考研考博-英語-廣西現(xiàn)代職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-廣西現(xiàn)代職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

The___ofhisprofessiondonotpermithimtodothat.

問題1選項

A.ethics

B.ethnics

C.morality

D.morale

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項ethics“倫理學(xué)；倫理觀；道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（道德信仰和對與錯的規(guī)則，常用于倫理方面）”；B選項ethnics“[人類]人種學(xué)”；C選項morality“道德（認(rèn)為某些行為是正確和可接受的，而其他行為是錯誤的信念）；品行；美德”；D選項morale“士氣；斗志”。句意：他的職業(yè)道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不允許他那樣做。本句表達“職業(yè)道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”，屬于倫理方面的對錯規(guī)則，因此A選項正確。

2.單選題

Throughtheyears,ourviewofwhatleadershipisandwhocanexerciseithaschangedconsiderably.Leadershipcompetencieshaveremainedconstant,butourunderstandingofwhatitis,howitworks,andthewaysinwhichpeoplelearntoapplyithasshifted.Wedohavethebeginningofageneraltheoryofleadership,fromhistoryandsocialresearchandaboveallfromthethoughtsofreflectivepractitionerssuchasMoses,JuliusCaesar,andJamesMadison,andinourowntimefromsuchdisparatesourcesofwisdomasGandhi,WinstonChurchill,MaoTse-tung,andHenryKissinger,whohaveverylittleincommonexceptthattheyhavenotbeentherebuttriedwithsomefairnesstospeculateonpaperaboutit.

Buttalesandreflectiveobservationarenotenoughexcepttoconvinceusthatleadersarephysicallystrongandabnormallyhardworkers.Todaywearealittleclosertounderstandinghowandwhopeoplelead,butitwasn'teasygettingthere.Decadesofacademicanalysishavegivenusmorethan350definitionsofleadership.Literallythousandsofempiricalinvestigationsofleadershavebeenconductedinthelast75yearsalone,butnoclearunderstandingexistsastowhatdistinguishesleadersfromnon-leaders,andperhapsmoreimportant,whatdistinguisheseffectiveleadersfromineffectiveleadersandeffectiveorganizationsfromineffectiveorganizations.

Neverhavesomanylaboredsolongtosaysolittle.Multipleinterpretationsofleadershipexist,eachprovidingafragmentofinsightbuteachremaininganincompleteandwhollyinadequateexplanation.Mostofthesedefinitionsdon'tagreewitheachother,andmanyofthemwouldseemquiteremotetotheleaderswhoseskillsarebeingexamined.Definitionsreflectfashions,politicaltidesandacademictrends.Theydon'talwaysreflectrealityandsometimestheyjustrepresentnonsense.It'sasifwhatBraqueoncesaidaboutartisalsotrueofleadership:"Theonlythingthatmattersinartisthepartthatcannotbeexplained."

Manytheoriesofleadershiphavecomeandgone.Somelookedattheleader.Somelookedatthesituation.Nonehasstoodthetestoftime.Withsuchatrackrecord,itisunderstandablewhyleadershipresearchandtheoryhavebeensofrustratingastodeservethelabel"thelaBreaTarPits"oforganizationalinquiry.LocatedinLosAngeles,theseasphaltpitshousetheremainsofalongsequenceofprehistoricanimalsthatcametoinvestigatebutneverleftthearea.

1.Severalbignamesarementionedinthefirstparagraphmainlytoshowtheir（）.

2.Accordingtothewriter,people'sopinionsofleadershipareonthewholequite（）.

3.Thewriterthinksthat（）.

4."ThelaBreaTarPits"probablysignifiesthingsthat（）.

5.Thispassageismainlyconcernedwith（）?

問題1選項

A.differentstylesofleadership

B.effectiveexerciseofleadership

C.contributionstothetheoryofleadership

D.wisdominapplyingthetheoryofleadership

問題2選項

A.divided

B.original

C.misleading

D.sophisticated

問題3選項

A.manypeoplehavelaboredtobeleaders

B.leadersarebeyondourunderstanding

C.theessenceofleadershiphasnotbeengrasped

D.thedefinitionsofleadershipshouldvary

問題4選項

A.canbetracedbacktotheprehistoricage

B.aretrapsforthosewhowanttoinquire

C.arelocatedinoneplaceforever

D.don'tdeservefullinvestigation

問題5選項

A.theinaccuratedefinitionsofleadership

B.thefamousleadersandtheirtheories

C.thechangesinthetrendofleadership

D.theinconsistenttheoriesofleadership

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。題干詢問：第一段中提到這幾位偉人的名字是為了表明什么？根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段，由第一段最后一句可知，我們對領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的初識源于歷史和社會的研究，尤其是從反思性實踐者的思想而來，譬如摩西、凱撒大帝和詹姆斯?麥迪遜；在我們自己的時代就來源于甘地、溫斯頓?丘吉爾、毛澤東和亨利?基辛格等人的截然不同的思想。由此可知，第一段提及多位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的目的，是想表明他們對于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力理論的貢獻。因此本題正確答案選C。

2.觀點態(tài)度題。題干詢問：作者認(rèn)為，人們對領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的看法總體上是怎樣的。根據(jù)原文第三段Multipleinterpretationsofleadershipexist...以及Mostofthesedefinitionsdon'tagreewitheachother可知，人們對領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力存在多種解釋并且大多數(shù)的定義都不一致。因此，作者認(rèn)為人們對于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的觀點是分化的，故本題正確答案為A項。

3.觀點態(tài)度題。由原文第二段Decadesofacademicanalysishavegivenusmorethan350definitionsofleadership.Literallythousandsofempiricalinvestigationsofleadershavebeenconductedinthelast75yearsalone,butnoclearunderstandingexistsastowhatdistinguishesleadersfromnon-leaders,andperhapsmoreimportant,whatdistinguisheseffectiveleadersfromineffectiveleadersandeffectiveorganizationsfromineffectiveorganizations.可知，幾十年的學(xué)術(shù)分析為我們提供了350多種領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的定義。僅在過去的75年里，人們就對領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者進行了成千上萬的實證研究，但對于如何區(qū)分領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者和非領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，或許更重要的是如何區(qū)分有效的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者和無效的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，以及有效的組織和無效的組織，卻沒有明確的認(rèn)識。由此可知，C選項“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的本質(zhì)還沒有被掌握”符合題意，故本題正確答案為C項。

4.詞匯題。將thelaBreaTarPits定位到原文最后一段，由后文信息LocatedinLosAngeles,theseasphaltpitshousetheremainsofalongsequenceofprehistoricanimalsthatcametoinvestigatebutneverleftthearea.可知，這些瀝青坑位于洛杉磯，里面存放著一長串史前動物的遺骸，這些動物前來調(diào)查，但從未離開過這個地區(qū)。由此可知，這些瀝青坑是那些想要問問題的人的陷阱。故本題正確答案為B選項。

5.主旨大意題。文章第一段講述了多年來，我們對什么是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)以及誰能行使領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職能的看法發(fā)生了很大變化；第二段雖然我們對領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的認(rèn)識有了更進一步的認(rèn)識，但是這樣的研究還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠；最后兩段講了關(guān)于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的解釋五花八門，但這些解釋都不充分且互相抵觸，許多理論都只是暫時的，經(jīng)不住時間的考驗。由此可知，文章主要闡述的是對于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的理論不一致，故本題正確答案為D項。

3.單選題

HewaslookingadmiringlyatthephotographpublishedbyCollinsin（）withtheImperialMuseum.

問題1選項

A.combination

B.collaboration

C.connection

D.collection

【答案】B

【解析】句意:他在羨慕地看著由柯林斯與帝國博物館合作出版的照片。

考查短語辨析。incombinationwith與…結(jié)合，聯(lián)合；incollaborationwith與…合作；寫作；inconnectionwith與…有關(guān)。沒有incollectionwith的搭配。因此B項正確。

4.單選題

OnMay3,1989,committalproceedingsbeganinrespectofsixofficerswhowerechargedwithconspiracyto（）thecourseofjustice.

問題1選項

A.pervert

B.perturb

C.prevent

D.profane

【答案】B

【解析】動詞詞義辨析。pervert“使墮落，濫用”；perturb“擾亂，使不安”；prevent“預(yù)防，阻止”；profane“褻瀆，玷污”。句意：1989年5月3日，拘押進程開始于六名官員，他們被控告共謀擾亂司法公正。選項B符合題意。

5.寫作題

Somepeoplesaythatthebestpreparationforlifeislearningtobecooperative.Otherstaketheoppositeviewandsaythatlearningtobecompetitiveisthebestpreparation.Writeacompositionofabout150wordstotellwhichoneyouagreeandexplainwhy.

【答案】略

6.翻譯題

1.社會需要競爭，因為它的發(fā)展基于優(yōu)勝劣汰。

2.在過去的十幾年里，可能沒有任何其他話題比領(lǐng)導(dǎo)藝術(shù)更受到管理研究者的關(guān)注。

3.必須采取更嚴(yán)厲的措施來防止假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品充斥市場。

4.沒有現(xiàn)代科技的運用，我們國家的工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)和國防現(xiàn)代化的實現(xiàn)是難以想象的。

5.我們正享受著前所未有的生產(chǎn)力，但這并不意味著我們有權(quán)利奢侈浪費。

【答案】1.TheSocietyneedscompetitionbecauseitsdevelopmentisbasedontheprincipalofthesurvivalofthefittest.

2.Inthelastdecadeorso,perhapsnoothertopichasreceivedmoreattentionfrommanagementresearchersthantheartofleadership.

3.Moreseveremeasuresmustbetakentopreventfakeandinferiorproductsfromfloodingintothemarket.

4.Withouttheapplicationofmodernscienceandtechnology,themodernizationofourcountry’sindustry,agricultureandnationaldefenseisbeyondimagination.

5.Weareenjoyingunprecedentedlevelsofproductivity,butthatdoesn’tmeanthatwehavetherighttobeextravagant.

7.單選題

Theyhavehadonlyon

（

）

togainthewealth.

問題1選項

A.objectivism

B.objection

C.objective

D.objectivity

【答案】C

【解析】形近詞辨析。objectivism客觀主義；objection反對,異議；objective目的,目標(biāo)；objectivity客觀性。句意:他們只有一個目標(biāo)就是獲得財富。選項C符合句意。

8.單選題

Intoday’smedical,littleagreementexistsonthe______fordefiningmentalillness.

問題1選項

A.legislation

B.requirement

C.criteria

D.measures

【答案】C

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.legislation立法，法律B.requirement要求，必要條件

C.criteria判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)D.measures措施，方法

【考查點】名詞辨析。

【解題思路】由definingmentalillness（定義精神疾病）和agreement（意見）可知，“判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”符合句子意思。因此，該題選擇C項正確。

【干擾項排除】A、B、D選項都不符合句意。

【句意】在今天的醫(yī)學(xué)中，關(guān)于定義精神疾病的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)幾乎沒有一致的意見。

9.單選題

Theconceptofpersonalchoice（）healthbehaviorsisanimportantone.

問題1選項

A.infaceof

B.incaseof

C.inrelationto

D.inchargeof

【答案】C

【解析】考查短語辨析。A選項infaceof“面對、面臨”；B選項incaseof“假如、萬一”；C選項inrelationto“關(guān)于、涉及”；D選項inchargeof“負(fù)責(zé)、掌管”，句意：個人選擇與健康行為的關(guān)系是一個重要的概念。個人選擇與健康行為是相關(guān)的關(guān)系，因此選項C符合題意。

10.單選題

“JimmywantstostayupandwatchanoldmovieonTV.”“Teno’clockis（）foraboyofhisagetostayup.”

問題1選項

A.atoolatehour

B.toolateanhour

C.verymuchlateanhour

D.asolatehour

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。toolateforsb.todosth是固定搭配，表示“對某人來說做什么事太晚了”。句意：吉米想要熬夜看電視上的一部老電影。十點鐘對他這個年齡的孩子來說太晚了。其中anhour是Teno’clock的定語，不可將其分開，用來修飾10點鐘這個特定的時間段。同理可排除AD。C選項中的verymuch不能用來修飾late。選B。

11.單選題

Thelivelihoodofeachspeciesinthevastandintricateassemblageoflivingthingsdependsontheexistenceofotherorganisms.Thisinterdependenceissometimessubtle,sometimesobvious.Perhapsthemoststraightforwarddependenceofonespeciesonanotheroccurswithparasites,organismsthatliveonorinotherlivingthingsandderivenutrientsdirectlyfromthem.Theparasiticwayoflifeiswidespread.Amultitudeofmicroorganisms(includingvirusesandbacteria)andanarmyofinvertebrates—orcreatureslackingaspinalcolumn(includingcrustaceans,insects,andmanydifferenttypesofworms)—maketheirlivingsdirectlyattheexpenseofothercreatures.Inthefaceofthisonslaught,livingthingshaveevolvedavarietyofdefensemechanismsforprotectingtheirbodiesfrominvasionbyotherorganisms.

Certainfungiandevensomekindsofbacteriasecretesubstancesknownasantibioticsintotheirenvironment.Thesesubstancesarecapableofkillingorinhibitingthegrowthofvariouskindsofbacteriathatalsooccupythearea,therebyeliminatingorreducingthecompetitionfornutrients.Thesameprincipleisusedindefenseagainstinvadersinothergroupsoforganisms.Forexample,whenattackedbydisease-causingfungiorbacteria,manykindsofplantsproducechemicalsthathelptowardofftheinvaders.

Membersoftheanimalkingdomhavedevelopedavarietyofdefensemechanismsfordealingwithparasites.Althoughthesemechanismsvaryconsiderably,allmajorgroupsofanimalsarecapableofdetectingandreactingtothepresenceof“foreign”cells.Infact,throughouttheanimalkingdom,fromspongestocertaintypesofworms,shellfish,andallvertebrates(creaturespossessingaspinalcolumn),thereisevidencethattransplantsofcellsorfragmentsoftissuesintoananimalareacceptedonlyiftheycomefromgeneticallycompatibleorcloselyrelatedindividuals.

Theabilitytodistinguishbetween“self”and“non-self”,whilepresentinallanimals,isroostefficientamongvertebrates,whichhavedevelopedanimmunesystemastheirdefensemechanism.Theimmunesystemrecognizesandtakesactionagainstforeigninvadersandtransplantedtissuesthataretreatedasforeigncells.

31.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

32.Theword“intricate”inline1isclosestinmeaningto______.

33.Accordingtothepassage,someorganismsproduceantibioticsinorderto______.

34.Accordingtothepassage,atransplantoftissuebetweengeneticallyincompatibleorganismswillresultinthetransplantedtissue______.

35.Accordingtothepassage,theabilitytodistinguishbetween“self”and“non-self”enablesvertebratesto______.

問題1選項

A.Howparasitesreproduce.

B.Howorganismsreacttoinvaders.

C.Howantibioticsworktocuredisease.

D.Howtheimmunesystemofvertebratesdeveloped.

問題2選項

A.difficult

B.widespread

C.critical

D.complex

問題3選項

A.preventdiseaseinhumans

B.aiddigestion

C.fightoffotherorganisms

D.createnewtypesofnutrients

問題4選項

A.becomingaparasite

B.beingtreatedasaninvader

C.alteringitsgeneticmakeup

D.developinganewimmunesystem

問題5選項

A.accepttransplantedcells

B.detectandreacttoinvasion

C.weakentheirimmunesystem

D.getridofantibiotics

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】31.【選項釋義】

31.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?31.這篇文章主要討論什么？

A.Howparasitesreproduce.A.寄生蟲如何繁殖。

B.Howorganismsreacttoinvaders.B.生物體如何對入侵者做出反應(yīng)。

C.Howantibioticsworktocuredisease.C.抗生素是如何治療疾病的。

D.Howtheimmunesystemofvertebratesdeveloped.D.脊椎動物的免疫系統(tǒng)是如何發(fā)展的。

【考查點】主旨大意題。

【解題思路】首先，根據(jù)首段最后一句“生物進化出了各種各樣的防御機制來保護自己的身體免受其他生物的入侵”，和末段第一句“區(qū)分‘自我’和‘非自我’的能力，雖然存在于所有動物中，但在脊椎動物中是非常有效的，它們已經(jīng)發(fā)展出一種免疫系統(tǒng)作為它們的防御機制”；從中可知文章首段和尾段討論的都是生物體的防御機制；然后看到文章行為結(jié)構(gòu)是總分結(jié)構(gòu)，開頭介紹引發(fā)生物進化出防御機制的原因，后面三段分別討論這種防御機制的作用。綜上所述，可以得知這篇文章主要討論的是生物體如何對入侵者做出反應(yīng)。所以B選項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“寄生蟲如何繁殖”和D選項“脊椎動物的免疫系統(tǒng)是如何發(fā)展的”屬于以偏概全；

C選項“抗生素是如何治療疾病的”沒提及，無中生有。

32.【選項釋義】

32.Theword“intricate”inline1isclosestinmeaningto______.32.第一行中的“intricate”一詞的意思最接近______。

A.difficultA.困難的

B.widespreadB.廣泛的

C.criticalC.批判的

D.complexD.復(fù)雜的

【考查點】詞義推測題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位至第一段第一句“在這個龐大而intricate的生物群落中（inthevastandintricateassemblageoflivingthings），每個物種的生存都依賴于其他生物的存在”，由所修飾的assemblage（群落），以及并列的定語vast（龐大的）可推測，intricate應(yīng)該表示“復(fù)雜”的意思，所以D項正確。

【干擾項排除】A選項“困難的”、B選項“廣泛的”和C選項“批判的”不符合原文意思，曲解原文。

33.【選項釋義】

33.Accordingtothepassage,someorganismsproduceantibioticsinorderto______.33.根據(jù)這篇文章，一些生物產(chǎn)生抗生素是為了______。

A.preventdiseaseinhumansA.預(yù)防人類疾病

B.aiddigestionB.有助消化

C.fightoffotherorganismsC.抵抗其他生物

D.createnewtypesofnutrientsD.創(chuàng)造新的營養(yǎng)類型

【考查點】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】定位原文第二段前兩句“某些真菌，甚至是某些種類的細(xì)菌會向環(huán)境中分泌抗生素。這些物質(zhì)能夠殺死或抑制同樣占據(jù)該區(qū)域的各種細(xì)菌的生長，從而消除或減少對營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的競爭（eliminatingorreducingthecompetitionfornutrients）。”，從中可知，一些生物產(chǎn)生抗生素是為了消除或減少其他生物對自身營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的競爭，故C項正確。

【干擾項排除】A選項“預(yù)防人類疾病”、B選項“有助消化”和D選項“創(chuàng)造新的營養(yǎng)類型”沒有提到，無中生有。

34.【選項釋義】

34.Accordingtothepassage,atransplantoftissuebetweengeneticallyincompatibleorganismswillresultinthetransplantedtissue______.34.根據(jù)這篇文章，在基因不相容的生物體之間移植組織將導(dǎo)致移植的組織______。

A.becomingaparasiteA.成為寄生蟲

B.beingtreatedasaninvaderB.被視為入侵者

C.alteringitsgeneticmakeupC.改變其基因組成

D.developinganewimmunesystemD.發(fā)展出新的免疫系統(tǒng)

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】首先定位第三段最后一句，文章對此有描述：“事實上，在整個動物界，從海綿動物到某些種類的蠕蟲、貝類和所有的脊椎動物，只有來自基因相容或親緣關(guān)系密切的個體的細(xì)胞或組織碎片移植到動物體內(nèi)，才會被接受”，從中可知在基因不相容的生物體之間移植組織將導(dǎo)致移植的組織不被接受；而該段前面提到“動物王國的成員已經(jīng)發(fā)展出了對付寄生蟲的各種防御機制。盡管這些機制差別很大，但所有主要的動物群體都能夠檢測到外來細(xì)胞的存在并做出反應(yīng)?！保C合理解可推斷，不相容的組織會被認(rèn)為是外來入侵細(xì)胞，使得生物體對該組織做出防御機制。因此，該題選擇B項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“成為寄生蟲”表述錯誤，不是成為寄生蟲，而是會被生物體視為寄生蟲一樣的外來組織，該項曲解原文；

C選項“改變其基因組成”和D選項“發(fā)展出新的免疫系統(tǒng)”沒提到，無中生有。

35.【選項釋義】

35.Accordingtothepassage,theabilitytodistinguishbetween“self”and“non-self”enablesvertebratesto______.35.根據(jù)這篇文章，區(qū)分“自我”和“非自我”的能力使脊椎動物能夠______。

A.accepttransplantedcellsA.接受移植的細(xì)胞

B.detectandreacttoinvasionB.檢測并應(yīng)對入侵

C.weakentheirimmunesystemC.削弱它們的免疫系統(tǒng)

D.getridofantibioticsD.擺脫抗生素

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位到最后一段的內(nèi)容：區(qū)分“自我”和“非自我”的能力，雖然存在于所有動物中，但在脊椎動物中是非常有效的，它們已經(jīng)發(fā)展出一種免疫系統(tǒng)作為它們的防御機制（developedanimmunesystemastheirdefensemechanism）。免疫系統(tǒng)會識別被視為外來細(xì)胞的移植組織和外來入侵者并采取行動（recognizesandtakesaction）。從中可知，區(qū)分“自我”和“非自我”的能力能夠使脊椎動物產(chǎn)生一種免疫系統(tǒng)，而這種免疫系統(tǒng)能夠識別并對入侵者采取防御措施。這與B項“檢測并應(yīng)對入侵”意思相一致，故B項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“接受移植的細(xì)胞”與原文相反，免疫系統(tǒng)先會對移植組織進行識別，該項反向干擾；

C選項“削弱他們的免疫系統(tǒng)”和D選項“擺脫抗生素”沒提到，無中生有。

12.單選題

Iabsolutelyopposethe（

）thatprivatization（私有化）isnowinevitableinourindustry.

問題1選項

A.notice

B.notion

C.impression

D.conscience

【答案】B

【解析】名詞辨析題。notice通知；notion概念，見解；impression印象；conscience道德心，良心。

句意：我完全反對認(rèn)為私有化在我們這個行業(yè)是不可避免的這種見解。選項B符合句意。

13.單選題

Foruntoldcenturiesmandependedalmostentirelyonhishuntingabilitytoobtainfood.Fromsunrisetosundown,armedwithclubsandspears,andaidedbytrainedwilddogs,hesearchedforgame—hisforemostsourceoffoodwithhisprimitiveweapons,thelargestandswiftestanimalsofteneludedhim,andthehunterandhisfamilyfrequentlywentfordayswithoutmeat.

Whilethemenwerehuntinggame,thewomenandchildrensearchedforediblevegetation.Fromnearbyplantsandtreestheygatheredberries,nuts,grain,androots.Thesemeagerstaplesstayedthepainofhungerwhenthehuntersreturnedemptyhanded.Whenthesuppliesofgameandplantsinanareawereexhausted,theentiretribewasforcedtomoveontoanewandhopefullybetterregion.Thusmanledanomadicexistence.Hecouldneversettleinoneplaceforlongbecausehisgrowingpopulationoutstrippedtheavailablesupplyoffoodinthearea.

Thenmanmadeoneofhisgreatestdiscoveries—agriculture.Thisrevelationofraisingplantsanddomesticatinganimalswasoneofthemajorstepsincivilization.Agriculturedidnotbyitselfcreatecivilization,butwithoutitmancouldnothavesettledinoneplacelongenoughtobuildapermanenthome.Anthropologistsareuncertainaboutwhenorhowmanfirstlearnedtofarm.Theysuggestitmayhaveresultedfromcasualobservation.Atribeormanytribesoverawideareamighthavestayedinoneplacelongenoughtoseeatruebearfruitformorethanoneseason.Theymayalsohaveobservedthatyoungplantsgrewoutofgroundtoproducefoodastheymatured.

Or,asoneanthropologistsuggests,ahandfulofwildgroinmayhavethrownontotheground,andlatertheseedsgrewintonewplants.Regardlessoftheexactcircumstances,mandideventuallyrecognizethathecouldhaveadependablesourceoffoodifheplantedseedsandlaterharvestedhiscrop.

Aftermanlearnedthathecouldgrowfood,thenextstepwasmasteringcropcultivation.Theearlyfarmerrealizedthathecouldgrowmorefoodiftheseedswerecoveredwithbrokenground.Thisinsightledtothemakingofthefirstfarmequipment-sticksshapedintospadesandhoes.Fromexaminationoftheremainsoftheearliestknownfarmingtools,archaeologistshavedeterminedthatthisoccurredaboutseventhousandyearsago.TheseimplementswerefoundintheareaknownastheFertileCrescent,whichliesbetweentheeastcoastoftheMediterraneanSeaandPersianGulf.Evidencealsoindicatesthatthefarmersofthisarea—possiblythefirstintheworld—cultivatedlargewheatcrops.Totendthesecrops,thehoeandspadesweretransformedintoplows.

Aboutthesametimeasthegrowingofthefirstcrops,man,relyingontheexperiencehehadgainedintrainingwilddogstoaidinhunting,begandomesticatingotheranimals.Overtheyears,hedevelopedherdsofanimalsforfoodandtoaidinhiswork.

Withthecultivationofcropsandthedomestication,ofanimals,manhadafairlydependableandpermanentfoodsupply.Thisaccomplishmentallowedhimtimeforotherwork.Insteadofspendingmostofhiswakinghourshuntingforfood,hewasabletoestablishvillages,andhehadleisuretimetopondernewideasandkeeprecordsofeventsinhislife.Withthediscoveryofagriculture,manceasedhisanimal-likeexistenceandbegantobuildthefoundationforcivilization.

1.Theword"elude"inthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans（）.

2.Whatisthesignificanceofraisingplantsanddomesticatinganimals?

3.Fromthispassagewecanconcludethat（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,withthediscoveryofagriculture（）.

5.Duringtheperiodinwhichmanwashuntingforanimalsforfood,mancouldneverliveinoneplacepermanentlybecause（）.

6.Withregardtowhenandhowmanfirstlearnedtofarm,thepassage（）.

7.Manstoppedhisanimal-likelivingafterhe（）..

問題1選項

A.abandon

B.desert

C.escape

D.mummify

問題2選項

A.Mendidn'thavetoleadanomadiclife.

B.Theydidn'thavetosearchforediblevegetation.

C.Thelargestandswiftestanimalscouldn'teludethemanymore.

D.Thisindicatesthatmenenteredthecivilizedsociety.

問題3選項

A.menmasteredcultivationmethodfromtheirexperiences

B.theylearnedhowtochaseanimalsfromwatchingthemrun

C.mensearchedforgamewithprimitiveweapons

D.sometimestheywereaidedbysometrainedwilddogs

問題4選項

A.menspentmostoftheirtimehuntingforfood

B.civilizationbegan

C.theearlyfarmermadethefirstfarmequipment

D.menbegandomesticatingotheranimals

問題5選項

A.helivedanomadiclife

B.thepopulationgrewsoquickly

C.thefoodsupplieswereexhausted

D.theanimalsoftenescapedhishunting

問題6選項

A.explainsindetails

B.providessomeguesses

C.doesn'tmentionitatall

D.offerssureanswersbyanthropologists

問題7選項

A.stoppedhuntinganimals

B.learnedtomaketoolsforhunting

C.traineddogstoaidinhunting

D.discoveredagriculture

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:C

第6題:B

第7題:D

【解析】1.根據(jù)下文“thehunterandhisfamilyfrequentlywentfordayswithoutmeat.”獵人和他的家人經(jīng)常幾天吃不到肉,說明這些動物都躲著獵人,所以“eluded”指的是躲避,逃避；選項C正確。

2.根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知,飼養(yǎng)植物和馴養(yǎng)動物的啟示是人類文明的重要步驟之一,并沒有說明人類進入了文明社會,所以選項D不正確；農(nóng)業(yè)本身并沒有創(chuàng)造文明,但是如果沒有農(nóng)業(yè),人類不可能在一個地方定居足夠長的時間來建立一個永久的家園。也就是說,有了農(nóng)業(yè),人不必再過游牧生活。選項A正確。

3.根據(jù)原文可知,選項B在文中沒有提及；選項C和D是文中已知的信息；根據(jù)第五段的內(nèi)容可知,人們從他們的經(jīng)驗中掌握了種植農(nóng)作物的方法。所以選項A正確。

4.根據(jù)最后一段的最后一句“Withthediscoveryofagriculture,manceasedhisanimal-likeexistenceandbegantobuildthefoundationforcivilization”隨著農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)現(xiàn),人類停止了動物般的存在,開始建立文明的基礎(chǔ)。選項B符合原文。

5.根據(jù)第二段的倒數(shù)第三句“Whenthesuppliesofgameandplantsinanareawereexhausted,theentiretribewasforcedtomoveontoanewandhopefullybetterregion.”當(dāng)某一地區(qū)的野味和植物供應(yīng)被耗盡時,整個部落被迫遷移到一個新的、有希望成為更好的地區(qū)。選項C符合原文。

6.根據(jù)第三段“Anthropologistsareuncertainaboutwhenorhowmanfirstlearnedtofarm.Theysuggestitmayhaveresultedfromcasualobservation.”人類學(xué)家不確定人類何時或如何學(xué)會耕種。他們認(rèn)為這可能是偶然觀察的結(jié)果。由此可知,本文只是提供了一些猜測,所以選項B正確。

7.根據(jù)最后一段的最后一句“Withthediscoveryofagriculture,manceasedhisanimal-likeexistenceandbegantobuildthefoundationforcivilization”隨著農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)現(xiàn),人類停止了動物般的存在,開始建立文明的基礎(chǔ)。選項D符合原文。

14.單選題

I’mpleasedtohearofyourjoboffer-allthathardworkatschoolhasobviously（）.

問題1選項

A.paidoff

B.takenitstoll

C.madeadifference

D.shownup

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞短語辨析。A選項paidoff“付清，見成效”；B選項takenitstoll“造成損失”；C選項madeadifference“有影響，有關(guān)系，起作用”；D選項shownup“露面，露出”。句意：我很高興聽到你有工作機會——很明顯，你在學(xué)校的努力工作（）。而這里表達的意思是“在學(xué)校的努力起了作用”，因此A選項符合題意。

15.單選題

Oneoftheseriousproblemsfacingusis（）ofhowtogetmorewaterformantouse.

問題1選項

A.that

B.it

C.which

D.what

【答案】A

【解析】句意:我們面臨的一個嚴(yán)重問題是如何獲得更多的水供人類使用。

語法題?？疾閺木?。空格后面是is的表語，因此后面部分只能是名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)或者從句。這里用that指代前面的problem，故選A。

16.單選題

Thebottomlineisthatpatientswhowanttomakesuretheirdoctoriscompetenthavealotofworktodo.Andtheworkshouldbedoneonthefrontend:expertsemphasizethatpeopleshouldfindadoctorandestablisharelationshipwhiletheyareingoodhealth,sotheydon’thavetoscramblewhentheycomedownwithbronchitisorfindasuspiciouslump.

Studieshavefoundthatitishardtogetanappointmentatshortnoticewhencold-calling,andthatpatientswitharegularsourceofcaregetbettercare,evenwhentheyareuninsured.Whilesomeinternistshaveadditionaltrainingincardiologyorrheumatology,shewenton,primarycarephysiciansalsohaveanetworkoftrustedspecialistsforreferrals.

Manywomenchooseagynecologistastheirregulardoctor,Dr.Gallinsaid,butshouldprobablyhavearelationshipwithaninternistaswell.Next,reviewthelistofdoctorsinyourhealthplan.Considertheirlocationaswellastheirhospitalaffiliations.Youmaywanttocross-checkyourhealthplan’slistwithatopdoctorslistforyourarea;theselists(oftenpublishedinregionalmagazineslikeNewYorkandNewJerseyMonthly)areusuallygeneratedbysurveyingphysicians.

Checkwithyourhealthplantoseewhetherithasgoodinformationonindividualphysicians(mostdon’t,butmanyareworkingonit).GoodqualitymeasuresincludeNationalCommitteeonQualityAssuranceaccreditationaboutwhetherdoctorsmeetcriteriaforcareforspecificconditionslikebackpainordiabetes,andtheHealthcareEffectivenessDataInformationSet,whichfocusesonadherencetoclinicalguidelines,likeprescribingabetablockerafteraheartattack.Somehealthplansalsooffernetworksofhigh-performingor“honorroll”physicians;askaboutcriteria.

Ifyou’reuninsured,youmaybeabletonegotiatewithadoctorandagreeonareducedfee,butrememberthatyouwillalsoberesponsibleforthecostoflabtests,bloodwork,X-rays,proceduresandmedications.Thesecostsaremorelikelytobecoveredorchargedonaslidingscaleatacommunityhealthcenterorhospitalclinic.(Tofindalocation,seeunder“FindHelp”,ortheFamiliesUSAWebsite,,under“ResourcesforConsumers”.)

Otherfactorstoconsiderarewhetherthedoctorhaseveningandweekendhours,whethertheofficeleavestimeopentoschedulesame-dayappointmentsforurgentcare,whetherwaitingtimesarereasonableandwhetherthedoctorisinsolopracticeoragrouppractice.(Someexpertssaythatgrouppracticestendtobemoreefficientandthatdoctorsingroupsaremorelikelytostayuptodateoncurrentmedicalpractice.)Ifthedoctoruseselectronicrecords,that’saplus,someexpertssay.

Onthecrucialquestionsofwhetheryouarecomfortablewiththedoctoryou’vechosen,youwon’tknowthatuntilyoumeetwiththedoctor.Pediatricianswillusuallyagreetoaninterview;busyinternistsoftenwon’t.

21.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribesthemainideaofthepassage?

22.Inadditiontoagynecologist,womenaresupposedtoestablisharelationshipwithaninternistbecause____.

23.Fortheuninsured,expertssuggest____.

24.Expertsindicatethatifadoctoruseselectronicrecords,____.

25.Strategiesforgettinganappointmentwithadoctormoreeasilyincludeallexcept____.

問題1選項

A.Primaryphysiciansusuallyhaveanetworkoftrustedspecialistsforreferrals.

B.Patientsoftenfinditaloteasiertogetanappointmentwhiletheyareingoodhealth.

C.Strategiesareneededforgettinganappointmentwithacompetentdoctor.

D.Thepeopledonotneedtoestablisharelationshipwhiletheyareingoodhealth.

問題2選項

A.everyinternisthasanetworkoftrustedspecialistsforreferrals

B.someinternistsareonlytrainedincardiologyorrheumatology

C.theyhavearegularsourceofcare

D.theydonotoftenneedtogetanappointmentwithadoctor

問題3選項

A.theyberesponsibleforthecostoflabtests,bloodwork,proceduresandmedication

B.theyreachsomeagreementwithadoctorforadjustedcoverageofcosts

C.theygotoacommunityhealthcenterorhospitalclinicforfreemedicalcare

D.theyvisittheFamiliesUSAWebsitetolocatefreehealthcare

問題4選項

A.thedoctorshouldbeaprioritychoiceforpatients

B.thedoctormustbeextremelypopularamongpatients

C.patientsshouldgivethedoctorextracredits

D.theuninsuredmaybechargedmorethantheinsured

問題5選項

A.establishingarelationshipwithadoctorwhohaseveningandweekendhours

B.discoveringacomfortrelationshipwithadoctorthroughinterviews

C.findingadoctorinagrouppracticethatstaysuptodateoncurrentmedicalpractice

D.stayinguninsuredforreducedchargesincommunityhealthcenters

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】21.主旨大意題。文章第1段第1、2句Thebottomlineisthatpatientswhowanttomakesuretheirdoctoriscompe