobablerelationshipbetweengeneralrelativityandstandardNewtoniangravitationalrelationships

C.Acalculationoftheenergyreleasedbyfrictionwithinacompactstar

D.Observationofthex-raysradiatedbycompactstars

E.Observationoftheclumpingofaccretiondiskmatterintoringsaroundcompactstars

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.uncertainapproval

B.unqualifiedrespect

C.mildinterest

D.carefuldismissal

E.hostileskepticism

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Itspatternofdevelopmenthasbeenanalogoustothatofdevelopmentsinx-rayastronomy.

B.Itsroleintheexplanationofturbulentfrictionhasbeensignificant.

C.Ithascontributedtoamoreaccuratemodelingofordinarystars.

D.Itlagsbehindknowledgeofscalinglaws.

E.Itexplainsthebehaviorofaccretiondisksaswellasthatofordinarystars.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Thequantityofenergyreleasedbyaccretiondiskscanbeaslargeasitisonlyifthedisksarestable.

B.Improvedtechniquesinx-rayastronomywouldrevealanyinstabilitiesoccurringinaccretiondisks.

C.Thelackofobservationalevidenceofinstabilitiesinaccretiondiskssuggeststhatpredictionsoftheiroccurrencemightbewrong.

D.Knownmethodsofobservingaccretiondisksurroundingcompactstarsandblackholesdonotpermittheobservationofthematterinaccretiondisks.

E.Thegravitationalpotentialofcompactstarsdoesnotvaryfromstartostar.

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.Adherencetooutdatedtheorieshas,inthepast,limitedtheactivitiesofastrophysicistsandrestrictedprogress.

B.Progresshas,inthepast,occurredonlyasaresultofsignificantbreakthroughsinbasicphysicsandchemistry.

C.Progresshas,inthepast,occurredasaresultofaprocessofdefiningandsolvingrestrictedproblems.

D.Giventherecentacquisitionofknowledgeaboutthenuclearprocessesofstars,furtherprogressislikelytobelimitedtotherefinementofwhatisalreadyknown.

E.Conclusionsinastrophysicshave,inthepast,beenseriouslyflawed,thuslimitingprogress,althoughtherehaverecentlybeensignsofchange.

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.derivative

B.moresophisticated

C.lessclearlyfocused

D.atanearlierstageofdevelopment

E.moredependentontechnologicaladvances

問題8選項(xiàng)

A.anincreaseinheatandradiationaroundanordinarystar

B.apowerfulfloodofx-raysemittedbyaneutronstar

C.acollisionbetweentwostars

D.theturbulentfrictiononthesurfaceofacompactstar

E.theaccumulationofmatterremovedfromanordinarystar

問題9選項(xiàng)

A.providesameansofmeasuringthegravitationalpotentialofneutronstars

B.opensanewareaforexplorationinthefieldofx-rayastronomy

C.provesthatscalinglawscannotbeappliedtoaccretiondisks

D.proposesanewsystemofclassificationofstars

E.suggestsaresolutionofadiscrepancybetweenatheoreticalpredictionandactualobservation

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:C

第6題:C

第7題:D

第8題:E

第9題:E

【解析】1.主旨大意題。通讀全文，原文多次出現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞“accretiondisks”“newinsights”,從而即可了解作者的寫作主旨，得出本題答案。

2.細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“instability”將信息點(diǎn)定位到原文第四段第二、三句?！癟hereisnoevidencefromobservation,however,thataccretiondisksdo,infact,sufferfromtheseinstabilities.Inrecentwork,AbramowiczhasshownthataddedgravitationaleffectsduetogeneralrelativitymayaltertheexpectedNewtoniangravitationalrelationshipsinsuchawaythatthediskremainsstable,indicatingthatitispossiblethatthesepredictedinstabilitiesdonotoccur.”從而得出本題答案。

3.

觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“Abramowicz’work”，可將信息點(diǎn)定位到原文最后一段最后一句?！癆bramowicz’workisavaluableexampleofthecarethatmustbetakenbeforereachingconclusionsregardingaccretiondisks.（阿布拉莫維奇的工作是一個很有價(jià)值的例子，說明在得出關(guān)于吸積盤的結(jié)論之前必須小心謹(jǐn)慎。）”作者對其研究是絕對的尊重。從而得出本題答案。

4.

細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“thenuclearprocessesofordinarystars”,將信息點(diǎn)定位到原文最后一段第一句?！癋urtherprogresstowardunderstandingaccretiondiskswillinvolvedefiningandproposingsolutionstorestrictedproblemsjustaswasdoneinthiscaseandwasdoneandcontinuestobedoneforordinarystars.”從而得出本題答案。

5.

細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“Abramowicz’work”，將信息點(diǎn)定位為原文第四段第三句“Inrecentwork,AbramowiczhasshownthataddedgravitationaleffectsduetogeneralrelativitymayaltertheexpectedNewtoniangravitationalrelationshipsinsuchawaythatthediskremainsstable,indicatingthatitispossiblethatthesepredictedinstabilitiesdonotoccur.（在最近的工作中，Abramowicz已經(jīng)表明，由廣義相對論引起的附加引力效應(yīng)可能會改變預(yù)期的牛頓引力關(guān)系，使圓盤保持穩(wěn)定，這表明這些預(yù)測的不穩(wěn)定性可能不會發(fā)生。）”，從而得出本題答案。

6.

事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。信息點(diǎn)定位為原文最后一段第一句。根據(jù)“involvedefiningandproposingsolutionstorestrictedproblemsjustaswasdoneinthiscase（就像在本例中所做的那樣，涉及到對受限問題的定義和提出解決方案）”即可得出本題答案。

7.

事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干將信息點(diǎn)定位到原文第一段第四句。根據(jù)“Themodelingofaccretiondisksisstillinitsinfancy,asituationanalogoustothedayswhenordinarystarsweremodeledbyusingelementaryscalinglawswithoutbenefitofknowledgeofthenuclearprocessesthatpowerthestars.（吸積盤的建模仍處于初級階段，類似于普通恒星使用基本尺度定律建模的日子，而不需要了解恒星的核反應(yīng)過程。）”即可得出本題答案。

8.

細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干信息將本題信息點(diǎn)定位到原文第二段第二句?！癐nthesesystems,matterfromtheouterlayersofanordinarystarisattractedbythegravitationalinfluenceofanearbyorbitingwhitedwarfstar,thematterlostfromtheordinarystarcannotstrikethesurfaceofthetinywhitedwarfdirectlybutsettlesintoanorbitaroundthestar.（在這些系統(tǒng)中，來自普通恒星外層的物質(zhì)受到附近環(huán)繞白矮星的引力影響而被吸引，普通恒星失去的物質(zhì)不能直接撞擊微小白矮星的表面，而是進(jìn)入圍繞恒星的軌道。）”從而得出本題答案。

9.

細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)題干信息可將本題信息點(diǎn)定位為原文最后一段。根據(jù)段落信息合理推斷后即可得出本題答案。

8.單選題

Hedoesnothingthatviolatestheinterestsofthecollective.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.runsfor

B.runsagainst

C.runsover

D.runsinto

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。violate“違反；侵犯，妨礙”，A選項(xiàng)runfor“競選；匆匆去??；趕緊去請”；B選項(xiàng)“runagainst撞上；偶遇；違反”；C選項(xiàng)“runover輾過；匆匆看；復(fù)查”；D選項(xiàng)“runinto遭遇，陷入；撞到；偶然遇見”。句意：他不做任何違背集體利益的事。根據(jù)句中“theinterestsofthecollective集體的利益”可知violate在這里的意思為“違反”，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Beforeturningtowriting,Ispenteightyearsasalawyer______abouthowlifewouldbewithaprominentfatherblazingmytrail.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.fantasizing

B.fascinating

C.facilitating

D.finalizing

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)fantasizing“想象，幻想”；B選項(xiàng)fascinating“使著迷”；C選項(xiàng)facilitating“促進(jìn)；使便利”；D選項(xiàng)finalizing“最終確定（計(jì)劃、協(xié)議等）”。句意：在開始寫作之前，我做了八年的律師，______如果有一位杰出的父親為我開路，生活會是怎樣的。根據(jù)howlifewouldbe可知這里使用了虛擬語氣，所以fantasizing“想象，幻想”符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

Thementalcommoditymostdemandwillbepracticalwisdomratherthanspecialized（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.experiment

B.expertise

C.witness

D.cleverness

【答案】D

【解析】名詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)experiment“達(dá)到，實(shí)現(xiàn)”；B選項(xiàng)expertise“要求”；C選項(xiàng)witness“獲得，學(xué)到”；D選項(xiàng)cleverness“詢問”。句意：人們最需要的精神產(chǎn)品將是實(shí)用的智慧，而不是小聰明。選項(xiàng)D更符合語境。

11.單選題

Ifthesalinityofoceanwatersisanalyzed,itisfoundtovaryonlyslightlyfromplacetoplace.Nevertheless,someofthesesmallchangesareimportant.Therearethreebasicprocessesthatcauseachangeinoceanicsalinity.Oneoftheseisthesubtractionofwaterfromtheoceanbymeansofevaporation-conversionofliquidwatertowatervapor.Inthismanner,thesalinityisincreased,sincethesaltsstaybehind.Ifthisiscarriedtotheextreme,ofcourse,whitecrystalsofsaltwouldbeleftbehind.

Theoppositeofevaporationisprecipitation,suchasrain,bywhichwaterisaddedtotheocean.Heretheoceanisbeingdilutedsothatthesalinityisdecreased.Thismayoccurinareasofhighrainfallorincoastalregionswhereriversflowintotheocean.Thussalinitymaybeincreasedbythesubtractionofwaterbyevaporation,ordecreasedbytheadditionoffreshwaterbyprecipitationorrunoff.

Normally,intropicalregionswherethesunisverystrong,theoceansalinityissomewhathigherthanitisinotherpartsoftheworldwherethereisnotasmuchevaporation.Similarly,incoastalregionswhereriversdilutethesea,salinityissomewhatlowerthaninotheroceanicareas.

Athirdprocessbywhichsalinitymaybealteredisassociatedwiththeformationandmeltingofseaice.Whenseawaterisfrozen,thedissolvedmaterialsareleftbehind.Inthismanner,seawaterdirectlybeneathfreshlyformedseaicehasahighersalinitythanitdidbeforetheiceappeared.Ofcourse,whenthisicemelts,itwilltendtodecreasethesalinityofthesurroundingwater.

IntheWeddellSea,offAntarctica,thedensestwaterintheoceansisformedasaresultofthisfreezingprocess,whichincreasesthesalinityofcoldwater.Thisheavywatersinksandisfoundinthedeeperportionsoftheoceansoftheworld.

1.Accordingtothepassage,theoceangenerallyhasmoresaltin（

）.

2.Theworld“it”inline4(paragraph4)refersto（

）.

3.WhydoestheauthormentiontheWeddellSea?

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTaresultoftheformationofoceanice?

5.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthewaternearthebottomofoceans?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.coastalareas

B.tropicalareas

C.rainyareas

D.turbulentareas

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.seaice

B.salinity

C.seawater

D.manner

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Toshowthatthisbodyofwaterhassalinityvariations

B.TocompareAntarcticwaterswithArcticwaters

C.Togiveanexampleofincreasedsalinityduetofreezing.

D.Topointoutthelocationofdeepwaters

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thesaltremainsinthewater.

B.Thesurroundingwatersinks.

C.Watersalinitydecreases.

D.Thewaterbecomesdenser.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Itisrelativelywarm.

B.Itssalinityisrelativelyhigh.

C.Itdoesnotmove.

D.Itevaporatesquickly.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)題。第三段指出:Normally,intropicalregionswherethesunisverystrong,theoceansalinityissomewhathigherthanitisinotherpartsoftheworldwherethereisnotasmuchevaporation(通常，在光照很強(qiáng)的熱帶地區(qū)，海水鹽度比世界上其他蒸發(fā)量不大的地區(qū)要高一些)。

2.詞義題。“it”所在句子為:Ofcourse,whenthisicemelts,itwilltendtodecreasethesalinityofthesurroundingwater,此處“it”是指代前面說的ice。

3.推斷題。根據(jù)題干定位至第五段:IntheWeddellSea,offAntarctica,thedensestwaterintheoceansisformedasaresultofthisfreezingprocess,whichincreasesthesalinityofcoldwater(在南極洲外的威德爾海，海洋中密度最大的水是由于這種凍結(jié)過程而形成的，這會增加冷水的鹽度)。由此可知，提及WeddellSea,是為了證明前面提到的海水結(jié)冰對海水鹽度的影響。

4.推斷題。文章指出,海冰的形成會引起海水鹽度增加。

5.推斷題。文章指出，密度大的海水會下沉，可在海洋的深水域可以發(fā)現(xiàn)。也就是相對來說，海水的含鹽度會高些。

12.單選題

Jazztendstobeacasualdialogueformofdancequite（）inthereceptiveandmechanicalformsofthewaltz.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.lacked

B.lacking

C.forlackof

D.lackof

【答案】B

【解析】考查語法知識?？崭裉幵~語用來修飾前面的dance，所以是形容詞性。lack與dance之間是主動關(guān)系，因此應(yīng)使用動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式來修飾。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

13.單選題

Codingschemesweredevelopedtoenableresearcherstocomparethedetailedfacialpositionsofindividualportionsofdieface(eyebrows,mouth,etc.)fordifferentemotions.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.systems

B.presentations

C.proposals

D.investigations

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項(xiàng)system“制度，體制，系統(tǒng)”，B項(xiàng)presentation“展示，描述，陳述”，C項(xiàng)proposal“提議，建議”，D項(xiàng)investigation“調(diào)查，調(diào)查研究”。句意：編碼方案的發(fā)展，使研究人員能夠比較不同情緒下模具面部各個部分（眉毛、嘴巴等）的詳細(xì)面部位置。schemes在句中表示“計(jì)劃、方案”，四個選項(xiàng)中意思與之相近的是A項(xiàng)。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)。

14.單選題

TheplottoassassinateMartinLutherKinghadstarted___hewasactuallykilled.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.beforelong

B.longbefore

C.solong

D.goalong

【答案】B

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.beforelong沒過多久B.longbefore很早以前

C.solong這么長時間D.goalong進(jìn)行；支持；贊同

【考查點(diǎn)】詞組辨析。

【解題思路】“刺殺計(jì)劃”（Theplottoassassinate）和空白處后“他真的被殺了”的邏輯可知：刺殺計(jì)劃在他真正死后之前就開始了。同時，空白處之前的時態(tài)為過去完成時，空白處后的時態(tài)為過去時。這也說明了兩者之間的先后關(guān)系。綜上所述，B選項(xiàng)longbefore“很早以前”可引申為此句所需的邏輯“之前”以滿足上述條件。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】