考研考博-英語-云南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-云南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Everylivingthinghasaninnerbiologicalclockthatcontrolsbehavior.Theclockworksallthetimeevenwhentherearenooutsidesignstomarkthepassingoftime.Thebiologicalclocktellsplantswhentoformflowersandwhentheflowersshouldopen.Ittellsinsectswhentoleavetheprotectivecocoonandflyaway.Andittellsanimalswhentoeat,sleepandwake.Itcontrolsbodytemperature,thereleaseofsomehormonesandevendreams.Thesenaturaldailyeventsarecircadianrhythms.

Manhasknownaboutthemforthousandsofyears.ButthefirstscientificobservationofCircadianrhythmswasnotmadeuntil1729.InthatyearFrenchastronomer,Jean-Jacquesd'OrtousdeMairan,notedthatoneofhisplantsopeneditsleavesatthesametimeeverymorning,andclosedthematthesametimeeverynight.Theplantdidthisevenwhenhekeptitinadarkplaceallthetime.

Laterscientistswonderedaboutcircadianrhythmsinhumans.Theylearnedthatman’sbiologicalclockactuallykeepstimewithadayofalittlelessthan25hoursinsteadofthe24hoursonaman-madeclock.

AboutfouryearsagoanAmericandoctor,EliotWeitzman,establishedalaboratorytostudyhowourbiologicalclockworks.Thepeopleinhisexperimentsareshutofffromtheoutsideworld.Theyarefreetolistentoandlivebytheircircadianrhythms.Dr.Weitzmanhopeshisresearchwillleadtoeffectivetreatmentsforcommonsleepproblemsandsleepdisorderscausedbyagingandmentalillness.

ThelaboratoryisintheMontefioreHospitalinNewYorkCity.Ithastwolivingareaswiththreesmallroomsineach.Thewindowsarecovered,sonosunlightormoonlightcomesin.Therearenoradiosortelevisionreceivers.Thereisacontrolroombetweenthelivingareas.Itcontainscomputers,one-waycamerasandotherelectronicdevicesforobservingthepersoninthelivingarea.Theinstrumentsmeasureheartbeat,bodytemperature,hormonesintheblood,othersubstancesintheurineandbrainwavesduringsleep.

Adoctorormedicaltechnicianisondutyinthecontrolroom24hoursadayduringanexperiment.Theydonotworkthesametimeeachdayandarenotpermittedtowearwatches,sothepersoninthelaboratoryhasnoideawhattimeitis.

Inthefirstfouryearsofresearch,Dr.Weitzmanandhisassistanthaveobserved16menbetweentheagesof21and80.Themenremainedinthelaboratoryforaslongassixmonths.Lastmonth,asciencereporterforTheNewYorkTimesnewspaper,DavaSobol,becamethefirstwomantotakepartintheexperiment.SheenteredthelaboratoryonJune13thandstayedfor25days.MissSobolwrotereportsabouttheexperimentduringthattime,whichwerepublishedintheNewspaper.

1.Thebiologicalclockisbelievedtoplayanessentialrolein（

）.

2.Inhisobservation,theFrenchscientistnoticedthattheleavesofacertainplantmaintainedtheiropening-and-closingcycles

（

）.

3.Thesentence“Theyarefreetolistentoandlivebytheircircadianrhythms.”(InParagraph4)probablymeans

（

）.

4.IntheexperimentconductedbyMr.Weitzman,thedoctorwhoisondutydoesnotworkthesametimeeachday

（

）.

5.WhatisMr.Weitzman’sultimatepurposeofestablishingalaboratory?

問題1選項

A.theregulationofbodytemperature

B.thesecretionofhormones

C.animalreproduction

D.manyaspectsofplantandanimalphysiology

問題2選項

A.evenwhenitwaskeptinamurkyplaceallday

B.evenifitwasplacedinthemoonlight

C.evenwhenhewasobservingitfromadarkplace

D.evenduringthenighttime

問題3選項

A.Theycanleadtheirdailylivesaccordingtotheirbiologicalclocks,withoutreferringtoaman-madeclock

B.Theycanlistentothewonderfulrhythmsofthebiologicalclockandliveclosetothem

C.Theycanlivebyregulatingtheirowncircadianrhythms

D.Theyarefreefromtheannoyingrhythmsofeverydaylife

問題4選項

A.inordertoobservetheabnormalbehaviorofthepeopleatdifferenttimes

B.soasnottoberecognizedbythepeople

C.soastoavoidindicatingtothepeoplewhattimeitiswhenhestartswork

D.soastoleavethepeople’scircadianrhythmsindisorder

問題5選項

A.Hewantedtohavehisexperimentreportpublishedinthenewspapers.

B.Peoplearefreetolistentoandlivebytheircircadianrhythms.

C.Hewantedtofindawaytotreatpeople’sdiseases.

D.Hecouldgainsomereputationforthefirstscientificobservationofcircadianrhythms.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:推理判斷題。題目問的是“生物鐘在什么方面扮演著非常重要的角色？”文章第一段第一句話提到“所有生物鐘都有一個控制其行為的內(nèi)在生物鐘”（Everylivingthinghasaninnerbiologicalclockthatcontrolsbehavior），接著提到生物鐘告訴植物什么時候開花。告訴動物什么時候進(jìn)食，什么時候睡覺和清醒，這些都說明生物鐘能夠引導(dǎo)動植物的生理機(jī)能，因此選項D符合題意。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實題。題目問的是“法國科學(xué)家觀察到植物在何種情況下依然會遵循開與收的循環(huán)？”文章第二段提到“即使把這株植物放在一個全黑的環(huán)境，它依然會遵循這個規(guī)律”（Theplantdidthisevenwhenhekeptitinadarkplaceallthetime），因此，選項A符合題意。

第3題:推理判斷題。題目問的是“第四段‘他們可以自由按照自己的生物規(guī)律生活’意味著什么？”文章第四段第一句提到“一位美國醫(yī)生建立了一個實驗室來研究我們的生物鐘如何運作”（AboutfouryearsagoanAmericandoctor,EliotWeitzman,establishedalaboratorytostudyhowourbiologicalclockworks），由此可知選項A“他們可以按照自己的生物鐘而不用參考人為制造的時鐘來生活”符合題意。

第4題:細(xì)節(jié)事實題。題目問的是“在威茨曼先生的試驗里，負(fù)責(zé)的醫(yī)生同樣也不按照時鐘的時間工作的原因是什么？”文章第六段提到“他們（醫(yī)生）每天工作時間一樣不允許戴手表，所以實驗室的人都沒有時間概念”（Theydonotworkthesametimeeachdayandarenotpermittedtowearwatches,sothepersoninthelaboratoryhasnoideawhattimeitis），選項C“為了防止他向其他人暗示時間”符合題意。

第5題:細(xì)節(jié)事實題。題目問的是“威茨曼先生建立實驗室的最終目的是什么？”文章第四段最后一句提到“威茨曼先生希望他的研究能夠?qū)ΤＲ姷乃邌栴}、變老引起的失眠和精神疾病有治療效果”（Dr.Weitzmanhopeshisresearchwillleadtoeffectivetreatmentsforcommonsleepproblemsandsleepdisorderscausedbyagingandmentalillness），選項C“他想找到一種治療疾病的方法”符合題意。

2.單選題

Whentheclasswasover,theywentbacktotheir（

）dormitories.

問題1選項

A.complacent

B.respectable

C.respective

D.respectful

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。complacent意為“自滿的，自鳴得意的”；respectable意為“得體的，值得尊敬的”；respective意為“各自的，分別的”；respectful意為“有禮貌的”。

句意：下課后，他們回到各自的宿舍去了。

3.單選題

Thefridgeisconsideredanecessity.Ithasbeensosincethe1960swhenpackagedfoodfirstappearedwiththelabel:“storeintherefrigerator.”

Inmyfridgelessfiftieschildhood,Iwasfedwellandhealthily.Themilkmancamedaily,thegrocer,thebutcher,thebaker,andtheice-creammandeliveredtwoorthreetimesaweek.TheSundaymeatwouldlastuntilWednesdayandsurplusbreadandmilkbecameallkindsofcakes.Nothingwaswasted,andwewerenevertroubledbyrottenfood.Thirtyyearsonfooddeliverieshaveceased,freshvegetablesarealmostunobtainableinthecountry.

Theinventionofthefridgecontributedcomparativelylittletotheartoffoodpreservation.Avastwayofwell-triedtechniquesalreadyexisted—naturalcooling,drying,smoking,salting,sugaring,bottling.Whatrefrigerationdidpromotewasmarketing-marketinghardwareandelectricity,marketingsoftdrinks,marketingdeadbodiesofanimalsaroundtheglobeinsearchofagoodprice.

Consequently,mostoftheworld’sfridgesaretobefound,notinthetropicswheretheymightproveuseful,butinthewealthycountrieswithmildtemperatureswheretheyareclimaticallyalmostunnecessary.Everywinter,millionsoffridgeshumawaycontinuously,andatvastexpense,busilymaintaininganartificially-cooledspaceinsideanartificiallyheatedhouse-whileoutside,natureprovidesthedesiredtemperaturefreeofcharge.

Thefridge’seffectupontheenvironmenthasbeenevident,whileitscontributiontohumanhappinesshasbeeninsignificant.Ifyoudon’tbelieveme,tryityourself,investinafoodcabinetandturnoffyourfridgenextwinter.Youmaymissthehamburgers,butatleastyou’llgetridofthatterriblehum.

1.Inthe2ndparagraph,thestatement“Inmyfridgelessfiftieschildhood,Iwasfedwellandhealthily.”suggestthat（

）.

2.Whydoestheauthorsaythatnothingwaswastedbeforetheinventionoffridges?

3.Whobenefitedtheleastfromfridgesaccordingtotheauthor?

4.Whichofthefollowingphrasesinthelastparagraphindicatesthefridge’snegativeeffectontheenvironment?

5.Whatistheauthor’soverallattitudetowardfridges?

問題1選項

A.theauthorwaswell-fedandhealthyevenwithoutafridgeinhisfifties

B.theauthorwasnotaccustomedtousefridgeseveninhisfifties.

C.therewasnofridgeintheauthor’shomeinthe1950s.

D.thefridgewasinitsearlystageofdevelopmentinthe1950s.

問題2選項

A.Peoplewouldnotbuymorefoodthanwasnecessary.

B.Foodwasdeliveredtopeopletwoorthreetimesaweek.

C.Foodwassoldfreshanddidnotgetrotteneasily.

D.Peoplehadeffectivewaystopreservetheirfood.

問題3選項

A.Inventors.

B.Consumers.

C.Manufacturers.

D.Travelingsalesmen.

問題4選項

A.Humawaycontinuously

B.Climaticallyalmostunnecessary.

C.Artificially-cooledspace.

D.Withmildtemperatures.

問題5選項

A.Neutral

B.Critical

C.Objective

D.Compromising

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.推理判斷題。題目問的是“第二段中，‘我的童年沒有冰箱，但我吃得不錯并且很健康’意味著……”。文章第二段提到了沒有冰箱的那幾十年，作者吃得很好，也很健康，送牛奶的人每天都來，食品商、屠夫、面包師傅等一周來兩三次，東西沒有被浪費，也沒有變質(zhì)（Nothingwaswasted,andwewerenevertroubledbyrottenfood），因此選項A符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。題目問的是“作者為什么說在冰箱發(fā)明之前沒有任何東西被浪費”。文章第二段提到了沒有冰箱的那幾十年，作者吃得很好，也很健康，送牛奶的人每天都來，食品商、屠夫、面包師傅等一周來兩三次。肉可以從星期日吃到星期三，剩余的面包和牛奶變成了各種小蛋糕。東西沒有被浪費，也沒有變質(zhì)。由此可知在冰箱發(fā)明之前人們掌握了怎樣處理剩余食物的方法，選項D符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。題目問的是“在作者看來，哪類人從冰箱的發(fā)明中受益最少”。文章第三段提到冰箱的發(fā)明并沒有對食物的保存起太大作用（Theinventionofthefridgecontributedcomparativelylittletotheartoffoodpreservation），真正的作用是促進(jìn)了市場營銷，硬件、電力、各種飲料、肉類等等，由此可知從中獲益最少的是消費者，選項B符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。題目問的是“下列哪句話表明了冰箱對于環(huán)境的危害”。文章最后一段提到“冰箱對環(huán)境的影響是顯而易見的，但是它對人類幸福的貢獻(xiàn)卻微不足道……你可能會想念漢堡包，但至少你能擺脫那可怕的嗡嗡聲”（Theinventionofthefridgecontributedcomparativelylittletotheartoffoodpreservation），由此可知選項A“持續(xù)不斷的噪音”符合題意。

5.觀點態(tài)度題。題目問的是“作者對冰箱的態(tài)度……”。文章第二段作者提及自己親身經(jīng)歷：沒有冰箱吃得很好并且很健康。接著又談到了冰箱的發(fā)明并沒有對食物的保存起很大作用，并且認(rèn)為很多地方是不需要冰箱的，由此可知作者對冰箱是持批判態(tài)度的。選項B符合題意。

4.單選題

Duringhistwo-monthstayinChina,Tomnever（）achancetopracticehisChinese.

問題1選項

A.passedon

B.passedup

C.passedby

D.passedout

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞詞組辨析。A選項“向前移動，轉(zhuǎn)移”；B選項“某人拒絕，放過機(jī)會”；C選項“機(jī)會等從……旁邊過去”；D選項“分發(fā)，分配”，句意：湯姆在中國待了兩個月，從來（）機(jī)會練習(xí)中文。本句想表示的是“從不放過學(xué)習(xí)英語的機(jī)會”，因此B選項符合題意。

5.單選題

ThefootballclubreleasedplayerJayJohnEzikpebecausehedidnot（）them,butaddedthatatthemomenttheydidnotintendtosignonanyotherplayers.

問題1選項

A.impact

B.impress

C.illuminate

D.illustrate

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。impact對…影響，撞擊；impress給…深刻印象；illuminate照亮；illustrate闡明，舉例說明。由前面的結(jié)果“足球俱樂部讓Jay退出”可猜測原因是Jay沒有給人留下深刻印象。句意：足球俱樂部讓Jay退出,因為他沒有給他們留下深刻印象，但他補(bǔ)充說目前他們不打算簽下任何其他球員。故B項符合題意。

6.單選題

Televisionsenableustoseethingshappenalmostattheexactmoment（

）.

問題1選項

A.whichtheyarehappening

B.theyarehappening

C.whichtheyhappen

D.theyhavehappened

【答案】B

【解析】句意:電視使我們能夠看到事情發(fā)生的那一瞬間。

語法題?？疾槊~性從句。moment后接的是省略關(guān)系副詞when的定語從句，井且根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞attheexactmoment可知此處應(yīng)該用進(jìn)行吋態(tài)，故選B。

7.單選題

Generallyspeaking,thegovernmentplaysaveryimportantrole（）solvingproblemssuchasinflation,unemployment,andpoverty.

問題1選項

A.in

B.at

C.for

D.of

【答案】A

【解析】考查語法。playaroleindoingsth在…中扮演角色。故A項正確。句意：一般而言，政府在解決諸如通貨膨脹、失業(yè)和貧窮等問題上扮演重要角色。

8.單選題

Ihopealltheprecautionsagainstairpollution,（

）aresuggestedbythelocalgovernment,willbeseriouslyconsideredhere.

問題1選項

A.as

B.while

C.after

D.since

【答案】A

【解析】【試題解析】考查語法結(jié)構(gòu)。A選項as“因為、正如、雖然”；B選項while“雖然、盡管”；C選項after“在……之后”；D選項since“自……以后”，根據(jù)句意：我希望針對空氣污染的所有預(yù)防措施將會如當(dāng)?shù)卣ㄗh的那樣在這里被認(rèn)真考慮。以及語法結(jié)構(gòu)可知填入部分充當(dāng)方式狀語，as“正如”符合題意，故正確答案選A。

9.單選題

Lightislessvitaltoanimalsthanitistoplants;（）mostanimalstendtoshunthelightratherthantowelcomeit.

問題1選項

A.forinstance

B.indeed

C.thatis

D.therefore

【答案】B

【解析】考查副詞和詞組辨析。A選項forinstance“例如”；B選項indeed“的確；事實上；甚至”；C選項thatis“即；就是說；換言之”；D選項therefore“因此；所以”。句意：光對動物的重要性不如對植物；事實上，大多數(shù)動物傾向于回避光明，而不是歡迎它。空格后的內(nèi)容“mostanimalstendtoshunthelightratherthantowelcomeit大多數(shù)動物傾向于避開光明而不是歡迎它”是對空格前句子的進(jìn)一步說明，因此“事實上”符合語境，因此B選項正確。

10.單選題

Whenyourparentsadviseyouto“getaneducation”inordertoraiseyourincome,theytellyouonlyhalfthetruth.Whattheyreallymeanistogetjustenougheducationtoprovidemanpowerforyoursociety,butnotsomuchthatyouproveanembarrassmenttoyoursociety.

Getahighschooldiploma,atleast.Withoutthat,youwillbeoccupationallydead,unlessyournamehappenstobeGeorgeBernardShaworThomasAlvaEdison,andyoucansuccessfullydropoutingradeschool.

Getacollegedegree,ifpossible.WithaB.A.,youareonthelaunchingpad（發(fā)射臺）.Butnowyouhavetostarttoputonthebrakes.Ifyougoforamaster’sdegree,makesureitisanandonlyfromafirst-rateuniversity.Beyondthis,thefamouslawofdiminishingreturns（報酬遞減率）beginstotakeeffect.

Doyouknow,forinstance,thatlong-haultruckdriversearnmoreperyearthanfullprofessors?Yes,theaverage1977salaryforthosetruckerswas$24,000,whilethefullprofessorsmanagedtoaveragejust$23,030.

APh.D.D.isthehighestdegreeyoucanget,butexceptinafewspecializedfieldssuchasphysicsorchemistry,wherethedegreecanquicklybeturnedtoindustrialorcommercialpurposes,youarefacingadimfuture.TherearemorePh.D.sunemployedorunderemployedinthiscountrythananyotherpartoftheworldbyfar.

IfyoubecomeadoctorofphilosophyinEnglishorhistoryoranthropologyorpoliticalscienceorlanguagesor—worstofall—inphilosophy,youruntheriskofbecomingovereducatedforournationaldemands.Notforourneeds,mindyou,butforourdemands.

ThousandsofPh.D.saresellingshoes,drivingcars,waitingontablesandfillingoutfruitlessapplicationsmonthaftermonth.Andthenmaybetakingajobinsomehighschoolorbackwatercollegepaysmuchlessthanthejanitor（看門人）earns.

Youcanequatethelevelofincomewiththelevelofeducationonlysofar.Farenough,thatis,tomakeyouusefultothegrossnationalproduct,butnotsofarthatnobodycanturnmuchofaprofitonyou.

1.Accordingtothewriter,whatthesocietyexpectsofeducationistoturnoutpeoplewho______.

2.IfyouareasgiftedasBernardShaworEdison,______.

3.Ph.D.saremostlikelyto

.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

5.Thewriteriscriticalof

.

問題1選項

A.willnotbeashametothesociety

B.willbecomeskilledworkers

C.cantakecareofthemselves

D.canmeetthedemandsasasourceofmanpower

問題2選項

A.youcangetahighschooldiplomawithoutdifficulty

B.youwillbesuccessfulinagradeschool

C.youcanbeprofessionallysuccessfulwithoutadiploma

D.theleastyoushoulddoistogetadiploma

問題3選項

A.havedifficultiesgettingproperlyemployed

B.beemployedinthefieldsofcommerceorindustry

C.havetofilloutapplicationformsmonthaftermonthforothers

D.workinschoolsorcollegeswithlowpay

問題4選項

A.BernardShawdidn’tfinishhighschools,nordidEdison

B.TherearefarmorePhDsthanthesocietydemands

C.Thehigheryoureducationlevel,themoremoneyyouwillearn

D.Ifyouaretoowell-educated,you’llmakethingsdifficultforthesociety

問題5選項

A.theemployees

B.thePhDs

C.theemployers

D.thesociety

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。文章第一段第二句提到他們真正的期望是獲得足夠的教育來為社會提供人力（Whattheyreallymeanistogetjustenougheducationtoprovidemanpowerforyoursociety），因此選項D符合題意。

2.判斷推理題。文章第二段提到高中文憑是必要的，如果沒有的話，除非你是蕭伯納或者愛迪生，如果你是他們，你小學(xué)輟學(xué)都行（unlessyournamehappenstobeGeorgeBernardShaworThomasAlvaEdison,andyoucansuccessfullydropoutingradeschool），因為他們就算沒有文憑，也在各自領(lǐng)域中脫穎而出，因此選項C符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。文章第五段倒數(shù)第一句話提到美國失業(yè)或未充分就業(yè)的博士人數(shù)比世界上其他國家要多（TherearemorePh.D.sunemployedorunderemployedinthiscountrythananyotherpartoftheworldbyfar），由此可知選項A符合題意。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章第五段可知很多博士就業(yè)問題并不是很理想，由此可知選項C表述是錯誤的，符合題意。

5.判斷推理題。無論是雇主、雇員還有博士生本人都是屬于社會中的一員，一系列狀況都是社會發(fā)展導(dǎo)致的，因此作者批判的是這個社會，因此選項D符合題意。

11.單選題

Contemporaryofficetechnologyrequiressoftwareorprogramstocarryoutcomplicatedinformationprocessingactivities.Referencestosoftwareusuallyindicateasetofinstructions.Abroaderapplicationofthetermincludesanynohardwareelementofacomputersystem:programs,writtendocumentationtoaccompanyprograms,flowcharts,andusermanuals,forexample.Thelatteruseofthetermisrare.

Softwareisnowavailablefromavarietyofsources:hardwaremanufacturersandvendors,softwarehouses(firmsthatdevelopandmarketsoftware),andstaffprogrammers(userdevelopedsoftware).Officesupplyhouses,computershops,andevenbookstoresmarketpackagedsoftwareforthemicrocomputermarket.

Earlycomputerusersthoughtintermsofdevelopingtheirownsoftwareorusingsoftwaredevelopedbycomputermanufacturestoperformtheinformationprocessingactivitiesdesiredformthecomputersystem.Usersofmediumtolargescalecomputersystem.Stillrelyheavilyonprogramsdeveloped,tested,andperfectedbytheirownprogrammers.

Largetomediumscalecomputermanufacturersorvendorshavetraditionallyincludedsoftwarewiththesystempackage,sometimesprovidealterationsnecessarytocustomizetheprogramstouserneeds.Thesepackageshaverepresentedsignificantportionsofthepurchasesorleasepriceofsystems.

Themicrocomputerrevolutionintheearly1980sbroughtwithittheconceptofthecommercialsoftwarepublisher(softwarehouse).Companieswereformedtoengageinwritingandmarketingsoftwareforalltypesandsizesofcomputers,butthoseproducingsoftwareformicrocomputerswereespeciallynumerous.Majorhardwaremanufacturersbegantomarketsoftwareproducedbythesesoftwarespecialistswiththesystems.Thequalityoftheprogramsandinstructionalmaterialsthataccompaniedthemwasfrequentlypoor.Becauseoftheeasewithwhichuserscouldduplicatesoftware,softwarepricesremainedhigh.Yet,thesehighpriceswerefrequentlypreferabletothecostofprogramsdevelopedinhouse.Experienceandcompetitionhaveincreasedaqualityofbothprogramsandinstructionalmaterials.

1.Accordingtothepassage,themostcommonlyuseddefinitionofsoftwareis（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

3.Largetomediumscalecomputermanufacturers（）.

4.Sincethemicrocomputerrevolutionintheearly1980s,（）.

5.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat（）.

問題1選項

A.complicatedinformationprocessingactivities

B.anynohardwareelementofacomputersystem

C.asetofinstructions

D.flowchartsandusermanuals

問題2選項

A.Nowhardwaremanufacturersalsodevelopandmarketsoftware.

B.Earlycomputerusershadnochoicebuttodeveloptheirownsoftware.

C.Softwareisnowavailableforthemicrocomputeruserevenfrombookstores.

D.Earlycomputermanufacturersalsodevelopedandmarketedsoftware.

問題3選項

A.relyheavilyonsoftwaredevelopedbytheircustomers

B.usedtoincludesoftwarewiththesystempackage

C.canmakechangesforsoftwaretomeetcustomerneeds

D.selltheirsystempackagesatverylowprices

問題4選項

A.commercialsoftwarepublishershavegraduallydisappeared

B.majorhardwaremanufacturerbegantodeveloptheirownsoftware

C.manycompaniesstoppedthedevelopmentofsoftwareforlargecomputers

D.therehavebeennumerouschoicesofsoftwareformicrocomputerusers

問題5選項

A.itwillcostagreatdealmoreforcomputeruserstodeveloptheirownsoftwarethanbuyit

B.softwarepricesremainedhighbecauseitwasnoteasytodevelopanysoftware

C.itisverydifficultforuserstoduplicatesoftware

D.softwarehaslongbeenofhighqualityduetoexperienceandcompetition

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到第一段第二句Referencestosoftwareusuallyindicateasetofinstructions.（對軟件的引用通常表示一組指令。）因此可以看出最常見的定義就是一組指令，C選項“一組指令”正確。A選項“復(fù)雜的信息處理活動”，在第一段的第一句Contemporaryofficetechnologyrequiressoftwareorprogramstocarryoutcomplicatedinformationprocessingactivities.（現(xiàn)代辦公技術(shù)需要軟件或程序來進(jìn)行復(fù)雜的信息處理活動。）它并不是軟件的定義；B選項“計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的任何非硬件元素”和D選項“流程圖和用戶手冊”，在第一段Abroaderapplicationofthetermincludes...forexample.Thelatteruseofthetermisrare.（這個術(shù)語的更廣泛的應(yīng)用包括計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的任何硬件元素：例如程序、伴隨程序的書面文檔、流程圖和用戶手冊。后一種用法很少見。）但是原文說了這一種用法很少見，因此錯誤。

2.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干選項關(guān)鍵詞定位到第三段第一句話Earlycomputerusersthoughtintermsofdeveloping...formthecomputersystem.（早期計算機(jī)用戶的想法是開發(fā)自己的軟件或使用計算機(jī)制造商開發(fā)的軟件來執(zhí)行所需的計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)信息處理活動。）因此B選項“早期的計算機(jī)用戶別無選擇，只能開發(fā)自己的軟件”是不正確的。A選項“現(xiàn)在硬件制造商也開發(fā)和銷售軟件”，在第二段的第一句Softwareisnowavailablefromavarietyofsources:hardwaremanufacturersandvendors,softwarehouses(firmsthatdevelopandmarketsoftware),andstaffprogrammers(userdevelopedsoftware).軟件現(xiàn)在可以從各種來源獲得：硬件制造商和供應(yīng)商、軟件公司（開發(fā)和銷售軟件的公司）和職員程序員（用戶開發(fā)軟件）。A項正確；C選項“現(xiàn)在微機(jī)用戶甚至可以從書店買到軟件”，在第二段的第二句Officesupplyhouses,computershops,andevenbookstoresmarketpackagedsoftwareforthemicrocomputermarket.（辦公用品店、電腦店，甚至?xí)甓枷蛭C(jī)市場出售打包的軟件。）C選項正確；D選項“早期的計算機(jī)制造商也開發(fā)和銷售軟件”，在第三段的第一句Earlycomputerusersthoughtintermsofdevelopingtheirownsoftwareorusingsoftwaredevelopedbycomputermanufacturestoperformtheinformationprocessingactivitiesdesiredformthecomputersystem.（早期計算機(jī)用戶的想法是開發(fā)自己的軟件或使用計算機(jī)制造商開發(fā)的軟件來執(zhí)行所需的計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)信息處理活動。）可見之前的制造商也開發(fā)并銷售軟件，D選項正確。

3.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干和選項關(guān)鍵詞定位到倒數(shù)第二段第一句話Largetomediumscalecomputermanufacturersorvendorshavetraditionallyincludedsoftwarewiththesystempackage,sometimesprovidealterationsnecessarytocustomizetheprogramstouserneeds.（大型到中型計算機(jī)制造商或供應(yīng)商傳統(tǒng)上在系統(tǒng)包中包括軟件，有時提供必要的修改，以定制程序，以滿足用戶的需要。）因此B選項“過去常常在系統(tǒng)包中包含軟件”正確。A選項“嚴(yán)重依賴客戶開發(fā)的軟件”，在倒數(shù)第三段的最后一句話Stillrelyheavilyonprogramsdeveloped,tested,andperfectedbytheirownprogrammers.（仍然嚴(yán)重依賴由他們自己的程序員開發(fā)、測試和完善的程序。）依賴的是程序員開發(fā)的軟件而不是客戶；C選項“可以對軟件進(jìn)行更改以滿足客戶的需求”，在倒數(shù)第二段的第一句sometimesprovidealterationsnecessarytocustomizetheprogramstouserneeds.（有時提供必要的修改，以定制程序，以滿足用戶的需要。）可以看出只是偶爾會這么做；D選項“以很低的價格出售他們的系統(tǒng)軟件包”，這個是文章沒有給出具體說法的。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到倒數(shù)第一段第二句話Companieswereformedtoengageinwritingandmarketingsoftwareforalltypesandsizesofcomputers,butthoseproducingsoftwareformicrocomputerswereespeciallynumerous.（公司的成立是為了從事為各種類型和大小的計算機(jī)編寫和銷售軟件，但是那些為微型計算機(jī)生產(chǎn)軟件的公司尤其多。）因此可以看出在微機(jī)革命之后，關(guān)于計算機(jī)軟件的公司增多了，D選項“微型計算機(jī)用戶有許多軟件可供選擇”正確。A選項“商業(yè)軟件出版商已經(jīng)逐漸消失”，原文并沒有說它消失了；B選項“主要的硬件制造商開始開發(fā)自己的軟件”，文章沒有具體提到這點；C選項“許多公司停止了大型計算機(jī)軟件的開發(fā)”，文章沒有提及。

5.判斷推理題。根據(jù)選項關(guān)鍵詞定位在文章最后一段Yet,thesehighpriceswerefrequentlypreferabletothecostofprogramsdevelopedinhouse.Experienceandcompetitionhaveincreasedaqualityofbothprogramsandinstructionalmaterials.（然而，這些高的價格往往是更可取的程序開發(fā)的內(nèi)部成本。經(jīng)驗和競爭提高了課程和教學(xué)材料的質(zhì)量。）也就是說明這些軟件的開發(fā)主要都是難在經(jīng)驗上，因此人們自己去開發(fā)的成本是會非常大的，A選項“計算機(jī)用戶開發(fā)自己的軟件比購買軟件的成本要高得多”正確。B選項“軟件價格居高不下是因為開發(fā)任何軟件都不容易”，太籠統(tǒng)，不夠具體；C選項“用戶很難復(fù)制軟件”，根據(jù)最后一段Becauseoftheeasewithwhichuserscouldduplicatesoftware,softwarepricesremainedhigh.（由于用戶可以很容易地復(fù)制軟件，軟件的價格仍然很高。）可以發(fā)現(xiàn)用戶復(fù)制軟件并不難；D選項“由于經(jīng)驗和競爭，軟件長期以來一直是高質(zhì)量的”，在最后一段的倒數(shù)第四句Thequalityoftheprogramsandinstructionalmaterialsthataccompaniedthemwasfrequentlypoor.（節(jié)目和教學(xué)材料的質(zhì)量通常很差。）可見軟件的質(zhì)量并不是一直都很好。

12.單選題

Myshoulderhurt（）eachtimeIputanotherfullbarrelonit,andmylegsoccasionallytrembledasIwasheadingtothestreet.

問題1選項

A.wickedly

B.typically

C.ultimately

D.vainly

【答案】A

【解析】考查副詞辨析。wickedly“惡劣地，居心叵測的”；typically“代表性地，作為特色地”；ultimately“最后，根本”；vainly“徒勞地，無益地”。句意：每次我把裝滿東西的桶放我肩上時，我的肩膀就疼得厲害，當(dāng)我走向街頭時，我的腿也是不是打顫。能修飾hurt的只有wickedly。故A項正確。

13.單選題

Twodivergentdefinitionshavedominatedsociologists’discussionsofthenatureofethnicity.Thefirstemphasizestheprimordialandunchangingcharacterofethnicity.Inthisview,peoplehaveanessentialneedforbelongingthatissatisfiedbymembershipingroupsbasedonsharedancestryandculture.Adifferentconceptionofethnicityde-emphasizestheculturalcomponentanddefinesethnicgroupsasinterestgroups.Inthisview,ethnicityservesasawayofmobilizingacertainpopulationbehindissuesrelatingtoitseconomicposition.Whilebothofthesedefinitionsareuseful,neitherfullycapturesthedynamicandchangingaspectsofethnicityintheUnitedStates.

Rather,ethnicityismoresatisfactorilyconceivedofasaprocessinwhichpreexistingcommunalbondsandcommonculturalattributesareadaptedforinstrumentalpurposesaccordingtochangingreal-lifesituations.

OneexampleofthisprocessistheriseofparticipationbyNativeAmericanpeopleinthebroaderUnitedStatespoliticalsystemsincetheCivilRightsmovementofthe1960’s.BesidesleadingNativeAmericanstoparticipatemoreactivelyinpolitics(thenumberofNativeAmericanlegislativeofficeholdersmorethandoubled),thismovementalsoevokedincreasedinterestintribalhistoryandtraditionalculture.Culturalandinstrumentalcomponentsofethnicityarenotmutuallyexclusive,butratherreinforceoneanother.

TheCivilRightsmovementalsobroughtchangesintheusestowhichethnicitywasputbyMexicanAmericanpeople.Inthe1960’s,MexicanAmericansformedcommunity-basedpoliticalgroupsthatemphasizedancestralheritageasawayofmobilizingconstituents.SuchemergingissuesasimmigrationandvotingrightsgaveMexicanAmericanadvocacygroupsthemeansbywhichtopromoteethnicsolidarity.LikeEuropeanethnicgroupsinthenineteenth-centuryUnitedStates,late-twentieth-centuryMexicanAmericanleaderscombinedethnicwithcontemporarycivicsymbols.In1968HenryCensors,thenmayorofSanAntonio,Texas,citedMexicanleaderBenitoJuarezasamodelforMexicanAmericansintheirfightforcontemporarycivilrights.Andeveryyear,MexicanAmericanscelebrateCincodeMayoasferventlyasmanyIrishAmericanpeopleembraceSt.Patrick’sDay(botharemajorholidaysinthecountriesoforigin),withbothholidayshavingbeenreinventedinthecontextoftheUnitedStatesandlinkedtoideals,symbols,andheroesoftheUnitedStates.

46.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainideaofthepassage?

47.Whichisthefollowingstatementsaboutthefirsttwodefinitionsofethnicitydiscussedinthefirstparagraphissupportedbythepassage?

48.TheauthorofthepassagereferstoNativeAmericanpeopleinthesecondparagraphinordertoprovideanexampleof____.

49.ThepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheMexicanAmericancommunity?

50.Whichofthefollowingtypesofethnicculturalexpressionisdiscussedinthepassage?

問題1選項

A.Intheirdefinitionsofthenatureofethnicity,sociologistshaveunderestimatedthepoweroftheprimordialhumanneedtobelong.

B.Ethnicityisbestdefinedasadynamicprocessthatcombinesculturalcomponentswithsharedpoliticalandeconomicinterests.

C.IntheUnitedStatesinthetwentiethcentury,ethnicgroupshavebeguntoorganizeinordertofurthertheirpoliticalandeconomicinterests.

D.EthnicityintheUnitedStateshasbeensignificantlychangedbytheCivilRightsmovement.

問題2選項

A.Oneissupportedprimarilybysoc