考研考博-英語(yǔ)-云南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-云南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Everylivingthinghasaninnerbiologicalclockthatcontrolsbehavior.Theclockworksallthetimeevenwhentherearenooutsidesignstomarkthepassingoftime.Thebiologicalclocktellsplantswhentoformflowersandwhentheflowersshouldopen.Ittellsinsectswhentoleavetheprotectivecocoonandflyaway.Andittellsanimalswhentoeat,sleepandwake.Itcontrolsbodytemperature,thereleaseofsomehormonesandevendreams.Thesenaturaldailyeventsarecircadianrhythms.

Manhasknownaboutthemforthousandsofyears.ButthefirstscientificobservationofCircadianrhythmswasnotmadeuntil1729.InthatyearFrenchastronomer,Jean-Jacquesd'OrtousdeMairan,notedthatoneofhisplantsopeneditsleavesatthesametimeeverymorning,andclosedthematthesametimeeverynight.Theplantdidthisevenwhenhekeptitinadarkplaceallthetime.

Laterscientistswonderedaboutcircadianrhythmsinhumans.Theylearnedthatman’sbiologicalclockactuallykeepstimewithadayofalittlelessthan25hoursinsteadofthe24hoursonaman-madeclock.

AboutfouryearsagoanAmericandoctor,EliotWeitzman,establishedalaboratorytostudyhowourbiologicalclockworks.Thepeopleinhisexperimentsareshutofffromtheoutsideworld.Theyarefreetolistentoandlivebytheircircadianrhythms.Dr.Weitzmanhopeshisresearchwillleadtoeffectivetreatmentsforcommonsleepproblemsandsleepdisorderscausedbyagingandmentalillness.

ThelaboratoryisintheMontefioreHospitalinNewYorkCity.Ithastwolivingareaswiththreesmallroomsineach.Thewindowsarecovered,sonosunlightormoonlightcomesin.Therearenoradiosortelevisionreceivers.Thereisacontrolroombetweenthelivingareas.Itcontainscomputers,one-waycamerasandotherelectronicdevicesforobservingthepersoninthelivingarea.Theinstrumentsmeasureheartbeat,bodytemperature,hormonesintheblood,othersubstancesintheurineandbrainwavesduringsleep.

Adoctorormedicaltechnicianisondutyinthecontrolroom24hoursadayduringanexperiment.Theydonotworkthesametimeeachdayandarenotpermittedtowearwatches,sothepersoninthelaboratoryhasnoideawhattimeitis.

Inthefirstfouryearsofresearch,Dr.Weitzmanandhisassistanthaveobserved16menbetweentheagesof21and80.Themenremainedinthelaboratoryforaslongassixmonths.Lastmonth,asciencereporterforTheNewYorkTimesnewspaper,DavaSobol,becamethefirstwomantotakepartintheexperiment.SheenteredthelaboratoryonJune13thandstayedfor25days.MissSobolwrotereportsabouttheexperimentduringthattime,whichwerepublishedintheNewspaper.

1.Thebiologicalclockisbelievedtoplayanessentialrolein（

）.

2.Inhisobservation,theFrenchscientistnoticedthattheleavesofacertainplantmaintainedtheiropening-and-closingcycles

（

）.

3.Thesentence“Theyarefreetolistentoandlivebytheircircadianrhythms.”(InParagraph4)probablymeans

（

）.

4.IntheexperimentconductedbyMr.Weitzman,thedoctorwhoisondutydoesnotworkthesametimeeachday

（

）.

5.WhatisMr.Weitzman’sultimatepurposeofestablishingalaboratory?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.theregulationofbodytemperature

B.thesecretionofhormones

C.animalreproduction

D.manyaspectsofplantandanimalphysiology

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.evenwhenitwaskeptinamurkyplaceallday

B.evenifitwasplacedinthemoonlight

C.evenwhenhewasobservingitfromadarkplace

D.evenduringthenighttime

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theycanleadtheirdailylivesaccordingtotheirbiologicalclocks,withoutreferringtoaman-madeclock

B.Theycanlistentothewonderfulrhythmsofthebiologicalclockandliveclosetothem

C.Theycanlivebyregulatingtheirowncircadianrhythms

D.Theyarefreefromtheannoyingrhythmsofeverydaylife

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.inordertoobservetheabnormalbehaviorofthepeopleatdifferenttimes

B.soasnottoberecognizedbythepeople

C.soastoavoidindicatingtothepeoplewhattimeitiswhenhestartswork

D.soastoleavethepeople’scircadianrhythmsindisorder

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Hewantedtohavehisexperimentreportpublishedinthenewspapers.

B.Peoplearefreetolistentoandlivebytheircircadianrhythms.

C.Hewantedtofindawaytotreatpeople’sdiseases.

D.Hecouldgainsomereputationforthefirstscientificobservationofcircadianrhythms.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:推理判斷題。題目問(wèn)的是“生物鐘在什么方面扮演著非常重要的角色？”文章第一段第一句話提到“所有生物鐘都有一個(gè)控制其行為的內(nèi)在生物鐘”（Everylivingthinghasaninnerbiologicalclockthatcontrolsbehavior），接著提到生物鐘告訴植物什么時(shí)候開(kāi)花。告訴動(dòng)物什么時(shí)候進(jìn)食，什么時(shí)候睡覺(jué)和清醒，這些都說(shuō)明生物鐘能夠引導(dǎo)動(dòng)植物的生理機(jī)能，因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問(wèn)的是“法國(guó)科學(xué)家觀察到植物在何種情況下依然會(huì)遵循開(kāi)與收的循環(huán)？”文章第二段提到“即使把這株植物放在一個(gè)全黑的環(huán)境，它依然會(huì)遵循這個(gè)規(guī)律”（Theplantdidthisevenwhenhekeptitinadarkplaceallthetime），因此，選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

第3題:推理判斷題。題目問(wèn)的是“第四段‘他們可以自由按照自己的生物規(guī)律生活’意味著什么？”文章第四段第一句提到“一位美國(guó)醫(yī)生建立了一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室來(lái)研究我們的生物鐘如何運(yùn)作”（AboutfouryearsagoanAmericandoctor,EliotWeitzman,establishedalaboratorytostudyhowourbiologicalclockworks），由此可知選項(xiàng)A“他們可以按照自己的生物鐘而不用參考人為制造的時(shí)鐘來(lái)生活”符合題意。

第4題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問(wèn)的是“在威茨曼先生的試驗(yàn)里，負(fù)責(zé)的醫(yī)生同樣也不按照時(shí)鐘的時(shí)間工作的原因是什么？”文章第六段提到“他們（醫(yī)生）每天工作時(shí)間一樣不允許戴手表，所以實(shí)驗(yàn)室的人都沒(méi)有時(shí)間概念”（Theydonotworkthesametimeeachdayandarenotpermittedtowearwatches,sothepersoninthelaboratoryhasnoideawhattimeitis），選項(xiàng)C“為了防止他向其他人暗示時(shí)間”符合題意。

第5題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問(wèn)的是“威茨曼先生建立實(shí)驗(yàn)室的最終目的是什么？”文章第四段最后一句提到“威茨曼先生希望他的研究能夠?qū)ΤＲ?jiàn)的睡眠問(wèn)題、變老引起的失眠和精神疾病有治療效果”（Dr.Weitzmanhopeshisresearchwillleadtoeffectivetreatmentsforcommonsleepproblemsandsleepdisorderscausedbyagingandmentalillness），選項(xiàng)C“他想找到一種治療疾病的方法”符合題意。

2.單選題

Whentheclasswasover,theywentbacktotheir（

）dormitories.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.complacent

B.respectable

C.respective

D.respectful

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。complacent意為“自滿的，自鳴得意的”；respectable意為“得體的，值得尊敬的”；respective意為“各自的，分別的”；respectful意為“有禮貌的”。

句意：下課后，他們回到各自的宿舍去了。

3.單選題

Thefridgeisconsideredanecessity.Ithasbeensosincethe1960swhenpackagedfoodfirstappearedwiththelabel:“storeintherefrigerator.”

Inmyfridgelessfiftieschildhood,Iwasfedwellandhealthily.Themilkmancamedaily,thegrocer,thebutcher,thebaker,andtheice-creammandeliveredtwoorthreetimesaweek.TheSundaymeatwouldlastuntilWednesdayandsurplusbreadandmilkbecameallkindsofcakes.Nothingwaswasted,andwewerenevertroubledbyrottenfood.Thirtyyearsonfooddeliverieshaveceased,freshvegetablesarealmostunobtainableinthecountry.

Theinventionofthefridgecontributedcomparativelylittletotheartoffoodpreservation.Avastwayofwell-triedtechniquesalreadyexisted—naturalcooling,drying,smoking,salting,sugaring,bottling.Whatrefrigerationdidpromotewasmarketing-marketinghardwareandelectricity,marketingsoftdrinks,marketingdeadbodiesofanimalsaroundtheglobeinsearchofagoodprice.

Consequently,mostoftheworld’sfridgesaretobefound,notinthetropicswheretheymightproveuseful,butinthewealthycountrieswithmildtemperatureswheretheyareclimaticallyalmostunnecessary.Everywinter,millionsoffridgeshumawaycontinuously,andatvastexpense,busilymaintaininganartificially-cooledspaceinsideanartificiallyheatedhouse-whileoutside,natureprovidesthedesiredtemperaturefreeofcharge.

Thefridge’seffectupontheenvironmenthasbeenevident,whileitscontributiontohumanhappinesshasbeeninsignificant.Ifyoudon’tbelieveme,tryityourself,investinafoodcabinetandturnoffyourfridgenextwinter.Youmaymissthehamburgers,butatleastyou’llgetridofthatterriblehum.

1.Inthe2ndparagraph,thestatement“Inmyfridgelessfiftieschildhood,Iwasfedwellandhealthily.”suggestthat（

）.

2.Whydoestheauthorsaythatnothingwaswastedbeforetheinventionoffridges?

3.Whobenefitedtheleastfromfridgesaccordingtotheauthor?

4.Whichofthefollowingphrasesinthelastparagraphindicatesthefridge’snegativeeffectontheenvironment?

5.Whatistheauthor’soverallattitudetowardfridges?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.theauthorwaswell-fedandhealthyevenwithoutafridgeinhisfifties

B.theauthorwasnotaccustomedtousefridgeseveninhisfifties.

C.therewasnofridgeintheauthor’shomeinthe1950s.

D.thefridgewasinitsearlystageofdevelopmentinthe1950s.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Peoplewouldnotbuymorefoodthanwasnecessary.

B.Foodwasdeliveredtopeopletwoorthreetimesaweek.

C.Foodwassoldfreshanddidnotgetrotteneasily.

D.Peoplehadeffectivewaystopreservetheirfood.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Inventors.

B.Consumers.

C.Manufacturers.

D.Travelingsalesmen.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Humawaycontinuously

B.Climaticallyalmostunnecessary.

C.Artificially-cooledspace.

D.Withmildtemperatures.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Neutral

B.Critical

C.Objective

D.Compromising

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.推理判斷題。題目問(wèn)的是“第二段中，‘我的童年沒(méi)有冰箱，但我吃得不錯(cuò)并且很健康’意味著……”。文章第二段提到了沒(méi)有冰箱的那幾十年，作者吃得很好，也很健康，送牛奶的人每天都來(lái)，食品商、屠夫、面包師傅等一周來(lái)兩三次，東西沒(méi)有被浪費(fèi)，也沒(méi)有變質(zhì)（Nothingwaswasted,andwewerenevertroubledbyrottenfood），因此選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。題目問(wèn)的是“作者為什么說(shuō)在冰箱發(fā)明之前沒(méi)有任何東西被浪費(fèi)”。文章第二段提到了沒(méi)有冰箱的那幾十年，作者吃得很好，也很健康，送牛奶的人每天都來(lái)，食品商、屠夫、面包師傅等一周來(lái)兩三次。肉可以從星期日吃到星期三，剩余的面包和牛奶變成了各種小蛋糕。東西沒(méi)有被浪費(fèi)，也沒(méi)有變質(zhì)。由此可知在冰箱發(fā)明之前人們掌握了怎樣處理剩余食物的方法，選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。題目問(wèn)的是“在作者看來(lái)，哪類人從冰箱的發(fā)明中受益最少”。文章第三段提到冰箱的發(fā)明并沒(méi)有對(duì)食物的保存起太大作用（Theinventionofthefridgecontributedcomparativelylittletotheartoffoodpreservation），真正的作用是促進(jìn)了市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷，硬件、電力、各種飲料、肉類等等，由此可知從中獲益最少的是消費(fèi)者，選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問(wèn)的是“下列哪句話表明了冰箱對(duì)于環(huán)境的危害”。文章最后一段提到“冰箱對(duì)環(huán)境的影響是顯而易見(jiàn)的，但是它對(duì)人類幸福的貢獻(xiàn)卻微不足道……你可能會(huì)想念漢堡包，但至少你能擺脫那可怕的嗡嗡聲”（Theinventionofthefridgecontributedcomparativelylittletotheartoffoodpreservation），由此可知選項(xiàng)A“持續(xù)不斷的噪音”符合題意。

5.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。題目問(wèn)的是“作者對(duì)冰箱的態(tài)度……”。文章第二段作者提及自己親身經(jīng)歷：沒(méi)有冰箱吃得很好并且很健康。接著又談到了冰箱的發(fā)明并沒(méi)有對(duì)食物的保存起很大作用，并且認(rèn)為很多地方是不需要冰箱的，由此可知作者對(duì)冰箱是持批判態(tài)度的。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

4.單選題

Duringhistwo-monthstayinChina,Tomnever（）achancetopracticehisChinese.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.passedon

B.passedup

C.passedby

D.passedout

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)“向前移動(dòng)，轉(zhuǎn)移”；B選項(xiàng)“某人拒絕，放過(guò)機(jī)會(huì)”；C選項(xiàng)“機(jī)會(huì)等從……旁邊過(guò)去”；D選項(xiàng)“分發(fā)，分配”，句意：湯姆在中國(guó)待了兩個(gè)月，從來(lái)（）機(jī)會(huì)練習(xí)中文。本句想表示的是“從不放過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的機(jī)會(huì)”，因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

5.單選題

ThefootballclubreleasedplayerJayJohnEzikpebecausehedidnot（）them,butaddedthatatthemomenttheydidnotintendtosignonanyotherplayers.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.impact

B.impress

C.illuminate

D.illustrate

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。impact對(duì)…影響，撞擊；impress給…深刻印象；illuminate照亮；illustrate闡明，舉例說(shuō)明。由前面的結(jié)果“足球俱樂(lè)部讓Jay退出”可猜測(cè)原因是Jay沒(méi)有給人留下深刻印象。句意：足球俱樂(lè)部讓Jay退出,因?yàn)樗麤](méi)有給他們留下深刻印象，但他補(bǔ)充說(shuō)目前他們不打算簽下任何其他球員。故B項(xiàng)符合題意。

6.單選題

Televisionsenableustoseethingshappenalmostattheexactmoment（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.whichtheyarehappening

B.theyarehappening

C.whichtheyhappen

D.theyhavehappened

【答案】B

【解析】句意:電視使我們能夠看到事情發(fā)生的那一瞬間。

語(yǔ)法題?？疾槊~性從句。moment后接的是省略關(guān)系副詞when的定語(yǔ)從句，井且根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞attheexactmoment可知此處應(yīng)該用進(jìn)行吋態(tài)，故選B。

7.單選題

Generallyspeaking,thegovernmentplaysaveryimportantrole（）solvingproblemssuchasinflation,unemployment,andpoverty.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.in

B.at

C.for

D.of

【答案】A

【解析】考查語(yǔ)法。playaroleindoingsth在…中扮演角色。故A項(xiàng)正確。句意：一般而言，政府在解決諸如通貨膨脹、失業(yè)和貧窮等問(wèn)題上扮演重要角色。

8.單選題

Ihopealltheprecautionsagainstairpollution,（

）aresuggestedbythelocalgovernment,willbeseriouslyconsideredhere.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.as

B.while

C.after

D.since

【答案】A

【解析】【試題解析】考查語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)。A選項(xiàng)as“因?yàn)?、正如、雖然”；B選項(xiàng)while“雖然、盡管”；C選項(xiàng)after“在……之后”；D選項(xiàng)since“自……以后”，根據(jù)句意：我希望針對(duì)空氣污染的所有預(yù)防措施將會(huì)如當(dāng)?shù)卣ㄗh的那樣在這里被認(rèn)真考慮。以及語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)可知填入部分充當(dāng)方式狀語(yǔ)，as“正如”符合題意，故正確答案選A。

9.單選題

Lightislessvitaltoanimalsthanitistoplants;（）mostanimalstendtoshunthelightratherthantowelcomeit.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.forinstance

B.indeed

C.thatis

D.therefore

【答案】B

【解析】考查副詞和詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)forinstance“例如”；B選項(xiàng)indeed“的確；事實(shí)上；甚至”；C選項(xiàng)thatis“即；就是說(shuō)；換言之”；D選項(xiàng)therefore“因此；所以”。句意：光對(duì)動(dòng)物的重要性不如對(duì)植物；事實(shí)上，大多數(shù)動(dòng)物傾向于回避光明，而不是歡迎它?？崭窈蟮膬?nèi)容“mostanimalstendtoshunthelightratherthantowelcomeit大多數(shù)動(dòng)物傾向于避開(kāi)光明而不是歡迎它”是對(duì)空格前句子的進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明，因此“事實(shí)上”符合語(yǔ)境，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

Whenyourparentsadviseyouto“getaneducation”inordertoraiseyourincome,theytellyouonlyhalfthetruth.Whattheyreallymeanistogetjustenougheducationtoprovidemanpowerforyoursociety,butnotsomuchthatyouproveanembarrassmenttoyoursociety.

Getahighschooldiploma,atleast.Withoutthat,youwillbeoccupationallydead,unlessyournamehappenstobeGeorgeBernardShaworThomasAlvaEdison,andyoucansuccessfullydropoutingradeschool.

Getacollegedegree,ifpossible.WithaB.A.,youareonthelaunchingpad（發(fā)射臺(tái)）.Butnowyouhavetostarttoputonthebrakes.Ifyougoforamaster’sdegree,makesureitisanandonlyfromafirst-rateuniversity.Beyondthis,thefamouslawofdiminishingreturns（報(bào)酬遞減率）beginstotakeeffect.

Doyouknow,forinstance,thatlong-haultruckdriversearnmoreperyearthanfullprofessors?Yes,theaverage1977salaryforthosetruckerswas$24,000,whilethefullprofessorsmanagedtoaveragejust$23,030.

APh.D.D.isthehighestdegreeyoucanget,butexceptinafewspecializedfieldssuchasphysicsorchemistry,wherethedegreecanquicklybeturnedtoindustrialorcommercialpurposes,youarefacingadimfuture.TherearemorePh.D.sunemployedorunderemployedinthiscountrythananyotherpartoftheworldbyfar.

IfyoubecomeadoctorofphilosophyinEnglishorhistoryoranthropologyorpoliticalscienceorlanguagesor—worstofall—inphilosophy,youruntheriskofbecomingovereducatedforournationaldemands.Notforourneeds,mindyou,butforourdemands.

ThousandsofPh.D.saresellingshoes,drivingcars,waitingontablesandfillingoutfruitlessapplicationsmonthaftermonth.Andthenmaybetakingajobinsomehighschoolorbackwatercollegepaysmuchlessthanthejanitor（看門人）earns.

Youcanequatethelevelofincomewiththelevelofeducationonlysofar.Farenough,thatis,tomakeyouusefultothegrossnationalproduct,butnotsofarthatnobodycanturnmuchofaprofitonyou.

1.Accordingtothewriter,whatthesocietyexpectsofeducationistoturnoutpeoplewho______.

2.IfyouareasgiftedasBernardShaworEdison,______.

3.Ph.D.saremostlikelyto

.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

5.Thewriteriscriticalof

.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.willnotbeashametothesociety

B.willbecomeskilledworkers

C.cantakecareofthemselves

D.canmeetthedemandsasasourceofmanpower

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.youcangetahighschooldiplomawithoutdifficulty

B.youwillbesuccessfulinagradeschool

C.youcanbeprofessionallysuccessfulwithoutadiploma

D.theleastyoushoulddoistogetadiploma

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.havedifficultiesgettingproperlyemployed

B.beemployedinthefieldsofcommerceorindustry

C.havetofilloutapplicationformsmonthaftermonthforothers

D.workinschoolsorcollegeswithlowpay

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.BernardShawdidn’tfinishhighschools,nordidEdison

B.TherearefarmorePhDsthanthesocietydemands

C.Thehigheryoureducationlevel,themoremoneyyouwillearn

D.Ifyouaretoowell-educated,you’llmakethingsdifficultforthesociety

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.theemployees

B.thePhDs

C.theemployers

D.thesociety

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。文章第一段第二句提到他們真正的期望是獲得足夠的教育來(lái)為社會(huì)提供人力（Whattheyreallymeanistogetjustenougheducationtoprovidemanpowerforyoursociety），因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

2.判斷推理題。文章第二段提到高中文憑是必要的，如果沒(méi)有的話，除非你是蕭伯納或者愛(ài)迪生，如果你是他們，你小學(xué)輟學(xué)都行（unlessyournamehappenstobeGeorgeBernardShaworThomasAlvaEdison,andyoucansuccessfullydropoutingradeschool），因?yàn)樗麄兙退銢](méi)有文憑，也在各自領(lǐng)域中脫穎而出，因此選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。文章第五段倒數(shù)第一句話提到美國(guó)失業(yè)或未充分就業(yè)的博士人數(shù)比世界上其他國(guó)家要多（TherearemorePh.D.sunemployedorunderemployedinthiscountrythananyotherpartoftheworldbyfar），由此可知選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章第五段可知很多博士就業(yè)問(wèn)題并不是很理想，由此可知選項(xiàng)C表述是錯(cuò)誤的，符合題意。

5.判斷推理題。無(wú)論是雇主、雇員還有博士生本人都是屬于社會(huì)中的一員，一系列狀況都是社會(huì)發(fā)展導(dǎo)致的，因此作者批判的是這個(gè)社會(huì)，因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

11.單選題

Contemporaryofficetechnologyrequiressoftwareorprogramstocarryoutcomplicatedinformationprocessingactivities.Referencestosoftwareusuallyindicateasetofinstructions.Abroaderapplicationofthetermincludesanynohardwareelementofacomputersystem:programs,writtendocumentationtoaccompanyprograms,flowcharts,andusermanuals,forexample.Thelatteruseofthetermisrare.

Softwareisnowavailablefromavarietyofsources:hardwaremanufacturersandvendors,softwarehouses(firmsthatdevelopandmarketsoftware),andstaffprogrammers(userdevelopedsoftware).Officesupplyhouses,computershops,andevenbookstoresmarketpackagedsoftwareforthemicrocomputermarket.

Earlycomputerusersthoughtintermsofdevelopingtheirownsoftwareorusingsoftwaredevelopedbycomputermanufacturestoperformtheinformationprocessingactivitiesdesiredformthecomputersystem.Usersofmediumtolargescalecomputersystem.Stillrelyheavilyonprogramsdeveloped,tested,andperfectedbytheirownprogrammers.

Largetomediumscalecomputermanufacturersorvendorshavetraditionallyincludedsoftwarewiththesystempackage,sometimesprovidealterationsnecessarytocustomizetheprogramstouserneeds.Thesepackageshaverepresentedsignificantportionsofthepurchasesorleasepriceofsystems.

Themicrocomputerrevolutionintheearly1980sbroughtwithittheconceptofthecommercialsoftwarepublisher(softwarehouse).Companieswereformedtoengageinwritingandmarketingsoftwareforalltypesandsizesofcomputers,butthoseproducingsoftwareformicrocomputerswereespeciallynumerous.Majorhardwaremanufacturersbegantomarketsoftwareproducedbythesesoftwarespecialistswiththesystems.Thequalityoftheprogramsandinstructionalmaterialsthataccompaniedthemwasfrequentlypoor.Becauseoftheeasewithwhichuserscouldduplicatesoftware,softwarepricesremainedhigh.Yet,thesehighpriceswerefrequentlypreferabletothecostofprogramsdevelopedinhouse.Experienceandcompetitionhaveincreasedaqualityofbothprogramsandinstructionalmaterials.

1.Accordingtothepassage,themostcommonlyuseddefinitionofsoftwareis（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

3.Largetomediumscalecomputermanufacturers（）.

4.Sincethemicrocomputerrevolutionintheearly1980s,（）.

5.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.complicatedinformationprocessingactivities

B.anynohardwareelementofacomputersystem

C.asetofinstructions

D.flowchartsandusermanuals

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Nowhardwaremanufacturersalsodevelopandmarketsoftware.

B.Earlycomputerusershadnochoicebuttodeveloptheirownsoftware.

C.Softwareisnowavailableforthemicrocomputeruserevenfrombookstores.

D.Earlycomputermanufacturersalsodevelopedandmarketedsoftware.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.relyheavilyonsoftwaredevelopedbytheircustomers

B.usedtoincludesoftwarewiththesystempackage

C.canmakechangesforsoftwaretomeetcustomerneeds

D.selltheirsystempackagesatverylowprices

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.commercialsoftwarepublishershavegraduallydisappeared

B.majorhardwaremanufacturerbegantodeveloptheirownsoftware

C.manycompaniesstoppedthedevelopmentofsoftwareforlargecomputers

D.therehavebeennumerouschoicesofsoftwareformicrocomputerusers

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.itwillcostagreatdealmoreforcomputeruserstodeveloptheirownsoftwarethanbuyit

B.softwarepricesremainedhighbecauseitwasnoteasytodevelopanysoftware

C.itisverydifficultforuserstoduplicatesoftware

D.softwarehaslongbeenofhighqualityduetoexperienceandcompetition

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到第一段第二句Referencestosoftwareusuallyindicateasetofinstructions.（對(duì)軟件的引用通常表示一組指令。）因此可以看出最常見(jiàn)的定義就是一組指令，C選項(xiàng)“一組指令”正確。A選項(xiàng)“復(fù)雜的信息處理活動(dòng)”，在第一段的第一句Contemporaryofficetechnologyrequiressoftwareorprogramstocarryoutcomplicatedinformationprocessingactivities.（現(xiàn)代辦公技術(shù)需要軟件或程序來(lái)進(jìn)行復(fù)雜的信息處理活動(dòng)。）它并不是軟件的定義；B選項(xiàng)“計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的任何非硬件元素”和D選項(xiàng)“流程圖和用戶手冊(cè)”，在第一段Abroaderapplicationofthetermincludes...forexample.Thelatteruseofthetermisrare.（這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)的更廣泛的應(yīng)用包括計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的任何硬件元素：例如程序、伴隨程序的書面文檔、流程圖和用戶手冊(cè)。后一種用法很少見(jiàn)。）但是原文說(shuō)了這一種用法很少見(jiàn)，因此錯(cuò)誤。

2.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞定位到第三段第一句話Earlycomputerusersthoughtintermsofdeveloping...formthecomputersystem.（早期計(jì)算機(jī)用戶的想法是開(kāi)發(fā)自己的軟件或使用計(jì)算機(jī)制造商開(kāi)發(fā)的軟件來(lái)執(zhí)行所需的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)信息處理活動(dòng)。）因此B選項(xiàng)“早期的計(jì)算機(jī)用戶別無(wú)選擇，只能開(kāi)發(fā)自己的軟件”是不正確的。A選項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)在硬件制造商也開(kāi)發(fā)和銷售軟件”，在第二段的第一句Softwareisnowavailablefromavarietyofsources:hardwaremanufacturersandvendors,softwarehouses(firmsthatdevelopandmarketsoftware),andstaffprogrammers(userdevelopedsoftware).軟件現(xiàn)在可以從各種來(lái)源獲得：硬件制造商和供應(yīng)商、軟件公司（開(kāi)發(fā)和銷售軟件的公司）和職員程序員（用戶開(kāi)發(fā)軟件）。A項(xiàng)正確；C選項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)在微機(jī)用戶甚至可以從書店買到軟件”，在第二段的第二句Officesupplyhouses,computershops,andevenbookstoresmarketpackagedsoftwareforthemicrocomputermarket.（辦公用品店、電腦店，甚至?xí)甓枷蛭C(jī)市場(chǎng)出售打包的軟件。）C選項(xiàng)正確；D選項(xiàng)“早期的計(jì)算機(jī)制造商也開(kāi)發(fā)和銷售軟件”，在第三段的第一句Earlycomputerusersthoughtintermsofdevelopingtheirownsoftwareorusingsoftwaredevelopedbycomputermanufacturestoperformtheinformationprocessingactivitiesdesiredformthecomputersystem.（早期計(jì)算機(jī)用戶的想法是開(kāi)發(fā)自己的軟件或使用計(jì)算機(jī)制造商開(kāi)發(fā)的軟件來(lái)執(zhí)行所需的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)信息處理活動(dòng)。）可見(jiàn)之前的制造商也開(kāi)發(fā)并銷售軟件，D選項(xiàng)正確。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞定位到倒數(shù)第二段第一句話Largetomediumscalecomputermanufacturersorvendorshavetraditionallyincludedsoftwarewiththesystempackage,sometimesprovidealterationsnecessarytocustomizetheprogramstouserneeds.（大型到中型計(jì)算機(jī)制造商或供應(yīng)商傳統(tǒng)上在系統(tǒng)包中包括軟件，有時(shí)提供必要的修改，以定制程序，以滿足用戶的需要。）因此B選項(xiàng)“過(guò)去常常在系統(tǒng)包中包含軟件”正確。A選項(xiàng)“嚴(yán)重依賴客戶開(kāi)發(fā)的軟件”，在倒數(shù)第三段的最后一句話Stillrelyheavilyonprogramsdeveloped,tested,andperfectedbytheirownprogrammers.（仍然嚴(yán)重依賴由他們自己的程序員開(kāi)發(fā)、測(cè)試和完善的程序。）依賴的是程序員開(kāi)發(fā)的軟件而不是客戶；C選項(xiàng)“可以對(duì)軟件進(jìn)行更改以滿足客戶的需求”，在倒數(shù)第二段的第一句sometimesprovidealterationsnecessarytocustomizetheprogramstouserneeds.（有時(shí)提供必要的修改，以定制程序，以滿足用戶的需要。）可以看出只是偶爾會(huì)這么做；D選項(xiàng)“以很低的價(jià)格出售他們的系統(tǒng)軟件包”，這個(gè)是文章沒(méi)有給出具體說(shuō)法的。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到倒數(shù)第一段第二句話Companieswereformedtoengageinwritingandmarketingsoftwareforalltypesandsizesofcomputers,butthoseproducingsoftwareformicrocomputerswereespeciallynumerous.（公司的成立是為了從事為各種類型和大小的計(jì)算機(jī)編寫和銷售軟件，但是那些為微型計(jì)算機(jī)生產(chǎn)軟件的公司尤其多。）因此可以看出在微機(jī)革命之后，關(guān)于計(jì)算機(jī)軟件的公司增多了，D選項(xiàng)“微型計(jì)算機(jī)用戶有許多軟件可供選擇”正確。A選項(xiàng)“商業(yè)軟件出版商已經(jīng)逐漸消失”，原文并沒(méi)有說(shuō)它消失了；B選項(xiàng)“主要的硬件制造商開(kāi)始開(kāi)發(fā)自己的軟件”，文章沒(méi)有具體提到這點(diǎn)；C選項(xiàng)“許多公司停止了大型計(jì)算機(jī)軟件的開(kāi)發(fā)”，文章沒(méi)有提及。

5.判斷推理題。根據(jù)選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞定位在文章最后一段Yet,thesehighpriceswerefrequentlypreferabletothecostofprogramsdevelopedinhouse.Experienceandcompetitionhaveincreasedaqualityofbothprogramsandinstructionalmaterials.（然而，這些高的價(jià)格往往是更可取的程序開(kāi)發(fā)的內(nèi)部成本。經(jīng)驗(yàn)和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)提高了課程和教學(xué)材料的質(zhì)量。）也就是說(shuō)明這些軟件的開(kāi)發(fā)主要都是難在經(jīng)驗(yàn)上，因此人們自己去開(kāi)發(fā)的成本是會(huì)非常大的，A選項(xiàng)“計(jì)算機(jī)用戶開(kāi)發(fā)自己的軟件比購(gòu)買軟件的成本要高得多”正確。B選項(xiàng)“軟件價(jià)格居高不下是因?yàn)殚_(kāi)發(fā)任何軟件都不容易”，太籠統(tǒng)，不夠具體；C選項(xiàng)“用戶很難復(fù)制軟件”，根據(jù)最后一段Becauseoftheeasewithwhichuserscouldduplicatesoftware,softwarepricesremainedhigh.（由于用戶可以很容易地復(fù)制軟件，軟件的價(jià)格仍然很高。）可以發(fā)現(xiàn)用戶復(fù)制軟件并不難；D選項(xiàng)“由于經(jīng)驗(yàn)和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，軟件長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)一直是高質(zhì)量的”，在最后一段的倒數(shù)第四句Thequalityoftheprogramsandinstructionalmaterialsthataccompaniedthemwasfrequentlypoor.（節(jié)目和教學(xué)材料的質(zhì)量通常很差。）可見(jiàn)軟件的質(zhì)量并不是一直都很好。

12.單選題

Myshoulderhurt（）eachtimeIputanotherfullbarrelonit,andmylegsoccasionallytrembledasIwasheadingtothestreet.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.wickedly

B.typically

C.ultimately

D.vainly

【答案】A

【解析】考查副詞辨析。wickedly“惡劣地，居心叵測(cè)的”；typically“代表性地，作為特色地”；ultimately“最后，根本”；vainly“徒勞地，無(wú)益地”。句意：每次我把裝滿東西的桶放我肩上時(shí)，我的肩膀就疼得厲害，當(dāng)我走向街頭時(shí)，我的腿也是不是打顫。能修飾hurt的只有wickedly。故A項(xiàng)正確。

13.單選題

Twodivergentdefinitionshavedominatedsociologists’discussionsofthenatureofethnicity.Thefirstemphasizestheprimordialandunchangingcharacterofethnicity.Inthisview,peoplehaveanessentialneedforbelongingthatissatisfiedbymembershipingroupsbasedonsharedancestryandculture.Adifferentconceptionofethnicityde-emphasizestheculturalcomponentanddefinesethnicgroupsasinterestgroups.Inthisview,ethnicityservesasawayofmobilizingacertainpopulationbehindissuesrelatingtoitseconomicposition.Whilebothofthesedefinitionsareuseful,neitherfullycapturesthedynamicandchangingaspectsofethnicityintheUnitedStates.

Rather,ethnicityismoresatisfactorilyconceivedofasaprocessinwhichpreexistingcommunalbondsandcommonculturalattributesareadaptedforinstrumentalpurposesaccordingtochangingreal-lifesituations.

OneexampleofthisprocessistheriseofparticipationbyNativeAmericanpeopleinthebroaderUnitedStatespoliticalsystemsincetheCivilRightsmovementofthe1960’s.BesidesleadingNativeAmericanstoparticipatemoreactivelyinpolitics(thenumberofNativeAmericanlegislativeofficeholdersmorethandoubled),thismovementalsoevokedincreasedinterestintribalhistoryandtraditionalculture.Culturalandinstrumentalcomponentsofethnicityarenotmutuallyexclusive,butratherreinforceoneanother.

TheCivilRightsmovementalsobroughtchangesintheusestowhichethnicitywasputbyMexicanAmericanpeople.Inthe1960’s,MexicanAmericansformedcommunity-basedpoliticalgroupsthatemphasizedancestralheritageasawayofmobilizingconstituents.SuchemergingissuesasimmigrationandvotingrightsgaveMexicanAmericanadvocacygroupsthemeansbywhichtopromoteethnicsolidarity.LikeEuropeanethnicgroupsinthenineteenth-centuryUnitedStates,late-twentieth-centuryMexicanAmericanleaderscombinedethnicwithcontemporarycivicsymbols.In1968HenryCensors,thenmayorofSanAntonio,Texas,citedMexicanleaderBenitoJuarezasamodelforMexicanAmericansintheirfightforcontemporarycivilrights.Andeveryyear,MexicanAmericanscelebrateCincodeMayoasferventlyasmanyIrishAmericanpeopleembraceSt.Patrick’sDay(botharemajorholidaysinthecountriesoforigin),withbothholidayshavingbeenreinventedinthecontextoftheUnitedStatesandlinkedtoideals,symbols,andheroesoftheUnitedStates.

46.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainideaofthepassage?

47.Whichisthefollowingstatementsaboutthefirsttwodefinitionsofethnicitydiscussedinthefirstparagraphissupportedbythepassage?

48.TheauthorofthepassagereferstoNativeAmericanpeopleinthesecondparagraphinordertoprovideanexampleof____.

49.ThepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheMexicanAmericancommunity?

50.Whichofthefollowingtypesofethnicculturalexpressionisdiscussedinthepassage?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Intheirdefinitionsofthenatureofethnicity,sociologistshaveunderestimatedthepoweroftheprimordialhumanneedtobelong.

B.Ethnicityisbestdefinedasadynamicprocessthatcombinesculturalcomponentswithsharedpoliticalandeconomicinterests.

C.IntheUnitedStatesinthetwentiethcentury,ethnicgroupshavebeguntoorganizeinordertofurthertheirpoliticalandeconomicinterests.

D.EthnicityintheUnitedStateshasbeensignificantlychangedbytheCivilRightsmovement.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Oneissupportedprimarilybysoc